Fiat 128 SOHC engine

Fiat SOHC engine
Overview
Manufacturer	Fiat Lancia Zastava Automobiles Tofaş
Also called	Fiat Torque engine
Production	1969–2010
Layout
Configuration	Inline-4
Displacement	1.1–1.8 L (1,116–1,839 cc)
Cylinder bore	80–86.4 mm (3.15–3.40 in)
Piston stroke	55.5–78.4 mm (2.19–3.09 in)
Cylinder block material	Iron
Cylinder head material	Aluminium
Valvetrain	SOHC 2 valves x cyl. DOHC 4 valves x cyl.
Combustion
Turbocharger	In some versions
Fuel system	Weber carburetor Multi-point fuel injection Single-point injection
Fuel type	Gasoline
Cooling system	Water-cooled
Output
Power output	55–133 hp (41–99 kW)
Chronology
Successor	Fiat Pratola Serra engine E.torQ engine FIRE Turbojet/Multiair engine

Designed by Aurelio Lampredi, the Fiat SOHC engine first appeared in the front-wheel drive (FWD) Fiat 128 of 1969. ^[1] The in-line four-cylinder engine comprised an iron block with an aluminium cylinder-head containing a single overhead camshaft operating directly on both the inlet and exhaust valves in a reverse-flow cylinder-head configuration. The camshaft was driven by a toothed belt rather than chain. The engine remained in production until about 2010 and grew in capacity over the years from 1100 cc (in the Fiat 128) to an eventual 1900 cc (in the Fiat Linea). The Fiat 130 2.9 L (2,866 cc) V6 engine, also appearing in 1969, although having crossflow cylinder head, is directly related to the 128 SOHC engine, but with a 1.20 upscale in bore and stroke. The 128 SOHC engine was gradually replaced by the Pratola Serra engine series starting from 1995, and in the 1100 cc guise, by the FIRE unit of comparable displacement. It was also converted to use a multivalve DOHC head, giving birth to the Torque engine, used until 2005.

Design and production

Cut apart 1,581 cc version of the 128 engine

The engine was designed as a transversely-mounted FWD-only power-plant, being the second engine/gearbox combination to exhibit the now standard transverse engine-next-to-gearbox layout with unequal length driveshafts (the first was the Autobianchi Primula drive-train, the Mini had its gearbox in the sump of the engine). The exception to the engine's FWD-only design is its revolutionary use as a mid-engine drive-train in the Fiat X1/9. Also, Tofaş has adapted 128 engines into its Fiat 131 based longitudinally-mounted, front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout platform. Unusual for the time was the electrically driven fan, rather than it being powered directly by the engine. ^[1] The 128 engine has five crankshaft bearings.

A prominent feature of the Fiat SOHC engine is its massively over-square proportions. This over-square design allows large (within the constrains of a reverse-flow configuration) valve sizes relative to engine capacity. A secondary benefit is the short crank throw, which reduces the accelerative forces on the con-rod allowing the engine to operate at significantly increased engine-speeds. The original engine's limit was only reached at 8000 rpm. ^[1]

The 1.3 L (1,301 cc) version was turbocharged and used in the Fiat Uno Turbo. The 1.4 L (1,372 cc) unit was also turbocharged and first used in the MkII Uno Turbo, then in the Punto GT.

As with its bigger brother the famous Fiat DOHC (aka Fiat/Lancia Twincam) engine, the Fiat SOHC engine was shared with the Fiat subsidiary Lancia (appearing in 1,500 cc guise in the Lancia Delta/Prisma of the 1980s) as well as being used in the Fiat 127 derived Yugo.

The final incarnation of the 128 SOHC engine was modified to use 16 valves and double overhead camshafts. The engine (using the designation "Torque") initially featured the bore-spacing, bore and stroke of the 1.6 L (1,581 cc) 159/160 series engine with a new 16 valve DOHC crossflow cylinder-head. To incorporate the extra oil-return-paths and symmetrical head (as opposed to the asymmetrical SOHC head) the cylinder-block was slightly revised making the DOHC head non-interchangeable with the previous incarnations of the 128 engine. It powered the Brava/Bravo, Marea and Multipla Fiat automobiles as well as the second-generation Lancia Delta. It was then replaced with a version based on the 1372 block with a longer stroke, displacing 1.6 L (1,596 cc), ending production in 2005. The same stroke of the later version was also used in Brazil with the earlier Torque block, giving birth to an 1.8 L (1,839 cc) version, used in the Linea.

