Exophthalmus

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Exophthalmus
Exophthalmus sp. Weevil from Costa Rica (26616930281).jpg
Exophthalmus sp.
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Suborder: Polyphaga
Infraorder: Cucujiformia
Family: Curculionidae
Subfamily: Entiminae
Genus: Exophthalmus
Schönherr, 1823

Exophthalmus is a genus of broad-nosed weevils in the family Curculionidae. [1] It contains 85 described species. [2] [3]

Contents

Taxonomy

Exophthalmus was named for the first time by Carl Johan Schönherr in 1823 (column 1140). [4] It belongs in the tribe Eustylini. [1]

In revising the Jamaican species, Vaurie offers an overview to the genus and its taxonomic conflicts. [5] A preliminary phylogeny for Exophthalmus and its allies was presented by Franz. [6] It is part of the so-called "Exophthalmus genus complex" [6] which involves members of the genera Diaprepes , Compsus , Lachnopus , among others. Based on morphological and molecular evidence, it has been proposed that the genus needs to be reclassified to better reflect the actual distribution of natural clades. [7]

Dorsal view of Exophthalmus parentheticus in the field in Ecuador. By Diego Inclan Exophthalmus parentheticus.jpg
Dorsal view of Exophthalmus parentheticus in the field in Ecuador. By Diego Inclan

Description

In general, Exophthalmus species are characterized by the smooth and broad longitudinal bridge running longitudinally across the rostrum. There is a lot of variation in sizes, density, coloration, and patterning of the scale coverage.

Distribution

Species of this genus are present in Central America, northern South America and the Caribbean. [2]

