List of Pashtun empires and dynasties

The following is a list of Pashtun or Afghan empires and dynasties. It includes states, princely states, empires and dynasties in the regions of Central, Western and South Asia which were founded by rulers or dynasties of Pashtun origin. This list also includes rulers and dynasties who are of disputed origin.

Afghanistan

See also: List of heads of state of Afghanistan and Pashtun colonization of northern Afghanistan

• Taymanis (1565/6-1894), established by Tayman, a Kakar Pashtun. ^[1] The Taymanis would conquer Ghor in the late 1600s. During the decline of the Safavids, ^{[2] [3]} the Taymanis conquered Farah and Isfizar under Dilawar Khan. ^[4] The Taymanis would go onto siding with the Durrani Empire during their rise and gave troops to the Sadozais. The Taymanis began declining in the nineteenth century until finally being stripped of their privileges in 1894, ending Taymani rule in Ghor. ^[5]
• Hotak dynasty (1709–1738), established by Mirwais Hotak from Kandahar, who declared independence from the Persian Safavids. Hotak was a tribal chief of the Ghilzai Pashtuns. ^{[6] [7]} The Hotaki dynasty ruled over much of southern Afghanistan and most of Iran (Persia) at its peak. The dynasty lasted until 1738 when it was overthrown by the Afsharids of Persia under Nader Shah.

Ahmad Shah Durrani, founder of the Durrani Empire.

• Durrani Empire: 1747–1823 (Empire); 1793–1863 (Herat); 1839–1842 (Shah Shuja's Kingdom), a Pashtun empire founded by the Pashtun military commander Ahmad Shah Durrani, with its origins in the Durrani dynasty of Afghanistan. Kandahar in modern Afghanistan served as the empire's first capital. ^{[8] [9]} Ahmad Shah belonged to the Durrani tribe (also known as the Abdalis). At its peak, the Durrani Empire encompassed all of Afghanistan, most of Pakistan and parts of northern India (including Kashmir), northeastern Iran and eastern Turkmenistan. ^[10] In the second half of the 18th century, the Durrani Empire was the second-largest Muslim empire in the world after the Ottoman Empire. ^[10]
• Emirate of Afghanistan (1823–1978). From the early nineteenth century to early twentieth century, the Barakzais were the royal family of Afghanistan. The Barakzais ruled over the Emirate of Afghanistan.
• First Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001). Founded during the Afghan Civil War from 1992 to 1996, they quickly rose to power and continued conflict during the Afghan Civil War that ranged from 1996 to 2001. They were deposed from power during the United States invasion of Afghanistan, beginning the Taliban insurgency.
• Second Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (2021–) The restored Islamic Emirate under Taliban rule.
• Azad Khan Afghan (1751—1757) Ruler of Iran and Azerbaijan.

Indian subcontinent

Territory controlled by the Khaljis circa 1320

• Khalji dynasty (Bengal) (1204—1231) Bakhtiyar Khalji was a Turko-Afghan general of the Ghurid Empire. ^{[12] [13]} The Khaljis ruled Bengal until 1227 before they were deposed from power and integrated as a province of the Delhi Sultanate under the Mamluk dynasty. The Khaljis returned to power briefly in 1229 but were again deposed from power in 1231. ^[14]
• Khilji dynasty (1290—1320), was a Turko-Afghan ^{[15] [16] [17]} dynasty founded by Jalaluddin Khilji as the second dynasty to rule the Delhi Sultanate of India. ^{[18] [19] [20]} Its rule is known for conquests into present day South India, ^[21] and successfully fending off the repeated Mongol invasions of India. ^{[22] [23]}
• Malwa Sultanate (1392—1531/1537—1562), founded by Dilawar Khan, an Afghan ^[24] or a Turko-Afghan ^[25] governor of the Delhi Sultanate. In 1437, the Ghurid dynasty of Dilawar Khan was overthrown by Mahmud Khan, a Khilji Turko-Afghan descendant of the Khalji dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate. ^{[26] [27] [28] [29]} The Khilji dynasty continued to reign until 1531, when it was Bahadur Shah, the ruler of the Gujarat Sultanate. The Khilji dynasty would return to rule in 1537 under Qadir Shah, a former officer. ^[30] Qadir Shah held power until 1542, when he was deposed by the Afghan emperor Sher Shah Suri. Sher Shah gave governorship of Malwa to an Afghan chief, Shujaat Khan. ^[31] Following Shujaat Khan's death, his son Baz Bahadur succeeded him. Baz Bahadur declared the Malwa Sultanate independent, and he reigned until he was deposed by the Mughal Empire, and his kingdom absorbed in 1562. ^{[32] [33]}

Map showing the territory under the Lodi dynasty.