Engine specification

The Fiat SOHC engine was produced in a number of configurations differing in stroke and bore, but maintaining a standard bore-spacing. The first generation of 128 derived engines used a bore and a stroke of 80 mm × 55.5 mm (3.15 in × 2.19 in) to produce a displacement of 1.1 L (1,116 cc). The bore was increased to 86 mm (3.4 in) (maintaining the 55.5 mm (2.19 in) stroke) to give a displacement of 1.3 L (1,290 cc) for the 128 Rally. ^[2] This engine was later used in the 128 Coupé and X1/9. The original 1.3 L (1,290 cc) 128/X1/9 engine is the only one of the family to have used the 86 mm (3.4 in) bore. The second generation used bores of either 80 or 86.4 mm (3.15 or 3.40 in) with strokes of 55.5 or 63.9 mm (2.19 or 2.52 in) giving four possible engine capacities. ^[3] The final generation of SOHC engines standardised on a longer 67.4 mm (2.65 in) stroke with either an 80.5 or 86.4 mm (3.17 or 3.40 in) bore (giving 1.4 and 1.6 L (1,372 and 1,581 cc) respectively). The 67.4 mm (2.65 in) stroke with the 86.4 mm (3.40 in) bore was subsequently used by the early Torque engines, while the later Torque units used an 80.5 or 86.4 mm (3.17 or 3.40 in) bore with a 78.4 mm (3.09 in) stroke.

Valid engine bore/stroke combinations

Stroke (mm) Bore (mm)   80 80.5 86 86.4 55.5 1116 1130 1290 1302 Capacity (cc) 63.9 1285 1301 1485 1499 67.4 1355 1372 1566 1581 78.4 1576 1596 1821 1839

Key 1st generation   1st & 2nd generation   2nd generation   3rd generation   3rd generation & 1st generation Torque   2nd generation Torque

