Fusarium redolens

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Fusarium redolens
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Sordariomycetes
Order: Hypocreales
Family: Nectriaceae
Genus: Fusarium
Species:
F. redolens
Binomial name
Fusarium redolens
Wollenw., (1913)
Synonyms

Fusarium oxysporum var. redolens(Wollenw.) W.L. Gordon, (1952)
Fusarium redolens var. solaniSherb., (1915)
Fusarium solani var. redolens(Wollenw.) Bilai, (1955)
Fusarium redolens var. angustius Lindf. (1917)

Contents

Fusarium redolens is a species of fungus in the genus Fusarium and family Nectriaceae. [1] This species is a soil-borne plant pathogen in temperate prairies. [2] It causes diseases such as root, crown, and spear rot, seedling damping-off, and wilting disease. [1] [3] [4] It is a known producer of the alkaloids peimisine and imperialine-3β-d-glucoside, which has implications for traditional Chinese medicine. [5]

Taxonomy and phylogenetics

Fusarium redolens was described for the first time by Hans Wilhelm Wollenweber in 1913. [2] He originally placed it in the Fusarium section Elegans. All of the members of this group were considered synonymous with Fusarium oxysporum. However, this placing was disputed, and it has since been discovered through gene genealogies that F. redolens does not belong in the Elegans group and F. redolens is not even a sister taxon of F. oxysporum. Fusarium hostae has been found as a sister taxon to F. redolens, and they form a strongly supported clade (100% bootstrap). [6]

Description

Mycelium

The mycelium of F. redolens is composed of hyphae that have been noted to appear fibrous, powdery, or like “cotton wool.” [7] Mycelia can be white, cream, or pink. [2] [8] [9] The central region appears pink and gradually lightens towards the edge where the marginal hyphae are white. [9] F. redolens produces orange and brown pigments in the growth substrate. [2] [7] Colonies have been observed to grow to 75–80 mm in 10 days. [2]

Spores

F. redolens has conidia and chlamydospores. Conidia are generally smooth, cylindrical, and slightly sickle-shaped. [9] Macroconidia have wider upper cells and hook-shaped end cells. Macroconidia have 3-5 septa and are about 45.9 by 2.58 micrometers in size. Microconidia are oval or cylinder-shaped and are about 10.68 by 3.18 micrometers in size. Chlamydospores are abundant and spherical or oval-shaped, rough-walled, and slightly pigmented. [2]

Similarity to F. oxysporum

This species’ morphology is visually indistinguishable from that of Fusaruim oxysporum . [1] [3] [4] Intermediates also exist between the two species. [3] These species cause similar, at times identical, symptoms in plant hosts and can occur together in infections. [1] [4] Differentiating between the two species is important for the efficient management of their associated diseases through species-specific diagnostics and development of resistant germplasms in hosts. [1] [6] Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region is used to differentiate the two. They have four different nucleotides on the 28S gene. [3] [6]

Distribution and habitat

F. redolens inhabits soil primarily in prairies. [2] [8] These prairies are most often in temperate areas. [2] It is able to survive in the soil for years without a plant host. [7] It has a worldwide range and has been isolated in Algeria, Canada, China, Germany, Greece, Italy, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Morocco, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Pakistan, Poland, South Africa, Spain, Turkey, the United States, and the United Kingdom. [1] [2] [3] [8] [9] [10]

Pathogenicity

Fusarium redolens is a known plant pathogen that can cause a variety of disease symptoms in the host. [5] Recorded plant hosts are Aleppo pine, American ginseng, asparagus, barley, carnation, chickpea, flax, lentil, onion, pea, pelargonium, potato, rose, soybean, spinach, tomato, wheat, and wild rocket. [1] [2] [3] [7] [8] [9] [10] Depending on the host, F. redolens causes root, crown, and/or spear rot, seedling damping-off, and wilt diseases. [1] [3] [4] Symptoms of infection include brown to black necrotic lesions on roots, foliar yellowing, wilting, reduction of emergence, stunting, and rotting of seeds and seedlings. [1] [2] [8] [10] In some cases, seedlings have been found entirely deceased. In plants of the family Poaceae such as barley, heads and spikes are infected as well. [2] It has been noted that it is a weaker pathogen on chickpea, as infections did not kill studied chickpea plants. [1] Three host-specific strains exist and are named accordingly. [3] F. redolens f. sp. Dianthi Gerlach, F. redolens f. sp. Spinaciae (Sherb.) Subramanian, and F. redolens f. sp. asparagi Baayen. [3] [4] While F. redolens causes similar symptoms in plants as Fusarium oxysporum , it is important to differentiate between these species when assessing an infection for contributions towards developing resistant germplasms in target crops. [1]

Alkaloid production

Fusarium redolens is capable of producing alkaline compounds that are similar to its host plant. Most notably, it produces peimisine and imperialine-3β-d-glucoside when inhabiting Fritillaria unibracteata var. wabuensis (FUW) as an endophyte. Both of these compounds are major alkaloids that are found in bulbus Fritillariae cirrhosae (BFC), which is an herb sourced from FUW. BFC has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for over 2000 years to treat respiratory diseases and has a $400 million USD industry surrounding it. BFC is increasingly hard to find due to long-term excessive harvesting. The ability of F. redolens to produce peimisine and imperialine-3β-d-glucoside is highly significant for the development of microbial resources to protect plant resources. However, the capacity of fungi to produce alkaloids is not as high as the host plant, so the fungi are not yet able to be used on an industrial scale. [5]

