Freemasonry begins in Costa Rica at the same time as in Central America during the course of the 19th century. Regular masonry begins when it was founded by Costa Rican Catholic priestFrancisco Calvo, ex-Chaplain General of the Army of Costa Rica during the Filibuster War of 1856, who introduced regular masonry in Central America in 1865.[1] However, there is evidence of the existence of "non-regular" Lodges active after the Independence and before. Prominent Costa Rican figures of politics, literature, art and science, including several presidents of the Republic, were Freemasons.[2]
History
According to historian Rafael Obregón Loría (who was also Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Costa Rica) several lodges were founded in the country before 1865, and there is evidence of legal proceedings in this regard.[1] A citizen of the surname Bolio (surname that later evolves to Volio) appears judicially indicted for heresy because he was a Mason and who confesses repentance, as well as the name of a Venerable Master in office, a foreigner who traveled throughout Central America, and surnamed Echarri.[1]
Calvo is initiated into regular Freemasonry when making a trip to Peru and returns to the country.[1] The first regular Masonic Lodge of which there is record, was the Respectful Lodge Charity of Costa Rica, established on June 28, 1865 to be recognized by the Grand Administrative Council of the Grand Orient that issues the respective letter patent.[3][1]
In 1867 the Fraternal Union Lodge was formed, dependent on the Grand Lodge of Columbus in Cuba (regular power also recognized by the Masonic regular power of South Carolina in the US since 1859, and different from the later GOCA in Cuba in 1862 and nationalist and pro-independence in nature),[1] splitting from Charity Lodge for unknown desaveniences, and of which Bruno Carranza would be his venerable master.[4]
On January 9, 1871, the 33rd and last Supreme Council of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Central America was founded with headquarters in San Jose, Costa Rica.[4] From Costa Rica, Freemasonry would be promoted to the rest of Central America, linked to the Liberal Revolutions of the 1870s (Costa Rica, Guatemala, El Salvador), and promoting the creation of regular lodges especially Nicaragua and Guatemala.[4]
By 1875 there were lodges in the country Charity No. 1, Hope No. 2, Faith No. 3, Fraternal Union No. 7, Progress No. 9, Wonder No. 12, Sincere Friendship No. 18, Disillution No. 14, Concord and the Future, Regeneration No. 6, Fraternal Union Nº9, La Luz Nº 12, La Libertad Nº 15 and Phoenix. All these lodges join on December 7, 1879 forming the Grand Lodge of Costa Rica. Most lodges in this stage use the Old and Accepted Scottish Rite, only two use the York Rite, and therefore, all they are exclusively male lodges.[5] The requirements to be a Mason at this time were; being over 21 years of age, knowing how to read and write (something quite common since Costa Rica had high levels of literacy) and being a person of good manners. Most Freemasons at the beginning of the 19th century belonged to the bourgeoisie or the small bourgeoisie.[5] Its number of 1865-1899 amounted to 649. Freemasonry spread ideas of humanism, rationalism and the French Enlightenment that quickly became popular among the intellectuals of the time and the ruling classes. In fact the House of Teaching of Santo Tomás, founded by the freemason José María Castro Madriz and whose two first rectors Manuel Argüello Mora (literate, and nephew and foster child of the hero and Benemérito Juan Rafael Mora Porras) and Lorenzo Montúfar (liberal exiled from Guatemala) were also Masters Masons, taught the Chair of Rationalism in the Faculty of Philosophy. During the presidency of Castro would carry out an important general education reform that included public education funded by the State from the primary education for both sexes and with academic freedom.[4]
This promotion of liberal ideas that included the freedom of expression, of conscience and the free debate of ideas promoted during the government of Castro Madriz began to alarm the Catholic Church, which is why the first Bishop of Costa Rica Monsignor Anselmo Llorente y la Fuente is compelled to issue several condemnations to Freemasonry based on the respective papal encyclicals and reaffirms the need of the Church to guide the consciences of the people to avoid Godlessness.[4]
The differences between lodges also seemed to have an impact on the creation of political factions. Thus, while the Charity Lodge emerged the great majority of Castro Madriz's ministers, after the schism that arose in this Lodge and the emergence of Fraternal Union, the opposition to Castro Madriz consisted largely of members of the latter, many of whom supported his overthrowing. During the de facto government of Jesús Jiménez Zamora that toppled Castro Madriz on November 1, 1868, anti-Masonic arguments were used to justify the defenestration, as for example, that was going to destroy the Cathedral and that would ban the catholic religion.[4] Jiménez persecuted freemasonry and during its brief mandate its activities would be prohibited. But as a liberal he did not repelled many of Castro's reforms, for example, the educational reform was maintained and even included in the Constitution.[4]