Engine specification (by engine-number) Engine Code Bore (mm) Stroke (mm) Capacity (cc) stated Capacity (cc) calculated Production (from - to) BHP Notes 128.A.000 80 55.5 1116 1116 1969–1982 55-65 128 128.A1.000 86 55.5 1290 1290 1971–1978 75-85 128 Rally & Sport 128.AS.000 86 55.5 1290 1290 1972–1978 75 X1/9 1300 128.A.064 80 55.5 1116 1116 1971–2008 55-64 Zastava 101 128.A1.064 80 55.5 1116 1116 1979–1983 64 Zastava 101 128.A2.064 80 55.5 1116 1116 1988–2008 60 Zastava Koral/Yugo 128.AC.000 86 55.5 1290 1290 1989–1983 73 128.A7.064 86 55.5 1290 1290 1981–1986 65 128.A6.064 86.4 55.5 1298 1302 1987–2008 65 11.E1.064 80 55.5 1116 1116 1986–1998 60 13.E1.064 86.4 55.5 1298 1302 1986–1998 65 13.E3.064 86.4 55.5 1298 1302 1988–1998 65 Zastava Florida 11.MA.064 80 55.5 1116 1116 1998–2008 60 13.MA.064 86.4 55.5 1298 1302 1998–2008 65 131.C.000 80.5 67.4 1372 1372 1980–1984 70 131 Mirafiori 1.4 131.C2.000 86.4 67.4 1581 1581 1980–1984 85 131 Mirafiori 1.6CL 131.D1.016 86.4 67.4 1581 1581 1992–2002 96 Tofaş Doğan and Kartal 1.6 S, SL, SLX (carb) 131.D2.016 86.4 67.4 1581 1581 1995–2002 92 Tofaş Şahin S, Kartal 131.F3.016 86.4 67.4 1581 1581 1998–2002 96 Tofaş Doğan and Kartal 1.6 S, SLX (i.e., cat) 131.F4.016 80.5 67.4 1372 1372 1995–2002 82 Tofaş Şahin 1.4 138.A.000 80 55.5 1116 1116 1978–1985 60 Ritmo 60 138.A1.000 86.4 55.5 1301 1302 1978–1982 75-65 Ritmo 65 138.A2.000 86.4 63.9 1498 1499 1978–1982 75-85 X1/9 1500, Ritmo 75 138.A3.000 86.4 55.5 1301 1302 1982 75 Ritmo S75 138.A4.000 86.4 63.9 1498 1499 1980–1982 75-85 X1/9 1500, Ritmo S85 138.A5.000 86.4 55.5 1301 1302 1982–1985 70 Also 138.AS.000 138.B.000 80 55.5 1116 1116 1983–1985 55 Uno 55 138.B1.000 80 55.5 1116 1116 1982–1985 55-58 Ritmo Mk II 138.B2.000 86.4 55.5 1301 1302 1983–1986 68-70 Uno 70 138.B3.000 86.4 63.9 1498 1499 1982–1985 70-85 Regata 85S 146.A4.048 80 55.5 1116 1116 1985–1989 58,5 Uno 60 146.A2.000 80.5 63.9 1301 1301 1985–1989 105 Uno Turbo Mk I 146.A2.146 80.5 63.9 1301 1301 1987–1989 99 Uno Turbo Mk I (cat) 146.A2.246 80.5 63.9 1301 1301 1989–1991 101 Uno Turbo Mk II (cat) 146.A8.000 80.5 67.4 1372 1372 1989–1994 118 Uno Turbo Mk II 146.A8.046 80.5 67.4 1372 1372 1989–1993 111 Uno Turbo Mk II (cat) 146.C1.000 80.5 67.4 1372 1372 1989–1993 72 Uno 70SXie 149.A7.000 86.4 55.5 1301 1302 1986–1989 65 Uno 70SX 149.C1.000 86.4 63.9 1498 1499 1988 75 Uno 75 SX i.e. (cat)/Selecta 159.A2.000 80.5 67.4 1372 1372 1990–1993 76 Tipo/Tempra 1.4 (carb & i.e.) 159.A3.000 86.4 67.4 1581 1581 1990–1996 75-78 Tipo/Tempra 1.6 (carb & i.e.) 159.B9.000 86.4 67.4 1581 1584 1996 90 Tempra i.e. 160.A1.000 80.5 67.4 1372 1372 1988–1993 72 Tipo/Tempra 1.4 i.e. 160.A1.046 80.5 67.4 1372 1372 1992–1993 69 Uno Selecta 160.A2.000 86.4 67.4 1580 1581 1988–1993 83 Tipo/Tempra 1.6 (carb & i.e.) 176.A4.000 80.5 67.4 1372 1372 1993–1995 133 Mk I Punto GT (GT1), CR 7.8:1 176.A4.000 80.5 67.4 1372 1372 1995–1997 133 Mk I Punto GT (GT2), CR 7.8:1 176.B6.000 80.5 67.4 1372 1372 1997–1999 130 Mk I Punto GT (GT3), CR 9.0:1 176.A9.000 86.4 67.4 1581 1581 1994–1997 88 Mk I Punto Sporting & Cabrio 178.B2.016 80.5 67.4 1372 1372 1996–2002 71 Palio/Siena 1.4EL 178.B3.000 86.4 67.4 1581 1581 1996–2005 103 DOHC 16v, Palio/Siena/Albea 182.A4.000 86.4 67.4 1581 1581 1995–2002 103 DOHC 16v, Bravo/Brava/Marea/Multipla/Lancia Dedra/Delta Mk II 182.B6.000 80.5 78.4 1596 1596 2002–2005 103 DOHC 16v, Marea/Multipla/Stilo/Palio/Siena/Strada/Doblò [4] /Lancia Lybra 310 A3.011 86.4 78.4 1839 1839 2008–2010 132 DOHC 16v, Brazilian Linea 1.9 16v Torque 835.C1.000 86.4 67.4 1581 1581 1989–1995 75-78 Tipo/Tempra 1.6 i.e. (Typ 160), Lancia Dedra Mk I/Delta Mk II (1.6 i.e.) 835.A1.046 86.4 67.4 1581 1581 1989–1994 75-78 Lancia Dedra Mk I (1.6 i.e.) 835.A1.000 86.4 67.4 1581 1581 1995–1997 90 Lancia Dedra Mk II (1.6 i.e.)