Related Research Articles

<i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> Species of fungus

Fusarium oxysporum, an ascomycete fungus, comprises all the species, varieties and forms recognized by Wollenweber and Reinking within an infrageneric grouping called section Elegans. It is part of the family Nectriaceae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fusarium wilt</span> Fungal plant disease

Fusarium wilt is a common vascular wilt fungal disease, exhibiting symptoms similar to Verticillium wilt. This disease has been investigated extensively since the early years of this century. The pathogen that causes Fusarium wilt is Fusarium oxysporum. The species is further divided into formae speciales based on host plant.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Panama disease</span> Plant disease of bananas

Panama disease is a plant disease that infects banana plants. It is a wilting disease caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc). The pathogen is resistant to fungicides and its control is limited to phytosanitary measures.

<i>Fusarium</i> Genus of fungi

Fusarium is a large genus of filamentous fungi, part of a group often referred to as hyphomycetes, widely distributed in soil and associated with plants. Most species are harmless saprobes, and are relatively abundant members of the soil microbial community. Some species produce mycotoxins in cereal crops that can affect human and animal health if they enter the food chain. The main toxins produced by these Fusarium species are fumonisins and trichothecenes. Despite most species apparently being harmless, some Fusarium species and subspecific groups are among the most important fungal pathogens of plants and animals.

<i>Phytophthora palmivora</i> Species of single-celled organism

Phytophthora palmivora is an oomycete that causes bud-rot of palms, fruit-rot or kole-roga of coconut and areca nut. These are among the most serious diseases caused by fungi and moulds in South India. It occurs almost every year in Malnad, Mysore, North & South Kanara, Malabar and other areas. Similar diseases of palms are also known to occur in Sri Lanka, Mauritius, and Sumatra. The causative organism was first identified as P. palmivora by Edwin John Butler in 1917.

<i>Fusarium culmorum</i> Fungal disease, head blight of wheat

Fusarium culmorum is a fungal plant pathogen and the causal agent of seedling blight, foot rot, ear blight, stalk rot, common root rot and other diseases of cereals, grasses, and a wide variety of monocots and dicots. In coastal dunegrass, F. culmorum is a nonpathogenic symbiont conferring both salt and drought tolerance to the plant.

Aphanomyces euteiches is a water mould, or oomycete, plant pathogen responsible for the disease Aphanomyces root rot. The species Aphanomyces euteiches can infect a variety of legumes. Symptoms of the disease can differ among hosts but generally include reduced root volume and function, leading to stunting and chlorotic foliage. Aphanomyces root rot is an important agricultural disease in the United States, Europe, Australia, New Zealand, and Japan. Management includes using resistant crop varieties and having good soil drainage, as well as testing soil for the pathogen to avoid infected fields.

<i>Phytophthora medicaginis</i> Species of single-celled organism

Phytophthora medicaginis is an oomycete plant pathogen that causes root rot in alfalfa and chickpea. It is a major disease of these plants and is found wherever they are grown. P. medicaginis causes failure of stand establishment because of seedling death. Phytophthora medicaginis is part of a species complex with Phytophthora megasperma.

Crown rot of wheat is caused by the fungal pathogen Fusarium pseudograminearum. F. pseudograminearum is a member of the fungal phylum Ascomycota and is also known as Gibberella coronicola (teleomorph). It is a monoecious fungus, meaning it does not require another host other than wheat to complete its life cycle. Although F. pseudograminearum can produce both anamorphic and teleomorphic states, the teleomorph is usually not present for crown rot of wheat. This Fusarium species has, until recently, been considered to be the same as the species known as Fusarium graminearum due to many similar characteristics. One of the only differences between the two species is that F. pseudograminearum lacks its sexual stage on the wheat host.

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Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. betae is a destructive fungal plant pathogen. It causes Fusarium yellows or fusarium wilt, characterized by yellowing and dwarfing.

<i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> f.sp. <i>ciceris</i> Fungal plant pathogen

Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris is a fungal plant pathogen that causes fusarium wilt of chickpea.

Pythium dissotocum is a plant pathogen infecting strawberry and rice.

<i>Fusarium solani</i> Species of fungus

Fusarium solani is a species complex of at least 26 closely related filamentous fungi in the division Ascomycota, family Nectriaceae. It is the anamorph of Nectria haematococca. It is a common soil inhabiting mold. Fusarium solani is implicated in plant diseases as well as in serious human diseases such as fungal keratitis.

Rhizopus soft rot is a disease of the sweet potato. It is one of the most common to affect the sweet potato, happening during packing and shipping. The disease causes a watery soft rot of the internal portion of the storage root. Strategies to manage the disease include the development of resistant varieties, curing through the use of heat and humidity, and application of decay control products.

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Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense is a fungal plant pathogen that causes Panama disease of banana, also known as Fusarium wilt. The fungi and the related disease are responsible for widespread pressure on banana growing regions, destroying the economic viability of several commercially important banana varieties.

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References

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