After performing hajj in 1923, Mirza Khan settled in Ipi, a village located near Mirali in North Waziristan, from where he started a campaign of guerrilla warfare against the British Empire. In 1938, he shifted from Ipi to Gurwek, a remote village in North Waziristan on the border with Afghanistan and continued his raids against the British, using bases in Afghanistan.[3] During World War II, Nazi Germany supported his warfare against the British Raj.[4][5]
After the independence of Pakistan in August 1947, Afghanistan sponsored a rebellion in Waziristan under the leadership of the Faqir of Ipi.[6] He started the guerilla warfare against the new nation's government.[7] However, he couldn't succeed and his resistance diminished in the early 1950s as his tribe swore allegiance to Pakistan and he, himself, distanced himself from the Afghan government and later condemned their activities in the Tribal Areas — refraining his supporters from supporting any Afghan-sponsored plan against Pakistan.[8]
Today, he is recognised as a symbol of resistance against British colonialism in Pakistan, and has several monuments and areas named after him including a major road on the Srinagar Highway in Islamabad.
Early life
Mirza Khan was born around 1897 at Shankai Kirta, a village near Khajuri in the Tochi Valley of North Waziristan, present day Pakistan, to Sheikh Arslan Khan Wazir.[9]
He was a Pashtun from the Torikhel branch of the Utmanzai Wazir tribe.[10] His father died when he was twelve. He studied until fourth grade at a government school and later pursued religious studies at Bannu.[citation needed]
He built a mosque and a house at Spalga, further south in North Waziristan agency in 1922.[citation needed] He went to perform Hajj at Mecca and later moved to Ipi in mid 1920s.[citation needed] He became a religious figure among the locals and was called "Haji Sahab" and was known for the introduction of both Sharia and Qanun law to Waziristan and for the introduction of the formal administration of justice and fairness in Ipi.[citation needed]
Revolts in Afghanistan
In 1933, the Faqir of Ipi went to Afghanistan to fight against the Mohammadzai Afghan King at Khost to support the restoration of King Amanullah Khan. In 1944, the Faqir of Ipi joined his fellow Loya Paktia tribesmen again to support the restoration of Amanullah Khan in the Afghan tribal revolts of 1944–1947.[11] Until his death, the Faqir of Ipi remained involved in Afghan politics.[8]
Ram Kori case
In March 1936, a British Indian court ruled against the marriage of Islam Bibi, née Ram Kori, a Hindu girl who converted to Islam, at Jandikhel, Bannu, after the girl's family filed a case of abduction and forced conversion. The ruling was based on the fact that the girl was a minor and was asked to make her decision of conversion and marriage after she reaches the age of majority, until then she was asked to live with a third party.[12] The verdict enraged the Pashtuns, and further mobilized the Faqir of Ipi for a guerrilla campaign against the British Empire.
The Dawar maliks and mullahs left the Tochi for the Khaisor Valley to the south to rouse the Torikhel Wazirs. A month after the incident, the Faqir of Ipi called a tribal jirga (Pashtun council) in the village of Ipi to declare war against the British Empire.[citation needed]
Revolts in British India
Faqir's decision to declare war against the British was endorsed by the local Pashtun tribes, who mustered two large lashkars 10,000 strong to battle the British.[citation needed] Many Pashtun women also took part in Ipi's guerilla campaigns, not only actively participated in the campaign but also singing landai (a short folk-song sung by Pashtun women) to inspire the Pashtun fighters.[citation needed]
Widespread lawlessness erupted as the Pashtuns blocked roads, overran outposts and ambushed convoys. In November 1936, the British Indian government sent two columns to the Khaisor river valley to rout Ipi's guerillas, but suffered heavy casualties and were forced to retreat.[13]
Soon after the Khaisor campaign a general uprising broke out throughout Waziristan. A successful British campaign suppressed the uprising, leading to the realization of the futility of confronting the British directly especially with their advantage of air power. Ipi and his militants switched to guerrilla warfare. Squadrons of the two air forces (RAF and RIAF) launched numerous sorties against Ipi's forces, including dropping Jerrycan petrol bombs on crop fields and strafing herds of cattle.