Applications

List of vehicles using variations of the Fiat SOHC engine.

Fiat

• Fiat 128: 1969-1985
• Fiat X1/9: 1972-1989
• Fiat Ritmo/Strada: 1978-1988
• Fiat 131 Mirafiori: 1980-1984
• Fiat 147: 1982 (Argentina)
• Fiat Uno: 1983-1989
• Fiat Regata: 1985-1990
• Fiat Spazio/Vivace: 1991-1996
• Fiat Tipo: 1988-1995
• Fiat Tempra: 1990-1995
• Punto Mk I: 1993-1999
• Fiat Palio/Siena: 1996-2002

Lancia

• Lancia Delta: 1979-1994
• Lancia Prisma: 1980s
• Lancia Dedra: 1990-1998

Zastava

• Yugo 55
• Yugo 60
• Yugo 65
• Zastava 101
• Zastava 128
• Zastava Poly
• Zastava Florida
• Yugo Sana 1.3 1.4

Tofaş

• Tofaş Şahin/Doğan/Kartal: 1992-2002

Induction

Production

The Fiat SOHC used the full gamut of induction techniques through its long production run. The 128 and 138 series engines originally used a single down-draught carburettor. The carburettor was normally of progressive twin-choke design (two asymmetric sized chokes operated progressively) such as the Weber DMTR and DATR of the X1/9. Multi-point fuel injection (MPI) was introduced late in the 138 series to help meet lowered emission requirements in the US. The original MPI system comprised a large cylindrical plenum running parallel to the engine with individual runners to each inlet port and a single throttle controlling air-flow into the plenum. This plenum was pressurised in the Mk I Uno Turbo. The plenum was slightly redesigned to a more angular "box" shape for the 3rd generation engines and was again pressurised for the Uno and Punto GT Turbo models. For the 3rd generation engines, the down-draft carburettor was replaced with a Single-point injection system (SPI) in the base-level models. The SPI system mounts on a manifold similar to that of the carburetted models and looks, as well as acts, much like a single-choke carburettor with a single throttle plate but no venturi and a centrally mounted single injector.

Tuning & modification

Since the Fiat SOHC engine series was produced for a long time and has been used in a lot of cars, it was just matter of time before people realized you can tune them fairly easily.

They are oversquared by design, SOHC heads flow very well and 1500/1600 SOHC engines come with forged rods.

The Fiat Tipo/Tempra/Punto 1.6 8v (75-90hp) is commonly used as a base because it's easily accessible and is de-tuned from factory (especially the 75hp versions), leaving tuners with a lot of headroom for horsepower increase.

Common modifications are: swapping to a better carburetor, using a higher overlap/lift camshaft, bigger intake/exhaust valves, lowering the head to increase compression and a tuned 4-2-1 exhaust manifold.

Most of these modifications are very cheap to do since you can use the parts from Fiat/Zastava parts bin.

Carburettor

Traditionally both down-draft (DCNF & IDF) and side-draft (DCOE) twin-choke carburettors have been used to extract more power from the 128 derived engines. IDFs are rarely used due to an incorrect orientation of the float-bowls (causing possible surge/starve issues under cornering), the correctly orientated DCNF being the preferred down-draft carburettor in this application (also having a much lower profile than the IDF). For ultimate power the DCOE carburettor is used even though the float-bowl direction matches that of the IDF (i.e. incorrect). The aforementioned carburettors are usually used in pairs (effectively giving one independently tuneable carburettor per engine-cylinder), though applications where a single DCNF/DCOE is used to feed a shared manifold do exist. DCNF's tend to be either 36 or 40 mm (1.4 or 1.6 in), the larger 44-DCNF is deemed too large for the engine. Both 40-DCOE and 45-DCOE are commonly used where space allows. ^[5]

For a normal street car, a DMTR carburetor is commonly used in sizes varying from 32/32, 32/34 to 34/34.

MPI

Tuning of the early MPI systems has previously been difficult as the electronic control systems are analogue, making them difficult to "re-map". Low-cost DIY Fuel Injection (FI) controllers (such as MegaSquirt) have made it easier to alter the characteristics of the early MPI systems and release similar potential as the DCNF/DCOE carburettors. It is possible to "chip" the later digital MPI systems, though aftermarket FI controllers again give greater flexibility.