Jiménez Zamora would be an ephemeral dictator, since he himself would be overthrown about a year after his coming to power and most of the coup leaders who took him from power were Masons.[4]Tomás Guardia takes power and calls a Constituent Assembly that drafts the Constitution of 1871. Among its members were Masons Manuel Aragon, Aniceto Esquivel, Luis Diego Sáenz, Cipriano Muñoz, Andrés Sáenz, Alejandro Alvarado García (members of the Charity Lodge) and Bernardino Alvarado (Pacific Flower Lodge).[4] In general, during the controversial authoritarian government of Guardia there would be countless political struggles between liberal and Masonic factions. Just as in Guatemala there would be different liberal and secular factions, some more militant and anti-clerical (led by the Mason, General Justo Rufino Barrios), and others more civil and democratic (like that of the Mason Lorenzo Montúfar exiled in Costa Rica). After the death of Guardia, his close associate Saturnino Lizano (also a Mason)[4] took over for a couple of months. Próspero Fernández, a liberal soldier, of the Union Fraternal Lodge, obtains the presidency by electoral route and assumes it on August 10, 1882. With his government seems to end the bitter intra-Masonic struggles and gives a decided boost to the liberal and secular ideas and principles.[4] He will continue his liberal work a young rebel student, and then his son-in-law, Bernardo Soto. The controversy over the liberal project is not long in coming, in front of the popular Germany-born Archbishop Monsignor Bernardo Augusto Thiel.[4]
From 1865 to 1870 of 31 deputies, 28 were Masons, 10 judges of the Supreme Court of Justice 9 belonged to Freemasonry, as well as 15 of 16 ministers and 6 presidents of the period were 5.[4]
The number of freemasons in public office is decreasing with time, for the parliamentary period from 1864 to 1866 only 4 of 22 deputies would be Freemasons (18%). Between 1864 and 1900 the number of Freemasons in the Parliament would range between 14% (1866-1868 and 1872-1874) to 34% (1884-1886).[4] These percentages seem to disprove the accusations made by Catholic publications of the time such as Eco Católico where they affirmed that 90% of the deputies were freemasons.[4]
During the historical period from 1865 to 1899, a series of republican and secularizing political reforms began in Costa Rica that promoted liberal ideas embraced by the social highclass of the time. Many of these liberal reforms that would shape the country were promoted by followers of Costa Rican Freemasonry.[5]
This would cause that for the 20th century Freemasonry would be homologated with liberalism and they would be seen as consubstantial with one another.[5] On this would say the archbishop of San José Monsignor Víctor Manuel Sanabria Martínez:
Freemasonry was among us the organized group of the liberalería [sic], was the instrument of expression of liberalism, freemasonry was trumpet of liberalism, and also political body, Freemasonry is a purely capitalist instrument.[5]
However, during the nineteenth century relations between the Church and Masonry were always complex. The Costa Rican freemasons can not be identified as anticlerical, in fact there is evidence that Catholic and Protestant priests were part of it and had good relations with the liberal clergy.[5] However, it came into conflict with the local Catholic hierarchy, led by Bishop Bernardo Augusto Thiel, who was an opponent of the liberal government,[5] for which he was expelled from the country (along with the Jesuits) during the administration of Próspero Fernández and his newspaper Eco Católico closed.[5] The expulsion of Thiel caused in turn the temporary separation of Calvo from his position as priest, as Calvo was considered co-conspirator with the government and guilty for the introduction of Freemasonry in Costa Rica, although Calvo himself had been retired from masonic activities for that moment for nine years.[5]
After the death of Fernandez, his son-in-law, Bernardo Soto, nicknamed "Great Protector of the Masonic Order", came to power. Soto through the intercession of Calvo would allow the return of Thiel to the country who seemed to start making peace with Freemasonry.[5] Naturally, under the government of Soto the freemasons would be part of his cabinet in large numbers.[5]
In 1889 arose the conservative Catholic and anti-MasonicCatholic Union Party, which began a fierce anti-Masonic campaign homologoating the organization with Satanism and describing it as an anti-Christian cult.[5] Catholic newspapers of the time also sought to associate Freemasonry with other hostile currents of thought to the Church, thus Eco Catolico associated it with atheism and materialism, while the Catholic leadership linked it with Protestantism and affirmed that both had the same origin and the same goal; the destruction of the Church.[5]
As in other nations, the association of Freemasonry with Judaism could not be absent. According to Ricardo Martinez,[4] in the official newspaper of the Catholic Union Party wrote:
... it has been organized and receives its entire address from the Jews, at least in its highest and most secret part. Freemasonry, as a writer says, is the flesh and bone of Talmudism
—(La Unión Católica, 22 February 1891)
For the 1889 election, the first in which political parties took part, Freemasons Bernardo Soto and Ascensión Esquivel form the historical Liberal Progressive Party that faces the conservative Democratic Constitutional Party that postulates José Joaquín Rodríguez Zeledón who has support from the Church. The progressive liberals are defeated in that process and the Constitutional Party, whose only function was to prevent the triumph of Esquivel, is dissolved. For the subsequent elections of 1894, Rodriguez had already broken his clerical ties and promoted the candidacy of his son-in-law Rafael Yglesias, who was facing the newly founded Catholic Union that nominated José Gregorio Trejos Gutiérrez and faced all kinds of obstacles from the government, including the arrest of your candidate. By this time also the Independent Democratic Party of the freemason Felix Arcadio Montero Monge[4] is founded.
