Ezra 9

Ezra 9
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"Ezra Reads the Law to the People, one of Gustave Doré's illustrations for La Grande Bible de Tours
Book	Book of Ezra
Category	Ketuvim
Christian Bible part	Old Testament
Order in the Christian part	15

Ezra 9 is the ninth chapter of the Book of Ezra in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible, ^[1] or the book of Ezra-Nehemiah in the Hebrew Bible, which treats the book of Ezra and book of Nehemiah as one book. ^[2] Jewish tradition states that Ezra is the author of Ezra-Nehemiah as well as the Book of Chronicles, ^[3] but modern scholars generally accept that a compiler from the 5th century BCE (the so-called "Chronicler") is the final author of these books. ^[4] The section comprising chapters 7 to 10 mainly describes the activities of Ezra the scribe and the priest. ^[5] This chapter and the next deal with the problem of intermarriage, starting with the introduction of the crisis, then Ezra's public mourning and prayer of shame. ^[5] J. Gordon McConville suggests that this chapter is central to the Book of Ezra because it draws a sharp contrast between what the people of God ought to be and what they actually are. ^[6]

Text

This chapter is divided into 15 verses. The original text of this chapter is in Hebrew language. ^[7]

Textual witnesses

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text, which includes Codex Leningradensis (1008). ^{[8] [lower-alpha 1]}

There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK: ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}$^S; 4th century; only Ezra 9:9 to end), ^[10] Codex Vaticanus (B; ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}$^B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}$^A; 5th century). ^[11]

An ancient Greek book called 1 Esdras (Greek: Ἔσδρας Αʹ) containing some parts of 2 Chronicles, Ezra and Nehemiah is included in most editions of the Septuagint and is placed before the single book of Ezra–Nehemiah (which is titled in Greek: Ἔσδρας Βʹ). 1 Esdras 8:68-90 is an equivalent of Ezra 9 (Repentance from mixed marriages). ^{[12] [13]}

The report (9:1–2)

Some Jewish leaders in Jerusalem reported to Ezra about 'the misconduct of various leaders and members of the community'. ^[14]

Verse 2

"For they have taken some of their daughters as wives for themselves and their sons, so that the holy seed is mixed with the peoples of those lands. Indeed, the hand of the leaders and rulers has been foremost in this trespass." ^[15]

• "The peoples of those lands": are associated with ṯō-‘ă-ḇōṯ ^[16] ("abominations"), which is "the most common cultic term for idolatrous practices", and also denoting the "objectionable actions and behavior". ^[17] Verse 1 lists the origins of the mixed marriage partners as Canaanites, Hittites, Perizzites, Jebusites, Ammonites, Moabites, Egyptians and Amorites. ^[18]

The response (9:3–5)

Hearing the report, Ezra responded with a "public act of contrition" in his function as "the official representative of the community". ^[19]

Verse 3

And when I heard this thing, I rent my garment and my mantle, and plucked off the hair of my head and of my beard, and sat down astonied. ^[20]

• "Rent my garment and my mantle": Here Ezra is rending (tearing) his 'under-garment' or 'tunic' (Hebrew begedh) and the 'long loose robe' (Hebrew: m‘îl) that he was wearing. ^[21] The act of rending one's clothes is frequently mentioned in the Hebrew Bible as a sign of grief, such as: ^[21]
• Reuben rent his 'clothes' (plural of begedh) on not finding Joseph (Genesis 37:29)
• Jacob rent his 'garments' (plural of simlah) on seeing Joseph's blood-stained coat (Genesis 37:34)
• Joseph's brethren rent their clothers (plural of simlah) when the cup was found in Benjamin's sack (Genesis 44:13)
• Joshua rent his 'clothes' (plural of simlah) after the repulse at Ai (Joshua 7:6)
• Jephthah rent his 'clothes' (plural of begedh) on meeting his daughter (Judges 11:35)
• the messenger from the field of Ziklag came with his clothes (plural of begedh) rent (2 Samuel 1:2, cf. 1 Samuel 4:12)
• Job rent his mantle (m‘îl) on hearing of his children's death (Job 1:20)
• Job's friends rent their mantle (‘m‘îl’) when they came to visit him (Job 2:12).

The action also denoted 'horror' on receiving shocking intelligence or hearing shocking words, such as: ^[21]

• Hezekiah and his ministers rent their clothes (plural of begedh) after Rabshakeh's speech (2 Kings 18:37; 2 Kings 19:1)
• Mordecai rent his clothes (plural of begedh) on hearing of Haman's determination (Esther 4:1)
• See also Isaiah 36:22; Jeremiah 41:5; 2 Chronicles 34:27.