• Lodi dynasty (1451–1526), founded by Bahlul Khan Lodi, who belonged from the Lodi tribe. It was the last dynasty to rule the Delhi Sultanate.

• 

  Map of the Sur Empire at its height

  Sur Empire (1538/1540—1556), founded by Sher Shah Suri, a Pashtun military and political figure who belonged to the Sur tribe of Kakars. ^[35] The Sur dynasty ousted the Mughals in north India and controlled areas encompassing, Pakistan, northern India and up to Bengal, with Delhi as its capital. Sher Shah expanded the empires territory significantly until his accidental death in 1545, where he was succeeded by his son, Islam Shah Suri. ^{[36] [37]} The Empire began falling into civil war following Islam Shah's death. ^{[38] [39]} The Surs were supplanted again by the Mughals in 1556 after a sixteen-year rule. ^{[40] [41]}
• Karrani dynasty (1564—1576), founded by Taj Khan Karrani. ^[42] He hailed from the Karlani tribe. He formerly served Sher Shah Suri and had moved to Bengal. The Karrani dynasty ruled over all of Bengal, as well as Orissa and parts of Bihar. It was the last dynasty of the Bengal Sultanate. The Karrani were defeated by the Mughals, losing all their territory to the latter by the seventeenth century.

Map of the Khaljis of Malwa at their height

• Noohani dynasty (1523—1532), founded by Bahar Khan Noohani, an Afghan Pashtun who centered his dynasty in Bihar, India. ^[43]

Disputed Origins

• Lodi dynasty of Multan (970s–1010), The Lodi dynasty of Multan was founded by Sheikh Hamid Lodi. Hamid Lodi's origins are disputed. According to some scholars, Hamid Lodi was supposedly a descendant of Sama (or Usama) Lawi who was son of Ghalib Lawi. ^{[44] [45]} Other sources state that he was from the Lodi tribe of Pashtuns. ^{[46] [47] [48]} According to Samuel Miklos Stern, the Lodi dynasty itself might have been fabricated as its mention only starts appearing with later historians like Firishta. ^[49]

• Bahmani Sultanate (1347–1527), The Bahmani Sultanate was founded by Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah, who was of Afghan, or Turk origin. ^{[50] [51] [52] [53]} According to the historian Ferishta, he was of Afghan birth. ^[54] Another theory of origin for Zafar Khan is that he was of Brahman origin, ^[55] and that Bahman is a corrupted personalized form of Brahman, ^[56] with Hasan Gangu being Hindu Brahman who became Muslim. ^{[57] [55]} however this has been discredited by Husaini, who explains why the idea of a Brahmin origin or Zafar Khan originally being a Hindu convert to Islam is untenable. ^[58] The Bahmanis took power after an Afghan, Nasir-ud-din Ismail Shah, also known as Ismail Mukh, led a rebellion against the Tughlaq dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate. ^[59] The rebellion was successful and Ismail Mukh abdicated in favor of Alauddin, allowing him to establish an independent state in the Deccan, with his headquarters at Hasanabad. The Bahmanis were the first independent Muslim kingdom centred in the Deccan. ^[60]

• Madurai Sultanate (1335–1378), the Madurai Sultanate was founded by Jalaluddin Ahsan Khan, a Sayyid native of Kaithal, ^{[61] [62]} or an Afghan. ^[63] Centered in Madurai, the Sultanate was founded when Jalaluddin revolted against the Delhi Sultanate, though with the dates initially being unclear, with numismatic evidence suggesting 1335 as the beginning of the Madurai Sultanate, while Firishta affirms 1340 as a date. ^[64]

Princely states

Several independent princely states founded by Pashtuns existed during the British Raj era. Most of the Pashtun region east of the Durand Line was annexed by the British in the twentieth century, and formed the North-West Frontier. The Pashtun tribal agencies along the Durand Line, further west from the North-West Frontier, formed a buffer zone between Afghanistan and the North-West Frontier of British India. Following the end of the Raj and the creation of Pakistan and India, the North-West Frontier and tribal agencies became part of Pakistan. The princely states were also given only two choices, the choice to formally accede to the Dominion of Pakistan or Dominion of India, depending on their geographical location. These princely states were eventually abolished and integrated into the federation (see Former administrative units of Pakistan and Political integration of India).