Yglesias and Esquivel founded the National Union Party for the 1902 election, which was dubbed by the Catholic Union as the "Masonic Party"[4] despite the fact that Esquivel had already left Masonry by this time and there is no formal record that Yglesias ever was a Mason.[4]
Tomás Povedano, Spanish-born Costa Rican painter and Freemason.
Costa Rican freemasonry would have an important weight in the founding of the Theosophical Society in Costa Rica in 1904. Several of its founders, such as the writer Roberto Brenes Mesén and the famous painter Tomás Povedano, were also Masters Masons.[6] The Theosophical Society would play a very important influence in the Costa Rican culture in areas such as education, art and politics casually due to the membership of many of its members in important positions of government and the popularization of Theosophy among the Costa Rican aristocracy. This led her to have some cultural clashes with the Catholic Church, especially on certain topics such as artistic representations or complex controversies, such as when Brenes Mesén, director of the Liceo de Heredia, authorized the teaching of evolution and did not allow the teaching of the Catholic religion, two situations that generated angry polemics with the Church.[7][8]
José Basileo Acuña Zeledón founded in 1919 the first Mixed Masonic Lodge (that is, that admits women and men) called Lodge Saint Germain No 621, originally belonging to Le Droit Humain based in Paris, France, 9 however, since 2002 Most mixed lodges adhere to the Eastern Order of International Co-Freemasonry based in Adhyar India.
Lebanese and Syrianimmigration would have an important role in Costa Rican Freemasonry.[9] Many of these immigrants would join masonic lodges and two would become Grand Masters, the first the Lebanese businessman Bejos Yamuni Abdalá who held the post of Venerable Master of the Grand Lodge between 1949 and 1950, and his son.10 Yamuni emigrated along with his parents and brothers arriving in the country in 1901 and prospering as merchants.[9] His family was Maronite Christian and Yamuni, who acquired Costa Rican citizenship in 1912[9] married Costa Ricna-born of Syrian descent Mercedes Tabush in 1914.[9] Yamuni entered the Freemasonry on July 5, 1905 in the Regeneration Lodge of San Jose, then moved to the Freedom Lodge of San José in 1910, the Hermes Lodge of the same place in 1927 and the Wonder Lodge of Alajuela in 1940 he would build his own Masonic Temple in 1943 under the aegis of Yamuni who was Venerable Master.10 All the previous lodges based on the Scottish Rite.[9] In 1950 Yamuni inresó to the Lodge The Light of Anglo-Saxon Protestants and English-speaking who used the York Rite.10 Both Bejos and his son were part of the Philosophical Chambers, being elected Grand Treasurer, Lieutenant and Grand Master.[9]
Related Research Articles
Rafael Anselmo José Yglesias Castro was a Costa Rican politician who served as President of Costa Rica for two consecutive periods from 1894 to 1902.
The Grand Orient of Portugal is a symbolic Masonic Obedience founded in 1802, thus being the oldest Portuguese Masonic Obedience. Its first Grand Master was Sebastião José de São Paio de Melo e Castro Lusignan, grandson of the first Marquis of Pombal, and his symbolic name was Egas Moniz.
Tobías Zúñiga Castro was a Costa Rican politician. He served as a diplomat and was Secretary of State. He was a member of the People's Party.
The history of Freemasonry in Mexico can be traced to at least 1806 when the first Masonic lodge was formally established in the nation.
Hipólito José da Costa Pereira Furtado de Mendonça was a Brazilian journalist and diplomat considered to be the "father of Brazilian press".
The Grand Lodge of Chile is a regular Masonic body in Chile founded on May 24, 1862. The earthquake of 1906 destroyed the original headquarters and the archives of the Grand Lodge, which determined its definitive transfer to Santiago, settling in the Club de la República.
Freemasonry or Masonry refers to a civic movement promoting fraternity and good works. Freemasonry defines itself as “a regular system of morality, veiled in allegory and illustrated by symbols.” In particular masonic meetings are characterized by initiations and rituals. As such masonry has been viewed historically by churches and governments as secret societies.