In the New Testament is also recorded: ^[21]

• the High-priest rent his garments on hearing the testimony of Jesus (Matthew 26:65). ^[21]

The prayer (9:6–15)

Being a leader of the community, Ezra offered a "public prayer of confession" which is "sincere, personal, emotional and forthright". ^[19] The Jerusalem Bible describes the prayer of Ezra as "also a sermon". ^[22]

See also

• Ammonites
• Amorites
• Canaanites
• Egyptians
• Hittites
• Jebusites
• Jerusalem
• Moabites
• Perizzites
• Related Bible parts:Ezra 8, Ezra 10, Nehemiah 8

Notes

1. Since the 1947 anti-Jewish riots in Aleppo the current text of Aleppo Codex is missing the whole book of Ezra-Nehemiah. ^[9]

Citations

1. Halley 1965, p. 233.
2. Grabbe 2003, p. 313.
3. Babylonian Talmud Baba Bathra 15a, apud Fensham 1982, p. 2
4. Fensham 1982, pp. 2–4.
5. Grabbe 2003, p. 317.
6. McConville 1985, p. 60.
7. Note i on Ezra 7:27 in the New King James Version: "The Hebrew language resumes in Ezra 7:27."
8. Würthwein 1995, pp. 36–37.
9. P. W. Skehan (2003), "BIBLE (TEXTS)", New Catholic Encyclopedia , vol. 2 (2nd ed.), Gale, pp. 355–362
10.  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Codex Sinaiticus". Catholic Encyclopedia . New York: Robert Appleton Company.
11. Würthwein 1995, pp. 73–74.
12. Catholic Encyclopedia: Esdras: THE BOOKS OF ESDRAS: III Esdras
13. Jewish Encyclopedia: Esdras, Books of: I Esdras
14. Larson, Dahlen & Anders 2005, p. 104.
15. Ezra 9:2 NKJV
16. Hebrew Text Analysis: Ezra 9:1. Biblehub
17. Smith-Christopher 2007, p. 317.
18. Ezra 9:1 NKJV
19. Larson, Dahlen & Anders 2005, p. 105.
20. Ezra 9:3 KJV
21. Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges. Ezra 9. Accessed 28 April 2019.
22. Jerusalem Bible (1966), note d at Ezra 9:6

Sources

• Fensham, F. Charles (1982). The Books of Ezra and Nehemiah. New international commentary on the Old Testament (illustrated ed.). Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN   978-0802825278 . Retrieved October 28, 2019.
• Grabbe, Lester L. (2003). "Ezra". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William (eds.). Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible (illustrated ed.). Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 313–319. ISBN   978-0802837110 . Retrieved October 28, 2019.
• Halley, Henry H. (1965). Halley's Bible Handbook: an abbreviated Bible commentary (24th (revised) ed.). Zondervan Publishing House. ISBN   0-310-25720-4.
• Larson, Knute; Dahlen, Kathy; Anders, Max E. (2005). Anders, Max E. (ed.). Holman Old Testament Commentary - Ezra, Nehemiah, Esther. Holman Old Testament commentary. Vol. 9 (illustrated ed.). B&H Publishing Group. ISBN   978-0805494693 . Retrieved October 28, 2019.
• Levering, Matthew (2007). Ezra & Nehemiah. Brazos Theological Commentary on the Bible. Brazos Press. ISBN   978-1587431616 . Retrieved October 28, 2019.
• McConville, J. G. (1985). Ezra, Nehemiah, and Esther. The daily study Bible : Old Testament. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN   978-0664245832 . Retrieved October 28, 2019.
• Smith-Christopher, Daniel L. (2007). "15. Ezra-Nehemiah". In Barton, John; Muddiman, John (eds.). The Oxford Bible Commentary (first (paperback) ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 308–324. ISBN   978-0199277186 . Retrieved February 6, 2019.
• Würthwein, Ernst (1995). The Text of the Old Testament. Translated by Rhodes, Erroll F. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN   0-8028-0788-7 . Retrieved January 26, 2019.

Further reading

• Blenkinsopp, Joseph, "Ezra-Nehemiah: A Commentary" (Eerdmans, 1988)
• Blenkinsopp, Joseph, "Judaism, the first phase" (Eerdmans, 2009)
• Coggins, R.J., "The Books of Ezra and Nehemiah" (Cambridge University Press, 1976)
• Ecker, Ronald L., "Ezra and Nehemiah", Ecker's Biblical Web Pages, 2007.
• Grabbe, L.L., "Ezra-Nehemiah" (Routledge, 1998)
• Pakkala, Juha, "Ezra the scribe: the development of Ezra 7–10 and Nehemiah 8" (Walter de Gryter, 2004)*Grabbe, L.L., "A history of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period, Volume 1" (T&T Clark, 2004)
• Throntveit, Mark A. (1992) "Ezra-Nehemiah". John Knox Press

External links

• Jewish translations:
  • Ezra - Chapter 9 (Judaica Press) translation [with Rashi's commentary] at Chabad.org
• Christian translations:
  • Online Bible at GospelHall.org (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English)
  • Book of Ezra Chapter 9. Bible Gateway