Selected species

  1. Exophthalmus agrestis(Boheman, 1834): 291: [8] [2] [3] Mexico, Paraguay.
  2. Exophthalmus albidusChampion, 1911: 255: [9] Mexico.
  3. Exophthalmus albofasciatus(Champion, 1911): 180: [9] [10] Honduras.
  4. Exophthalmus albolineatusChampion, 1911: 262: [9] Mexico.
  5. Exophthalmus albosquamosus(Sallé, 1855): 268: [11] Dominican Republic.
  6. Exophthalmus albovittatusChampion, 1911: 263: [9] Guatemala.
  7. Exophthalmus annulonotatusWaterhouse, 1879: 423: [12] Colombia, Ecuador.
  8. Exophthalmus aurarius(Gyllenhal, 1834): 12: [8] Guadeloupe.
  9. Exophthalmus bilineatusChampion, 1911: 265: [9] Guatemala.
  10. Exophthalmus caeruleovittatusChampion, 1911: 264: [9] Guatemala.
  11. Exophthalmus carinirostris(Boheman, 1840): 187: [13] Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua.
  12. Exophthalmus carneipesChampion, 1911: 257: [9] Costa Rica, Honduras, Panama.
  13. Exophthalmus chrysopusChevrolat, 1880: 165: [14] Dominican Republic, Haiti.
  14. Exophthalmus cinerascens(Fabricius, 1792): 452: [15] Hispaniola, French Guiana.
  15. Exophthalmus clathratusChampion, 1911: 264: [9] Mexico.
  16. Exophthalmus consobrinus(Marshall, 1922): 190: [16] Colombia.
  17. Exophthalmus costatus(Gyllenhal, 1834): 18: [8] Hispaniola.
  18. Exophthalmus crassicornisKirsch, 1868: 238: [17] Panama, Colombia.
  19. Exophthalmus cupreipesChampion, 1911: 257: [9] [18] Mexico.
  20. Exophthalmus cuprirostrisChampion, 1911: 247: [9] Costa Rica.
  21. Exophthalmus depressicollis(Gyllenhal, 1834): 22: [8] Hispaniola.
  22. Exophthalmus distigmaChampion, 1911: 259: [9] Guatemala.
  23. Exophthalmus dufaui(Hustache, 1929): 198: [19] Guadeloupe.
  24. Exophthalmus duplicatusChampion, 1911: 263: [9] Mexico.
  25. Exophthalmus farrVaurie, 1961: 35: [5] Jamaica.
  26. Exophthalmus fasciatusChampion, 1911: 252: [9] Mexico.
  27. Exophthalmus foveicollis(Chevrolat, 1880): 175: [20] Guadeloupe.
  28. Exophthalmus frenatus(Marshall, 1934): 624: [21] Dominican Republic, Haiti.
  29. Exophthalmus gundlachiChevrolat, 1880: 165: [14] Cuba.
  30. Exophthalmus haitiensisBovie, 1907: 68: [22] Haiti.
  31. Exophthalmus hemigrammus(Chevrolat, 1880): 197: [23] Martinique.
  32. Exophthalmus hieroglyphicusChevrolat, 1879: XCVII: [24] Hispaniola.
  33. Exophthalmus humeridens(Marshall, 1934): 623: [21] Cuba.
  34. Exophthalmus humilis(Gyllenhal, 1834): 28: [8] Brazil.
  35. Exophthalmus hybridus(Chevrolat, 1858): 210: [25] Cuba.
  36. Exophthalmus impositus(Pascoe, 1880): 427: [26] Costa Rica, Nicaragua.
  37. Exophthalmus impressus(Fabricius, 1781): 192: [27] Jamaica.
  38. Exophthalmus inaequalis(Gyllenhal, 1834): 23: [8] Hispaniola.
  39. Exophthalmus interpositusChampion, 1911: 253: [9] Mexico.
  40. Exophthalmus interruptus(Chevrolat, 1880): 165: [14] Guadeloupe.
  41. Exophthalmus jekelianus(White, 1858): 357: [28] Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama, Colombia.
  42. Exophthalmus laetus(Olivier, 1807): 326: [29] Dominican Republic, Haiti.
  43. Exophthalmus lepidus(Chevrolat, 1858): 210: [25] Cuba.
  44. Exophthalmus leucographus(Gyllenhal, 1834): 19: [8] Hispaniola.
  45. Exophthalmus lunarisChampion, 1911: 266: [9] Belize, Guatemala, Mexico.
  46. Exophthalmus maculosusChevrolat, 1879: XCVIII: [24] Cuba.
  47. Exophthalmus mannerheimiBoheman, 1840: 338: [13] Dominican Republic, Haiti.
  48. Exophthalmus margaritaceusChampion, 1911: 255: [9] Honduras, Nicaragua.
  49. Exophthalmus marginicollis(Chevrolat, 1880): 175: [20] Guadeloupe.
  50. Exophthalmus marmoreus(Gyllenhal, 1840): 352: [13] Guadeloupe.
  51. Exophthalmus martinicensisChevrolat, 1879: XCVIII: [24] Martinique.
  52. Exophthalmus mixtusChevrolat, 1880: 165: [14] Cuba.
  53. Exophthalmus murinus(Rosenschoeld, 1840): 354: [13] Suriname.
  54. Exophthalmus nicaraguensisBovie, 1907: 327: [22] Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama.
  55. Exophthalmus nubilus(Rosenschoeld, 1840): 355: [13] Mexico.
  56. Exophthalmus obsoletus(Olivier, 1807): 325: [29] Haiti.
  57. Exophthalmus opulentus(Boheman, 1840): 365: [13] Guatemala, Mexico.
  58. Exophthalmus ornatusChampion, 1911: 253: [9] Guatemala.
  59. Exophthalmus parentheticus(Marshall, 1922): 191: [16] Ecuador.
  60. Exophthalmus pictus(Guérin-Méneville, 1847): 9: [30] Cuba.
  61. Exophthalmus plicatusChampion, 1911: 268: [9] Panama.
  62. Exophthalmus pugnax(Olivier, 1807): 349: [29] Haiti.
  63. Exophthalmus pulchellusBoheman, 1834: 5: [8] South America.
  64. Exophthalmus pulverulentus(Champion, 1911): 180: [9] [10] Nicaragua.
  65. Exophthalmus quadrivittatus(Olivier, 1807): 325: [29] Dominican Republic, Haiti.
  66. Exophthalmus quindecimpunctatus(Olivier, 1807): 300: [29] Puerto Rico.
  67. Exophthalmus roralis(Boheman, 1840): 356: [13] Mexico.
  68. Exophthalmus roseipes(Chevrolat, 1876): CCXXVII: [31] Puerto Rico.
  69. Exophthalmus scalaris(Boheman, 1840): 349: [13] Costa Rica, Cuba.
  70. Exophthalmus scalptusChampion, 1911: 259: [9] Costa Rica.
  71. Exophthalmus similis(Drury, 1773): pl. XXXIII: [32] Jamaica.
  72. Exophthalmus sphacelatus(Olivier, 1807): 319: [29] Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, Puerto Rico.
  73. Exophthalmus squamipennisGemminger, 1871: 119: [33] Hispaniola.
  74. Exophthalmus sulcicrusChampion, 1911: 268: [9] Costa Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Panama, Colombia.
  75. Exophthalmus sulcipennisChampion, 1911: 265: [9] Guatemala.
  76. Exophthalmus sulphuratusChevrolat, 1879: XCVII: [24] Cuba.
  77. Exophthalmus tessellatusChampion, 1911: 262: [9] Costa Rica.
  78. Exophthalmus trianguliferChampion, 1911: 261: [9] Costa Rica, Panama.
  79. Exophthalmus verecundus(Chevrolat, 1833): 16: [34] El Salvador, Mexico.
  80. Exophthalmus vermiculatusChampion, 1911: 264: [9] Mexico.
  81. Exophthalmus viridilineatusChampion, 1911: 266: [9] Panama.
  82. Exophthalmus viridipupillatus(Cockerell, 1893): 374: [35] [5] Jamaica.
  83. Exophthalmus vitraci(Fleutiaux & Sallé, 1889): 380: [36] Guadeloupe.
  84. Exophthalmus vittatus(Linnaeus, 1758): 380: [37] Jamaica.
  85. Exophthalmus vitticollisChampion, 1911: 256: [9] Belize, Guatemala.

