GM 8L transmission

Last updated

8L 45 · 8L 90
Overview
Manufacturer General Motors
Production2014–
Body and chassis
Class 8-speed longitudinal automatic transmission
Related ZF 8HP · Aisin-Toyota 8-speed · MB 9G-Tronic
Chronology
Predecessor 6L 45 · 6L 50 · 6L 80 · 6L 90
Successor 10L 80 · 10L 90 · 10L 1000

All 8L transmissions are based on the same globally patented gearset concept as the ZF 8HP from 2008. While fully retaining the same gearset logic, they differ from this only in the patented [1] arrangement of the components with gearsets 1 and 3 swapped. [2]

Contents

The 8L 90 is the first 8-speed automatic transmission built by General Motors. It was debuting in 2014 and is designed for use in longitudinal engine applications either attached to the front-located engine [3] with a standard bell housing or in the rear of the car adjacent to the differential (as in the Corvette). It is a hydraulic (hydramatic) design.

The 8L 45 is the smaller variant and was debuting in 2015 in the 2016 Cadillac CT6. It is designed for use in longitudinal engine applications attached to the front-located engine [3] with a standard bell housing. It is a hydraulic (hydramatic) design sharing much with the 8L 90 transmission. [4] Estimated weight savings over the heavier duty 8L 90 is 33  lb (15  kg ).

The ZF 8HP became the new benchmark for automatic transmissions.

Gear Ratios [a] [5]
Gear
Model
R12345678Total
Span
Span
Center
Avg.
Step
Compo-
nents
8L 90 · M5U · 2014−3.8184.5602.9712.0751.6881.2701.0000.8450.6526.9991.7241.3204 Gearsets
2 Brakes
3 Clutches
8L 45 · M5N · 2015−3.9284.6153.0382.0651.6581.2591.0000.8490.6587.0111.7431.321
ZF   8HP  70 · 2008 [b] −3.2974.6963.1302.1041.6671.2851.0000.8390.6677.0431.7691.322
  1. Differences in gear ratios have a measurable, direct impact on vehicle dynamics, performance, waste emissions as well as fuel mileage
  2. first transmission to use this 8-speed gearset concept

Specifications

Features
8L 45 M5N [6] 8L 90 M5U · N8X [7]
Input Capacity
Maximum engine power308  bhp (230  kW ) [a] 420  bhp (313  kW ) [b]
Maximum gearbox torque550  N⋅m (406  lb⋅ft ) [a] 900  N⋅m (664  lb⋅ft ) [b]
Maximum shift speed7,500/min6,000/min
Vehicle
Maximum Validated Weight
Gross Vehicle Weight · GVW
Maximum Validated Weight
Gross Curb
Vehicle Weight · GCVW
12,000  lb (5,440  kg ) [a] 22,500  lb (10,210  kg ) [b]
Structure
Range-selector quadrantP · R · N · D · M · L
Case description2-piece main, bell integrated with main
Case materialDie cast aluminum
Shift pattern (2)2 on/off solenoids
Shift quality6 Variable Force Solenoids · 1 for each clutch · 1 for TCC
Torque converter clutchVariable Force Solenoid ECCC · 2 path · turbine damper
Converter size238  mm (9.37  in )258  mm (10.16  in )
Fluid typeDEXRON High Performance ATF
Fluid capacity10.8  L (11.4  US qt ) [a] 10.3  L (10.9  US qt ) [b]
Weight80  kg (176  lb ) [a] 98.9  kg (218  lb ) [b]
Available Control Features
Shift PatternsMultiple (Selectable)
Driver Shift ControlTap Up and Down
Additional ModesTow & Haul Mode (Selectable)
Engine Torque ManagementOn All Shifts
Shift ControlAutomatic Start/Stop
Automatic Grade Braking
Assembly sitesGMPT [c] Toledo · Ohio · USA
GMPT [c] Silao · Mexico
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 based on 2020 Chevrolet Colorado Z71 2WD Crew Cab · Short Bed
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 General Motors estimate
  3. 1 2 General Motors Powertrain

Layout (Gearset Concept) Progress

The main objective in replacing the predecessor model was to improve vehicle fuel economy with extra speeds and a wider gear span to allow the engine speed level to be lowered (downspeeding). The layout brings the ability to shift in a non-sequential manner – going from gear 8 to gear 2 in extreme situations simply by changing one shift element (actuating break B and releasing clutch D). [8]

Progress Quality

In order to increase the number of ratios, ZF and consequently GM have abandoned the conventional design method of limiting themselves to pure in-line epicyclic gearing and extended it to a combination with parallel epicyclic gearing. This was only possible thanks to computer-aided design and has resulted in a globally patented gearset concept. The resulting progress is reflected in a better ratio of the number of gears to the number of components used compared to existing layouts. The ZF 8HP has become the new reference standard (benchmark) for automatic transmissions.