Freemasonry in Spain is first recorded in 1728, in an English lodge. As various papal bulls condemned Freemasonry the Spanish Inquisition did their best to close lodges and demonise Freemasons, therefore the success of Freemasonry from year to year depended on the sympathy or antipathy of the ruling regime. Nevertheless, lodges and even Grand Lodges were formed, and even thrived during more liberal periods. When Francisco Franco consolidated power in 1939, all Freemasonry was banned. In 1979, four years after Franco's death, bans on Freemasonry were declared unconstitutional, and several Grand Lodges and Orients now flourish in Spain.
This is a list of foreign ministers of Costa Rica.
The 1889 Costa Rican general election was held between 7 October 1889 and 1 December 1889. It was particularly notorious for been the first time in Costa Rica's history that political parties took part in an election. The date of November 7 is still commemorated in Costa Rica as "Democracy's Day" due to the outcome of the liberal government accepting the results of the conservative opposition, as to that point, authoritarian governments were the norm.
The 1894 Costa Rican general election was held between 4 and 6 of February and 1 April of that year. The election was quite controversial due to the questionable practices from the government of José Joaquín Rodríguez Zeledón who supported his son-in-law Rafael Yglesias using all sorts of measures to assure his victory, going as far as to even arrest his main rival.
The 1906 Costa Rican general election was held during the presidency of Ascensión Esquivel Ibarra. Ibarra openly supported candidate Cleto González Víquez. Other candidates were former president Bernardo Soto Alfaro, former State and Police Secretary Tobías Zúñiga Castro, the also former State Secretary Máximo Fernández Alvarado and former justice and Foreign Secretary Ezequiel Gutiérrez Iglesias. Difference were more personal than ideological as all candidates except Gutiérrez were liberals, and the election had a strong "anti-cletista" component. This "anti-cletismo" was what united the opposition and talks about a common joint front occurred but it was not applied. Gutiérrez was candidate of the conservative "Democratic Union", the party that emerged from the now outlawed Catholic Union.
The First Costa Rican Republic is the name given to the historical period between the proclamation of the Republic of Costa Rica in the 1848 reformed Constitution and the official decree by then President José María Castro Madriz on 31 August 1848 and the Costa Rican Civil War of 1948 which ended with the enactment of the current 1949 Constitution on 7 November 1949 starting the Second Costa Rican Republic.
Liberalism in Costa Rica is a political philosophy with a long and complex history. Liberals were the hegemonic political group for most of Costa Rica's history especially during the periods of the Free State and the First Republic, however, as the liberal model exhausted itself and new more left-wing reformist movements clashed during the Costa Rican Civil War liberalism was relegated to a secondary role after the Second Costa Rican Republic with the development of Costa Rica's Welfare State and its two-party system controlled by social-democratic and Christian democratic parties.
The Liberal State is the historical period in Costa Rica that occurred approximately between 1870 and 1940. It responded to the hegemonic dominion in the political, ideological and economic aspects of liberal philosophy. It is considered a period of transcendental importance in Costa Rican history, as it's when the consolidation of the National State and its institutions finally takes place.
The Grand Lodge of Costa Rica is the main organization of regular Freemasonry in Costa Rica. It was created on December 7, 1879 and was the first in Central America.
Antisemitism in Costa Rica refers to the anti-Jewish sentiment and prejudice in the Republic of Costa Rica.
The Theosophical Society in Costa Rica was the local branch of the world Theosophical Society based in Adyar, India. It was founded on March 27, 1904 in the city of San José, and like Freemasonry in Costa Rica, it was the first in Central America, 1 it was introduced by the Spanish painter based in Costa Rica Tomás Povedano who began in Spanish theosophy. Its first lodge or branch was the Virya Branch, which published a magazine of the same name, currently it has four branches or lodges; Virya, Shakti Lodge, Dharma Lodge and HPB.
↑ Rodríguez Dobles, Esteban. "Conflictos en torno a las representaciones sociales del alma y los milagros. La confrontación entre la Iglesia Católica y la Sociedad Teosófica en Costa Rica (1904-1917)". Revista de Estudios Históricos de la Masonería Latinoamericana y Caribeña: 1659–4223.
↑ Molina Jiménez, Iván (2001). "La ciudad de los monos: Roberto Brenes Mesén, los católicos heredianos y el conflicto cultural de 1907 en Costa Rica". Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica.
1 2 3 4 5 6 Martínez Esquivel, Ricardo (25 October 2010). "Inmigrantes libaneses en Costa Rica y sus participaciones en la masonería del país (primera mitad del siglo XX)".{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
This page is based on this Wikipedia article Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.
