| Fumaria purpurea | |
|---|---|
 | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Ranunculales |
| Family: | Papaveraceae |
| Genus: | Fumaria |
| Species: | F. purpurea |
| Binomial name | |
| Fumaria purpurea Pugsley | |
Fumaria purpurea, known as purple ramping-fumitory, [1] is an annual flowering herbaceous plant in the poppy family which is endemic to the British Isles.
A sprawling or climbing plant with brittle stems which exude white sap when broken, up to about 2 m tall, typically found growing up through hedges. The whole plant is hairless and smooth, with pale green stems and leaves, and flowers that range from white through to dark purple, but generally pink. The leaves are flat but often curled and deeply divided into numerous irregular-shaped lobes, based on multiples of three (a ternate pattern). The inflorescence is a raceme with 15-24 individual flowers on short recurved stalks, each hermaphroditic flower being 10–13 mm long, with large oval sepals up to 6.5 mm in length, and 4 petals arranged into a characteristic tube shape. The fruits are roughly spherical, 2.5 mm in diameter, with a distinct ring or neck at the base when fresh. [2]
Distinctive features for separating this species from other fumitories are the purplish flowers that are strongly bent back along the stalk, the large sepals and neck on the fruits. [3] [4]
Fumaria purpurea has only been recorded in Britain, Ireland, the Isle of Man and the Channel Isles (an area sometimes referred to by naturalists as the British Isles), which makes it endemic to this area. It has a striking and unusual distribution pattern, being found in Britain mainly along a vertical line from Devon to Orkney. It grows in hedges and on disturbed ground, including gardens, arable fields and construction sites. [5] [3] It was first collected in 1726 by Johann Jacob Dillenius, "ad sepes prope Shrewsbury" (in hedges near Shrewsbury, where it still occurs), according to a specimen at Oxford University (OXF) [6] which was identified much later by Pugsley. [7] In Britain and Ireland it is classed as "least concern" by the JNCC and the National Parks and Wildlife Service, respectively, while it is also listed as "vulnerable" in England and "critically endangered" in Wales. [8] [9]
Purple ramping-fumitory was named in 1902 by H.W. Pugsley, who also described two varieties: var. longisepala, with sepals up to 6.5 mm long, and var. brevisepala, with shorter sepals only 5 mm long, which could be confused with F. muralis var. boraei. [10] The two varieties are usually ignored now. There is some debate about its origin and its relationship to other species in the genus. Some authorities consider it to be closely related to F. muralis because of chemical and cytological similarities, while others place it alongside F. capreolata, owing to their morphological similarity. [3]
Fumaria purpurea has the chromosome number 2n = 80.
Geranium robertianum, commonly known as herb-Robert, or Roberts geranium, is a common species of cranesbill native to Europe and parts of Asia, North America, and North Africa. The plant has many vernacular names, including red robin, death come quickly, fox geranium, stinking Bob, squinter-pip (Shropshire) and crow's foot.
Salix purpurea, the purple willowpurpleosier willow or purple osier, is a species of willow native to most of Europe and western Asia north to the British Isles, Poland, and the Baltic States.
Paris quadrifolia, the herb Paris or true lover's knot, is a species of flowering plant in the family Melanthiaceae. It occurs in temperate and cool areas throughout Eurasia, from Spain to Yakutia, and from Iceland to Mongolia. It prefers calcareous soils and lives in damp and shady places, especially old established woods and stream banks.
Fumaria is a genus of about 60 species of annual flowering plants in the family Papaveraceae. The genus is native to Europe, Africa and Asia, most diverse in the Mediterranean region, and introduced to North, South America and Australia. Fumaria species are sometimes used in herbal medicine. Fumaria indica contains the alkaloids fuyuziphine and alpha-hydrastine. Fumaria indica may have anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential.
Calystegia sepium is a species of flowering plant in the family Convolvulaceae. It has a subcosmopolitan distribution throughout temperate regions of the North and South hemispheres.
Fumaria officinalis, the common fumitory, drug fumitory or earth smoke, is a herbaceous annual flowering plant in the poppy family Papaveraceae. It is the most common species of the genus Fumaria in Western and Central Europe.
