Entiminae

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Entiminae
Reitter-1916-plate155.jpg
Central European Entiminae, with some anatomical details
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Infraorder: Cucujiformia
Family: Curculionidae
Subfamily: Entiminae
Schoenherr, 1826
Diversity
55 tribes
Dorsal views of the head of Compsus auricephalus (Eustylini) and Apodrosus quisqueyanus (Polydrusini) showing their deciduous processes. Deciduous-process.png
Dorsal views of the head of Compsus auricephalus (Eustylini) and Apodrosus quisqueyanus (Polydrusini) showing their deciduous processes.
Pseudoedophrys hilleri Pseudoedophrys hilleri.jpg
Pseudoedophrys hilleri
Head of Compsus auricephalus indicating mandibular scar. Head of Compsus auricephalus indicating mandibular scar.png
Head of Compsus auricephalus indicating mandibular scar.

The Entiminae are a large subfamily in the weevil family Curculionidae, containing most of the short-nosed weevils, including such genera as Entimus , Otiorhynchus , Phyllobius , Sitona , and Pachyrrhynchus . In comparison with their stunning diversity, only a few of these weevils are notorious pests of major economic importance. Entimines are commonly encountered in the field, including urban environments, and abundant in entomological collections.

Diversity

There are over 12,000 described species in the Entiminae subfamily worldwide, distributed in over 1,370 genera, [1] which total nearly 14,000 by more recent counts. [2] Most tribes are represented in only one biogeographic region of the world. The current classification within the subfamily has been recognized as artificial rather than reflecting natural groups. [1]

General morphology

Besides the shape of their broad and short rostrum, most entimines are easily recognized by the presence of a mandibular scar that appears when a deciduous process falls off the mandible, shortly after the emergence of the adult from the pupal stage. [3]

Ecology

In general, entimines tend to feed on a broad range of plants (polyphagous), but there are instances of oligophagy. In general, the larvae feed externally on roots in the soil and adults feed on foliage. [1] [3] They also show preference for habitat or substrate rather than plant specificity. [1]

Entimine weevils are primarily associated with angiosperms, but there are also species recorded from gymnosperms. They feed on monocotyledoneous and a broad range of dicotyledoneous plants, including members of the families Fabaceae, Malvaceae, Rutaceae, Solanaceae, and many more. [1]

The most commonly seen/known species are usually those associated with vegetation, where there is a trend to find more abundance and less diversity in cultivated areas, whereas forested or less disturbed areas tend to have more diversity and less abundance; there is a lot of diversity represented in the soil and on leaf litter, which is often overlooked. [4]

The most effective method for collecting entimines from vegetation would be using a beating sheet or by manual collecting; for soil entimines the best method would be leaf litter sifting.

Biology

Entimines may lay eggs loosely on the substrate, or in clusters glued onto the vegetation [5] and do not use their rostrum to prepare their oviposition site. [1] Over 50 species of entimines have been reported as parthenogenetic. [1]

The integument of entimines can be black, reddish, orange and even metallic in coloration. Many species of Entiminae are covered by scales arranged in a broad variety of patterns. Those scales bear three dimensional photonic crystals [6] within their lumen, which makes the scales iridescent. [1]

Many species are flightless, which usually can be seen externally: the elytral shoulders (outer anterior corners of the elytra) are reduced to absent in apterous and brachypterous forms and well-developed in species with well-developed wings.

Variation on development of elytral shoulders in entimine weevils. Elytral shoulders.png
Variation on development of elytral shoulders in entimine weevils.

Tribes

The current tribal classification of Entiminae follows Alonso-Zarazaga & Lyal [7] for the most part, with a few updates by Bouchard et al. [8] The latest tribal addition is the Namaini Borovec & Meregalli. [9] Currently, there are 55 tribes recognized in the subfamily.

A key to identify tribes is presented by Legalov. [10]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rhynchitidae</span> Family of beetles

The tooth-nosed snout weevils, Rhynchitidae, are small beetles that are usually found in vegetation. They usually use buds, fruits, or seeds for oviposition. The tooth-nosed snout weevils receive this name due to the teeth on the edges of their mandibles.

Agraphini is a weevil tribe in the subfamily Entiminae endemic to the east coast of the United States. There are only two genera known, each with one species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Entimini</span> Tribe of beetles

Entimini is a Neotropical weevil tribe in the subfamily Entiminae that includes 46 described species.

Hormorini is a weevil tribe in the subfamily Entiminae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polydrusini</span> Tribe of beetles

Polydrusini is a weevil tribe in the subfamily Entiminae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trachyphloeini</span> Tribe of beetles

Trachyphloeini is a tribe of broad-nosed weevils in the beetle family Curculionidae. There are more than 25 genera in Trachyphloeini.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zygopini</span> Tribe of beetles

Zygopini is a tribe of twig and stem weevils in the beetle family Curculionidae. There are more than 20 genera and at least 250 described species in Zygopini. 83 species are currently known from the 11 genera occurring north of South America, 8 genera occur exclusively in South America, and 2 are recorded from Africa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pandeleteius</span> Genus of beetles

Pandeleteius is a genus of broad-nosed weevils in the family Curculionidae. There are over 150 described species in Pandeleteius, distributed across the Americas. Most species in the genus were described by Anne Howden.

<i>Artipus</i> Genus of beetles

Artipus is a genus of broad-nosed weevils in the beetle family Curculionidae. There are about 10 described species in Artipus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Conoderinae</span> Subfamily of beetles

Conoderinae is a subfamily of true weevils in the beetle family Curculionidae. There are more than 210 genera in 15 tribes, and about 2,400 described species in Conoderinae.