Throttle bodies

Individual FI Throttle Bodies (TBs) are available for mounting to DCNF and DCOE manifolds as well as custom-built FI systems which, with aftermarket controllers, give the most flexibility and control over fuelling out of all the options.

Motorcycle carburettors

Motorcycle, or "bike" carburettors, being a modern and cost-effective alternative to DCOE/DCNFs, have been adapted to work with the 128-derived engines. They potentially offer better control over fuelling than DCNF/DCOE, but their use on the Fiat SOHC engine is still in its infancy.

Camshaft profile

The camshaft was a main methods of varying the 128 series engines characteristics for different applications/markets. The high-revving oversquare design of the 128 engine lends itself to high-overlap high-duration cam profiles better than more traditional square/under-square engine designs without losing drivability. ^[6] Though a beneficial characteristic for sports orientated engine the high-overlap high-duration cam design gives poor emissions output which was unacceptable under the tightened US emissions regulations. To remedy this (in addition to the introduction of MPI) camshafts for emission-restricted markets featured asthmatic low-lift, low-duration, low-overlap profiles totally unsuited to the nature of the 128 engine.

Factory produced camshafts

Standard production camshaft specifications

Profile	Duration (degrees)	Overlap (degrees)	Lift (mm)	Clearance (mm) Inlet/Exhaust	Application
12/52-52/12	244	24	-	-	1.1 L 128 - European Specification
10/54-54/10	244	20	-	-	1.1 L 128 - North-American Specification
24/68-68/24	272	48	9.85	-	128 Rally
24/68-68/24	272	48	9.85	-	1300 X1/9 - European Specification
10/54-54/10	244	20	-	-	1300 X1/9 - North-American Specification
12/52-52/12	244	24	-	-	1300 X1/9 - Australian Specification
24/68-68/24	272	48	9.9	-	1500 X1/9 - European Specification (carb)
10/54-54/10	244	20	-	-	1500 X1/9 - North-American Specification (FI)
10/54-54/10	244	20	-	-	1500 X1/9 - Australian Specification (carb)
9/39-31/1	228-212	10	8	-	1.3 L Uno
0/30-40/10	210-230	10	8	-	1.3 L Uno Turbo
14/36-44/6	230	20	8.8	-	1.4 L Uno Turbo
7/35-37/5	222	12	8.8	0.4/0.5	1.6 Tipo
-	244	-	9.2	0.4/0.5	1.1/1.3 "DMB" Zastava - European Specification
-	256	-	9.2	-	1.6 90hp i.e. Punto/Tempra/Dedra

Aftermarket camshafts

Fast-road/race camshaft specifications

Manufacturer	Profile name	Profile	Duration (degrees)	Overlap (degrees)	Lift (mm)	Clearance (mm) Inlet/Exhaust	Application
Kent	FT7	35/67-67/35	282	70	10.33	0.20 / 0.20	NA - fast road
Kent	FT8	52/76-76/52	308	104	10.82	0.20 / 0.20	NA - race
Piper	BP270	33/67-67/33	280	66	9.80	0.20 / 0.20	NA - fast road
Piper	BP285	36/72-72/36	288	72	10.40	0.20 / 0.20	NA - fast road
Piper	BP300	39/71-71/39	290	78	11.18	0.25 / 0.25	NA - race
Piper	BP320	53/83-83/53	316	106	11.18	0.25 / 0.25	NA - race

Footnotes

1. Becker, Clauspeter (1971), Logoz, Arthur (ed.), "Fiat 128", Auto-Universum 1971 (in German), XIV, Zürich, Switzerland: Verlag Internationale Automobil-Parade AG: 84
2. "Fiat PKW 1950 - 1999 - Mittelklasse - technische Daten".
3. Mazzocchi, Gianni, ed. (March 1979). "Fiat "Ritmo 75 CL" Automatica". Quattroruote (in Italian). 24 (280). Milan, Italy: Editoriale Domus: 84.
4. Fiat Palio technical data (page 131, engine specification)
5. To fit DCOE carburettors in an X1/9 a small amount of bodywork must be removed/reshaped
6. The standard European carburettord X1/9 used a camshaft more radical than many after-market "performance" camshafts offered for contemporary engines from other (non Italian) European manufacturers.