• Rohilla Chieftaincies (1710–1857). Ali Mohammed Khan, an ethnic Jat and honorary Pathan, founded the Rohilla state in western U.P. After his death in 1748, Rohilkhand split up into several independent Rohilla Chieftaincies. Notable Chiefs were Hafiz Rahmat Khan, Najib ad-Dawlah, Dundy Khan, and Faizullah Khan (the son of Ali, also an ethnic Jat and honorary Pathan). In 1772 the total Rohilla armed forces were estimated at 80,000 cavalry and infantry. ^[65] Rohillas were the main allies of the Durranis in Third Panipat War in 1761. Most of the Rohilla leaders were defeated in Anglo-Rohilla wars. Only Rampur, under Faizullah Khan, survived as a princely state.
• Orakzai dynasty was a dynasty which directly descended from the Orakzai tribe. Various branches ruled these princely states:
  • Bhopal State (1707–1949), a princely state existing from 1707 to 1949, although its origins date back to 1707 when the Bhopal State was established by Dost Mohammad Khan, a Pashtun soldier in the Mughal Army who belonged to the Mirazi Khel clan of the Orakzai tribe from Tirah ^[66] (located in the present-day tribal areas of northwest Pakistan). ^[67] The state came under the suzerainty of the Nizam of Hyderabad shortly after its foundation in 1723, and then came under the Marathas in 1737 after their victory in the Battle of Bhopal. It became a princely state in 1818, following the defeat of the Marathas in the Third Anglo-Maratha War. Islamnagar served as the first capital, followed by Bhopal (in present-day Madhya Pradesh). The city of Islamnagar and Bhopal was founded by Dost Mohammad Khan in 1716 and early 1720s. It was the second largest Muslim princely state in pre-independence India, after Hyderabad State. In 1949, the state acceded to the Dominion of India (see Pathans of Madhya Pradesh for more information).
  • Kurwai State (1713–1948), founded by Muhammad Diler Khan, a Pashtun rising through merit in the Mughal Army. Muhammad Diler Khan belonged to the Firoz Khel clan of the Orakzai tribe, Diler Khan's state consisted of the town of Kurwai and several surrounding villages in present-day Madhya Pradesh. The town of Kurwai was founded by Mohammed Diler Khan in 1715
  • Basoda State (1753–1947), established by Muhammad Ahsanullah Khan son of Muhammad Diler Khan founder of Kurwai State belonged to the Firoz Khel clan of the Orakzai tribe, its headquarters were at Ganj Basoda in present-day Madhya Pradesh.
  • Mohammadgarh State (1818–1947), established by Muhammad khan son of Muhammad Ahsanullah Khan founder of Basoda State belonged to the Firoz Khel clan of the Orakzai tribe, its headquarters were at Muhammadgarh in present-day Madhya Pradesh. The town of Muhammadgarh was founded by Muhammed Khan and named by his name.
• Babi dynasty (1654–1948), founded in 1654 by Muhammed Sherkhanji Babi. He belonged to Babi or Babai (Pashtun tribe) tribe of Pashtuns. ^[68] The Babi Dynasty ruled over parts of Gujarat. Babi's descendants (see Pathans of Gujarat for more information) controlled the following princely states:
  • Junagadh State (1730–1948), 1st Nawab, Muhammad Sher khan Babi, a pathan belonging to the family of last deputy Governor of Gujarat province in Mughal Empire. Muhammad Sher khan Babi belonged to the Babi or Babai (Pashtun tribe) of Pashtuns, its headquarters were at Junagadh in present-day Gujarat. ^[69]
  • Radhanpur State (1753–1948), Jawan Mard Khan Babi II, 1st Nawab, a pathan belonging to the family of last deputy Governor of Gujarat province in Mughal Empire. Nawab Khan Jahan Babi belonged to the Babi or Babai (Pashtun tribe) of Pashtuns, its headquarters were at Radhanpur in present-day Gujarat. ^[70]
  • Balasinor State (1758–1948), 1st Nawab, Sardar Muhammed khan Babi, a pathan belonging to the family of last deputy Governor of Gujarat province in Mughal Empire. Sardar Muhammed khan Babi belonged to the Babi or Babai (Pashtun tribe) tribe of Pashtuns, its headquarters were at Balasinor in present-day Gujarat. ^[71]
  • Bantva Manavadar (1733–1947), 1st Nawab, Diler Khan Salabat Muhammed Khan Babi, a pathan belonging to the family of last deputy Governor of Gujarat province in Mughal Empire. Dilawer Khan Salabat Muhammed khan Babi belonged to the Babi or Babai (Pashtun tribe) of Pashtuns. Its headquarters were at Manavadar in present-day Gujarat. ^[72]