<i>Myllocerus</i> Genus of beetles

Myllocerus is a genus of oriental broad-nosed weevils in the beetle family Curculionidae. There are at least 330 described species in Myllocerus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Attelabinae</span> Subfamily of beetles

Attelabinae is a subfamily of leaf-rolling weevils in the beetle family Attelabidae. There are at least 20 genera and more than 690 described species in Attelabinae.

<i>Philopedon plagiatum</i> Species of beetle

Philopedon plagiatum, the marram weevil, is a species of broad-nosed weevil in the beetle family Curculionidae. It originates in Western Europe, with a distribution which includes Portugal, Spain, France, Ireland, Great Britain, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Russia, Ukraine, Hungary, Greece, Switzerland and Italy. It has been introduced into North America, first recorded in 1940. It is now established in the Maritime Region of Canada and the northeastern United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scleropterini</span> Tribe of beetles

Scleropterini is a tribe of minute seed weevils in the family of beetles known as Curculionidae. There are at least eight genera in Scleropterini.

Piazurini is a tribe of true weevils in the beetle family Curculionidae. There are about 12 genera and more than 400 described species in Piazurini.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Apoderinae</span> Subfamily of beetles

Apoderinae is a subfamily of leaf rolling weevils in the beetle family Attelabidae. There are at least 20 genera and more than 650 described species in Apoderinae, found in Europe, Asia, and Africa.

<i>Oxyderces</i> Genus of beetles

Oxyderces is a genus of broad-nosed weevils in the family Curculionidae distributed in South America. It can be recognized by the presence of dense setae on the apex of the rostrum and postocular setae.

<i>Oxyderces viridipes</i> Species of weevil

Oxyderces viridipes is a species of broad-nosed weevils in the family Curculionidae. This species is endemic to Colombia, commonly found in Medellín and surrounding areas, but has been incidentally collected in the United States.

<i>Compsus canescens</i> Species of broad-nosed weevil

Compsus canescens is a species of broad-nosed weevils in the family Curculionidae. This species is endemic to Colombia, commonly found in Bogotá and surrounding areas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Namaini</span> Tribe of beetles

Namaini is a tribe of soil-associated weevils from South Africa in the subfamily Entiminae.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Marvaldi, A. E.; Lanteri, A. A.; del Río, M. G.; Oberprieler, R. G. (2014). "Entiminae Schoenherr, 1823.". In Leschen, R. and R. G. Beutel. (ed.). Handbook of Zoology, Arthropoda: Insecta: Coleoptera, Volume 3: Morphology and Systematics (Phytophaga). Berlin: De Gruyter. pp. 503–522.
  2. ↑ Yunakov, N. (2021). "3i taxonomic databases, Curculionidae, subfamily Entiminae | COL". www.catalogueoflife.org. doi:10.48580/d4sl-3f8 . Retrieved 2021-12-20.
  3. 1 2 Anderson, R. S.; Howden, A. T. (2002). "131 Curculionidae Latreille, 1802, XII Entiminae Schoenherr, 1823". In Arnett, R.H.; M.C. Thomas; P.E. Skelley; J.H. Frank (eds.). American Beetles. Vol. II: Polyphaga: Scarabaeoidea through Curculionoidea. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp. 722–815.
  4. ↑ Girón, Jennifer C. (2020-12-30). "Status of knowledge of the broad-nosed weevils of Colombia (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae)". Neotropical Biology and Conservation. 15 (4): 583–674. doi: 10.3897/neotropical.15.e59713 . ISSN   2236-3777.
  5. ↑ Howden, A. T. (1995). "Structures related to oviposition in Curculionoidea". Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Washington. 14: 53–102.
  6. ↑ Seago, Ainsley E; Brady, Parrish; Vigneron, Jean-Pol; Schultz, Tom D (2009-04-06). "Gold bugs and beyond: a review of iridescence and structural colour mechanisms in beetles (Coleoptera)". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 6 (suppl_2): S165–S184. doi: 10.1098/rsif.2008.0354.focus . PMC   2586663 . PMID   18957361.
  7. ↑ Alonso-Zarazaga, M. A.; Lyal, C. H. C. (1999). A world catalogue of families and genera of Curculionoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) excluding Scolytidae and Platypodidae (PDF). Barcelona, Spain: Entomopraxis. pp. 315 pp – via International Weevil Community.
  8. ↑ Bouchard, Patrice; Bousquet, Yves; Davies, Anthony; Alonso-Zarazaga, Miguel; Alonso-Zarazaga, Miguel; Lawrence, John; Lyal, Christopher; Newton, Alfred; Reid, Chris; Schmitt, Michael; Slipinski, Adam (2011-04-04). "Family-Group Names In Coleoptera (Insecta)". ZooKeys (88): 1–972. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.88.807 . ISSN   1313-2970. PMC   3088472 . PMID   21594053.
  9. ↑ Meregalli, Massimo; Borovec, Roman; Cervella, Piero; Santovito, Alfredo; Toševski, Ivo; Ottati, Sara; Nakládal, Oto (2021-09-01). "The Namaini, a new weevil tribe with six new genera from South Africa (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae)" (PDF). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 193 (1): 95–123. doi: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa142 . ISSN   0024-4082.
  10. ↑ Legalov, A. A. (2020). "Annotated key to weevils of the world: Part 5 - Subfamily Entiminae (Curculionidae)" (PDF). Ukrainian Journal of Ecology. 10 (2): 332–346.

Further reading

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