Sagina subulata (, the heath pearlwort, Irish-moss, awl-leaf pearlwort or Scottish moss, is a species of flowering plant in the pink and carnation family Caryophyllaceae. It is native to Europe, from Iceland south to Spain, and east to southern Sweden and Romania. It occurs on dry sandy or gravelly soils.
Cymbalaria muralis, with common names ivy-leaved toadflax, Kenilworth ivy, coliseum ivy, Oxford ivy, mother of thousands, pennywort, wandering sailor, is a flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae native to Mediterranean Europe and widely naturalised elsewhere.
Stachys sylvatica, commonly known as hedge woundwort, whitespot, or sometimes as hedge nettle, is a perennial herbaceous plant growing to 80 cm (31 in) tall in woodland and unmanaged grassland. In temperate zones of the northern hemisphere it flowers in July and August. The flowers are purple. The leaves, when crushed or bruised, give off an unpleasant fetid smell.
Ipomoea hederacea, the ivy-leaved morning glory, is a flowering plant in the bindweed family. The species is native to tropical parts of the Americas, and has more recently been introduced to North America. It now occurs there from Arizona to Florida and north to Ontario and North Dakota. Like most members of the family, it is a climbing vine with alternate leaves on twining stems. The flowers are blue to rose-purple with a white inner throat and emerge in summer and continue until late fall. The leaves are typically three-lobed, but sometimes may be five-lobed or entire. Flowers occur in clusters of one to three and are 2.5-4.5 cm long and wide. The sepals taper to long, recurved tips and measure 12–24 mm long. The species shares some features with the close relative Ipomoea purpurea.
Fumaria parviflora is a species of flowering plant known by the common names fineleaf fumitory, fine-leaved fumitory and Indian fumitory. It is native to Europe, Asia, and Africa, but it is common and widely distributed in many other parts of the world. It is sometimes weedy. The small flowers are dull white with purple tips. The fruit is a rounded nutlet with a central crest.
Fumaria muralis, known as common ramping-fumitory or wall fumitory, is a flowering herbaceous plant in the poppy family (Papaveraceae) native to western Europe and northwestern Africa.
Triglochin palustris or marsh arrowgrass is a species of flowering plant in the arrowgrass family Juncaginaceae. It is found in damp grassland usually on calcareous soils, fens and meadows. The species epithet palustris is Latin for "of the marsh" and indicates its common habitat. It has a circumboreal distribution, occurring throughout northern parts of the Northern Hemisphere. It can be found locally in the British Isles especially the north.
Stellaria neglecta, the greater chickweed, is an annual or short-lived herbaceous perennial flowering plant in the family Caryophyllaceae. It is native to Europe.
Stellaria pallida, commonly known as lesser chickweed, is an annual herbaceous plant in the flowering plant family Caryophyllaceae. It is native to Europe and is an introduced species in North America.
William Hunt Painter was an English botanist who made a significant contribution to the science of Derbyshire vascular plant flora. He was a keen and wide-ranging collector of plant specimens, and was a member of the Botanical Exchange Club. In 1889 he published the first in a series of four books, all by different authors and spanning 120 years, all called The Flora of Derbyshire.
Hypericum humifusum is a prostrate flowering plant in the St. John's wort family Hypericaceae commonly known as trailing St John's-wort. It is found in Western Europe.
Rubia peregrina, the common wild madder, is a herbaceous perennial plant species belonging to the bedstraw and coffee family Rubiaceae.
Fumaria capreolata, the white ramping fumitory, is an herbaceous annual plant in the poppy family Papaveraceae. It is native to Europe, western Asia and northern Africa and naturalised in southern Australia, New Zealand, and southern South America. Common names include climbing fumitory, ramping fumitory, white fumitory, white ramping fumitory and white-flower fumitory.
Fumaria occidentalis, the western ramping-fumitory, is a species of flowering plant in the genus Fumaria that is endemic to Cornwall. It is the largest of the British fumitories, and was discovered in 1904.