References

  1. 1 2 Alonso-Zarazaga, M. A.; Lyal, C. H. C. (1999). A world catalogue of families and genera of Curculionoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) excluding Scolytidae and Platypodidae (PDF). Barcelona, Spain: Entomopraxis. pp. 315 pp.
  2. 1 2 3 Wibmer, G. J.; O’Brien, C. W. (1986). "Annotated checklist of the weevils (Curculionidae sensu lato) of South America (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea)". Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute. 39: 1–563.
  3. 1 2 O’Brien, C.W.; Wibmer, G.J. (1982). "Annotated checklist of the weevils (Curculionidae sensu lato) of North America, Central America, and the West Indies (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea)" (PDF). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute. 34: 1–382. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-12-24. Retrieved 2021-12-24.
  4. ↑ Schönherr, C. J. (1823). Curculionides [Tabula synoptica familiae Curculionidum]. Isis von Oken. pp. 1132–1146.
  5. 1 2 3 Vaurie, P. (1961). "A review of the Jamaican species of the genus Exophthalmus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Otiorhynchinae)". American Museum Novitates (2062): 1–41. hdl:2246/3431.
  6. 1 2 Franz, Nico M. (2012). "Phylogenetic reassessment of the Exophthalmus genus complex (Curculionidae: Entiminae: Eustylini, Geonemini)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society . 164 (3): 510–557. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00774.x .
  7. ↑ Guanyang Zhang; Franz, Nico (2015). "Systematics of Eustylini - Reclassification of the Exophthalmus genus complex (Curculionidae)". Poster presented at the 2015 Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America. doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.2677.1923.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Schönherr, C.J. (1834). Genera et species Curculionidum, cum synonymia hujus familiae. Species novae aut hactenus minus cognitae, descriptionibus a Dom. Leonardo Gyllenhal, C. H. Boheman, et entomologis aliis illustratae, tomus secundus, pars prima. Vol. 2. Paris: Roret. pp. 673 pp.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Sharp, D.; Champion, G.C. (1911). Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta. Coleoptera. Volume 4. part 3. Rhynchophora. Curculionidae. Vol. 4. London: R. H. Porter. pp. 354 + pl. 15 pp.
  10. 1 2 O'Brien, C.W.; Kovarik, P.W. (2000). "The Genus Diaprepes - Its Origin and Geographical Distribution in the Caribbean Region". irrec.ifas.ufl.edu. Retrieved 2021-12-24.
  11. ↑ Sallé, M.A. (1855). "Description de dix espèces nouvelles de Coléoptères, recueillis de 1849 a 1851 dans la Répubique Dominicaine (Ancienne partie espagnole de l'ile de Saint Domingue ou Haïti)". Annales de la Société Entomologique de France. Série 3. 3: 263–272.
  12. ↑ Waterhouse, C.O. (1879). "Descriptions of new Coleoptera from Medellin, Colombia, recently added to the British Museum collection". Cistula Entomologica. 2: 421–429.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Schönherr, C.J. (1840). Genera et species Curculionidum, cum synonymia hujus familiae. Species novae aut hactenus minus cognitae, descriptionibus a Dom. Leonardo Gyllenhal, C. H. Boheman, et entomologis aliis illustratae, tomus sextus, pars prima. Vol. 6. Paris: Roret. pp. 474 pp.
  14. 1 2 3 4 Chevrolat, L.A.A. (1880). "Diagnoses de Curculionides des Antilles". Le Naturaliste. 2: 165–166.
  15. ↑ Fabricius, J.C. (1792). Entomologia systematica emendata et aucta. Secundum classes, ordines, genera, species adjectis synonimis, locis, observationibus descriptionibus, tom. 1, pars 2. Vol. 1. Hafniae: Impensis Christ. Gottl. Proft. pp. 538 pp.
  16. 1 2 Marshall, Guy A. K. (1922). "VI. On New Genera and Species of Neotropical Curculionidae". Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London. 70 (1–2): 181–224. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1922.tb02830.x. ISSN   1365-2311.
  17. ↑ Kirsch, Th. (1867). "Beiträge zur Käferfauna von Bogotà". Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift. 11 (3–4): 215–243. doi:10.1002/mmnd.18670110303.