In 1937, the British sent over 40,000 British-Indian troops, mostly Sikhs from the Punjab, to defeat Ipi's guerillas.This was in response to an ambush by Pashtun Waziristani tribesmen in which they had killed over 50 British Indian soldiers.However, the operation failed and by December, the troops were sent back to their cantonments.
In 1939, the British Indian government claimed that the war capacity of the Faqir of Ipi's forces was enhanced by support from Nazi Germany and Italy, alleging that the Italian diplomat Pietro Quaroni drove the Italian policy for involvement in Waziristan, although the British were unable find any concrete evidence for Quaroni's involvement.[13]
The British eventually suppressed the agitation by imposing fines and by demolishing the houses of their leaders, including that of the Faqir of Ipi.However, the pyrrhic nature of their victory and the subsequent withdrawal of the troops was credited by the Pashtuns (Wazir tribe) to be a manifestation of the Faqir of Ipi's miraculous powers.
He succeeded in inducing a semblance of tribal unity (something which was noted by the British Indian government) among various sections of Pashtuns including the Khattaks, Wazirs, Dawar, Mahsuds and Bettanis.[citation needed] He cemented his position as religious leader by declaring a Jihad against the British.[citation needed]
This move also helped rally support from Pashtun tribesmen across the border. In 1946, the British again attempted to decisively defeat Ipi's movement, but this effort was unsuccessful.
Faqir of Ipi refused to recognise the partition of India and launched an armed rebellion against Pakistan which was suppressed by Pakistani Air force, and later declined amid a general lack of interest by local people.
Recognition of Pakistan
Later on, the Faqir of Ipi, while addressing a gathering at Razmak, said that the Government of Afghanistan had misled him and deceived him in the name of Islam.[14] He instructed his supporters that if the Government of Afghanistan made any future plan against Pakistan in his name, they should never support it.[14]
As a result, Afghanistan was compelled to issue an open warning to the Faqir of Ipi and told him to refrain from any anti-Pakistan activities.[14]
Death
The Faqir of Ipi died at night on April 16, 1960. Long suffering from asthma, during his last days, he was too sick to walk a few steps. People from far away often used to come and see him and ask for his blessing.[citation needed] His funeral prayers or Namaz-I-Janaza was held at Gurwek led by Maulavi Pir Rehman. Thousands of people came for his Namaz-I-Janaza.[citation needed] He was buried at Gurwek.
Legacy
Faqir Aipee Road, a main artery connecting I.J.P. Road to the Kashmir Highway in Islamabad, is named after the Faqir of Ipi.[15]
↑ Alan Warren (2000). Waziristan, the Faqir of Ipi, and the Indian Army: The North West Frontier Revolt of 1936-37. Oxford University Press. p.84. ISBN978-0195790160.
↑ Rob Johnson (2011). The Afghan Way of War: How and Why They Fight. Oxford University Press. p.195. ISBN978-0-19-979856-8.
Dr. Shah, Syed Wiqar Ali German Activities in the North-West Frontier Province War Years 1914–1945. Quaid-e-Azam University. Available online at . Last accessed on 22/03/06
Government of Pakistan: The Frontier Corps (NWFP) Pakistan and its headquarters. Available online at Last accessed on 22/03/06
Siddiqui A. R. Faqir of Ipi's Cross Border Nexus. Available online [usurped]. Last accessed on 22/03/06.
Hauner, Milan (Jan., 1981) One Man against the Empire: The Faqir of Ipi and the British in Central Asia on the Eve of and during the Second World War. Available online at [usurped]. Last accessed on 22/03/06.
Shah, Idries, Destination Mecca, Chapter XXIII Contains interview with and the only photograph ever taken of Fakir of Ipi (London 1957). Possibly confirms the Fakir's dervish or Sufi status.
Batl-i-Hurriyet: Fakir of Ipi—Iman-Parwar Jihad By Dr Fazal-ur-Rehman Kitab Saraay, First Floor, Alhamd Market, Ghazni Street, Urdu Bazar, Lahore
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