  • Sardargarh Bantva (1733–1948), 1st Nawab, Khan Shri Sherzamankhanji Babi, a pathan belonging to the family of last deputy Governor of Gujarat province in Mughal Empire. Khan Shri Sherzamankhanji Babi belonged to the Babi or Babai (Pashtun tribe) tribe of Pashtuns, its headquarters were at Bantva in present-day Gujarat. ^[73]
• Farrukhabad State (1714-1857) was established by a mercenary Muhammad Khan Bangash and succeeded by his son Nawab Ahmad Khan Bangash who commanded a division of the Afghan army in the Third Battle of Panipat
• Malerkotla State (1657–1948), The Malerkotla state was founded in 1454 A.D. by Sheikh Sadruddin-i-Jahan, a pious man of the Sherani tribe of the Darban Kalan and Frontier Region of Drazinda. The State of Malerkotla was established in 1657 by Bayazid Khan. Bayazid Khan was granted the privilege to build a fort, which he named Malerkotla and eventually gave its name to the state. On 3 May 1809 Maler Kotla became a British protectorate and was made part of the Cis-Sutlej states until 1862. Many local people attribute this peaceful strain to the presence of the shrine of 'Baba Haidar Sheikh', the Sufi saint, who founded the town of Malerkotla more than 500 years ago.
• Pataudi State (1804–1947), established in 1804 by Nawab Faiz Talab Khan of Barech tribe during the rule of the British East India Company and capital as Pataudi ^[74]
• Dujana State (1806–1948), established in 1806 by Nawab Abdus Samad Khan of Yusufzai tribe during the rule of the British East India Company and situated in Jhajjar district ^{[75] [76]}
• Tonk State (1806–1949), The founder of the state was Muhammad Amir Khan an adventurer and military leader of pashtun descent and belonged to the salarzai subtribe of the Tarkani tribe and a Rohilla. In 1817, upon submitting to the British East India Company, he kept his territory of Tonk and received the title of Nawab. While retaining internal autonomy and remaining outside British India, the state consisted of six isolated districts. Four of these were under the Rajasthan province, namely, Tonk, Chhabra, Pirawa and Nimbahera. The other two, Aligarh formerly Rampura and Sironj were in Madhya pradesh province.
• Jaora State (1808–1948), founded by Abdul Ghafur Muhammad Khan, a Pashtun cavalry officer and a Rohilla serving Muhammad Amir Khan, the Pashtun founder of the princely state of Tonk. Abdul Ghafur Muhammad Khan also served the Holkar ruler, annexing Rajput territories in northern Malwa. For his services, he was designated the title of a nawab. His state existed in modern Madhya Pradesh, comprising the tehsils of Jaora, Barauda, Tal and Barkhera, along with the dependencies of Piploda and Panth-Piploda.
• Palanpur State (1370–1948), Palanpur state was founded in 1370 by Malek Khurram Khan and was ruled by the Jhalore dynasty, ^[77] of the Lohani tribe a forebearer of the family is reputed to have wed the foster-sister of the Mughal emperor Akbar and received Palanpur and surrounding areas as dowry.
• Savanur State (1672–1948), Savanur State was founded in 1672 when Abdul Karim Khan, a Pathan of the Miyana or Miani tribe, in the service of the sultanat of Bijapur, was granted the jagir of Sarkar Bankapur near Bijapur in 1672. His successors ruled over extensive territories almost independently for over a century. However, Savanur was located between the increasing power of the Marathas and the equally powerful Nizam of Hyderabad, Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan, who ruled the Kingdom of Mysore. This gradually led to the erosion of Savanur's territory. By the second half of the eighteenth century, more than half of Savanur had been ceded to the Marathas. By the end of the century, Tipu Sultan had annexed the remainder. The occupation by the Kingdom of Mysore (Mahisur) had begun on 29 Oct 1786 and lasted until 17 December 1791. The name Savanur is said to be the corruption of the Persian/Urdu word Shahnoor, which means 'king of light'. ^[78]

See also

• Pashtun tribes
• Military history of Afghanistan
• Military history of the North-West Frontier
• Pashtun colonization of northern Afghanistan
• Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent
• List of Muslim states and dynasties
• List of Sunni dynasties

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