  18. ↑ Bautista-Martínez, Néstor; Illescas-Riquelme, Carlos Patricio; López-Bautista, Everardo; Jones, Robert W.; López-Buenfil, José Abel (2020-01-23). "Exophthalmus cupreipes Champion (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Citrus Crops in Mexico". Florida Entomologist. 102 (4): 708. doi: 10.1653/024.102.0406 . ISSN   0015-4040. S2CID   210872450.
  19. ↑ Hustache, A. (1929). Curculionides de la Guadeloupe. Partie 1. In: Faune des Colonies Françaises. Paris: Société d’Éditions.
  20. 1 2 Chevrolat, L.A.A. (1880). "Diagnoses de Diaprepes, genre de Curculionides de la Guadeloupe". Le Naturaliste. 2: 175.
  21. 1 2 Marshall, Guy A.K. (1934). "LXIV.— New West Indian Curculionidæ ( Col. )" . Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 14 (84): 621–635. doi:10.1080/00222933408654938. ISSN   0374-5481.
  22. 1 2 Bovie, A. (1907). "Notes sur les Curculionides [Première partie]". Annales de la Société entomologique de Belgique. 51: 67–71.
  23. ↑ Chevrolat, L.A.A. (1880). "Diagnoses de Curculionides de la Martinique". Le Naturaliste. 2: 197–198.
  24. 1 2 3 4 Chevrolat, L.A.A. (1879). "Descriptions de quatre nouvelles espèces de Curculionides des Antilles, appartenant au genre Exophthalmus". Annales de la Société entomologique de France, Bulletin des Séances. 9: XCVII–XCVIII.
  25. 1 2 Chevrolat, L.A.A. (1858). "Descriptions de Coléoptères de la partie méridionale de l'île de Cuba". Revue et magasin de zoologie pure et appliquée. 2: 209–212.
  26. ↑ Pascoe, F.P. (1880). "New Neotropical Curculionidae. Part I". The Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 5 (29): 419–428. doi:10.1080/00222938009459433.
  27. ↑ Fabricius, Johann Christian (1781). Species insectorum, exhibentes eorum differentias specificas, synonyma auctorum, loca natalia, metamorphosin, adjectis observationibus, descriptionibus. Hamburgi et Kilonii: impensis C. E. Bohnii. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.36509.
  28. ↑ Jekel, H. (1858). "Spicilegia Entomologica II: Descriptions of new Curculionidous beetles collectedon the voyage of H. M. S. Herald". The Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 3: 356–351.
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Olivier, G.A. (1807). Entomologie, ou Histoire naturelle des insectes: avec leurs caractères génériques et spécifiques, leur description, leur synonymie, et leur figure enluminée. Coléoptères. Tome Cinquieme. Paris: De l’Imprimerie de Baudoin. pp. 612 pp. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.61905.
  30. ↑ Guérin-Méneville, F.E. (1847). "Décade entomologique". Revue Zoologique. 10: 2–11.
  31. ↑ Chevrolat, L.A.A. (1876). "donne la description de Curculionites provenant des captures de M. le docteur Gundlach à l'île de Porto-Rico". Annales de la Société Entomologique de France. 5: CCXXVII–CCXXIX.
  32. ↑ Drury, D. (1773). Illustrations of natural history. Wherein are exhibited upwards of two hundred and forty figures of exotic insects, according to their different genera; very few of which have hitherto been figured by any author, being engraved and coloured from nature, with the greatest accuracy, and under the author's own inspection, on fifty copper-plates. With a particular description of each insect: interspersed with remarks and reflections on the nature and properties of many of them, volume 2. Vol. 2. London: B. White.
  33. ↑ Gemmiger, M.; von Harold, E. (1871). Catalogus coleopterorum hucusque descriptorum synonymicus et systematicus. Curculionidae. Vol. 8. Monachii: Gummi. pp. 2181–2668.
  34. ↑ Chevrolat, Auguste (1834). Coléoptères du Mexique. Strasbourg: Impr. de G. Silbermann.
  35. ↑ Cockerell, T.D.A. (1893). "The Jamaican species of Praepodes, Schön". Journal of the Institute of Jamaica. 1: 374–375.
  36. ↑ Fleutiaux, E.; Sallé, A. (1889). "Liste des Coléoptères de la Guadeloupe et descriptions d'espèces nouvelles". Annales de la Société Entomologique de France. Série 6. 9: 351–484.
  37. ↑ Linné, Carl von (1758). Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae : Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, Cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. Vol. 1. Holmiae: Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii. pp. 824 pp.
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