Innovative Strength Analysis
With
Asessment
Output:
Gear
Ratios
Innovation
Elasticity [a]
Δ Output : Δ Input
Input: Main Components
TotalGearsetsBrakesClutches
8L
Ref. Object

Topic [a]



Δ Number
Relative ΔΔ Output

·
Δ Input
8L
6L [b]
8 [c]
6 [c]
Progress [a] 9
8
4
3 [d]
2
2
3
3
Δ Number21100
Relative Δ0.333
2.667 [a]
·
0.125
0.333
0.000
0.000
8L
3-Speed [e]
8 [c]
3 [c]
Market Position [a] 9
7
4
2
2
3
3
2
Δ Number522-11
Relative Δ1.667
5.833 [a]
·
0.286
1.000
−0.333
0.500
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Innovation Elasticity Classifies Progress And Market Position
    • Automobile manufacturers drive forward technical developments primarily in order to remain competitive or to achieve or defend technological leadership. This technical progress has therefore always been subject to economic constraints
    • Only innovations whose relative additional benefit is greater than the relative additional resource input, i.e. whose economic elasticity is greater than 1, are considered for realization
    • The required innovation elasticity of an automobile manufacturer depends on its expected return on investment. The basic assumption that the relative additional benefit must be at least twice as high as the relative additional resource input helps with orientation
      • negative, if the output increases and the input decreases, is perfect
      • 2 or above is good
      • 1 or above is acceptable (red)
      • below this is unsatisfactory (bold)
  2. Direct Predecessor
    • To reflect the progress of the specific model change
  3. 1 2 3 4 plus 1 reverse gear
  4. of which 2 gearsets are combined as a compound Ravigneaux gearset
  5. Reference Standard (Benchmark)
    • 3-speed transmissions with torque converters have established the modern market for automatic transmissions and thus made it possible in the first place, as this design proved to be a particularly successful compromise between cost and performance
    • It became the archetype and dominated the world market for around 3 decades, setting the standard for automatic transmissions. It was only when fuel consumption became the focus of interest that this design reached its limits, which is why it has now completely disappeared from the market
    • What has remained is the orientation that it offers as a reference standard (point of reference, benchmark) for this market for determining progressiveness and thus the market position of all other, later designs
    • All transmission variants consist of 7 main components
    • Typical examples are

Layout Quality

The ratios of the 8 gears are relatively unevenly distributed in all versions. Particularly noticeable are the too small step between 3rd and 4th gear and the too large one between 7th and 8th gear. This cannot be eliminated without affecting all other gear ratios. On the other hand the selected gearset concept offers 2 to 3 gears more than conventional transmissions of comparable manufacturing costs, which more than compensates for the weaknesses.

Gear Ratio Analysis
With AssessmentPlanetary Gearset: Teeth [a] [b] CountTotal [c]
Center [d]
Avg. [e]
Model
Type
Version
First Delivery
S1 [f]
R1 [g]
S2 [h]
R2 [i]
S3 [j]
R3 [k]
S4 [l]
R4 [m]
Brakes
Clutches
Ratio
Span
Gear
Step [n]
Gear
Ratio
R
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Step [n] [o] [p]
Δ Step [q] [r]
Shaft
Speed
Δ Shaft
Speed [s]
8L 90
M5U
900  N⋅m (664  lb⋅ft ) [9]
2014 [t]
41 [10]
79
46
86
37
73
25
89
2
3
6.9991
1.7236
1.3204 [n]
Gear
Ratio
−3.8176 [o]
4.5600
2.9709 [r]
2.0751
1.6876 [n] [r] [s]
1.2700 [r]
1.0000
0.8455 [r] [s]
0.6515
Step0.8372 [o] 1.00001.53491.43171.2297 [n] 1.32881.27001.18281.2977
Δ Step [q] 1.0721 [r] 1.16430.9254 [r] 1.0463 [r] 1.07380.9114 [r]
Speed-1.19451.00001.53492.19752.70213.59054.565.39336.9991
Δ Speed1.19451.00000.53490.66260.5047 [s] 0.88840.96950.8333 [s] 1.6057
8L 45
M5N
550  N⋅m (406  lb⋅ft )
2015 [u]
41
79
41
79
41
79
26
94
2
3
7.0107
1.7431
1.3208 [n]
Gear
Ratio
−3.9278 [o]
4.6154
3.0385 [r]
2.0648
1.6583 [n] [r] [s]
1.2587 [r]
1.0000
0.8494 [r] [s]
0.6583
Step0.8510 [o] 1.00001.51901.47151.2451 [n] 1.31751.25871.17731.2902
Δ Step [q] 1.0322 [r] 1.18190.9450 [r] 1.0468 [r] 1.06910.9125 [r]
Speed-1.17511.00001.51902.23532.78313.66694.61545.43387.0107
Δ Speed1.17511.00000.51900.71630.5479 [s] 0.88370.94850.8184 [s] 1.5769
Ratio [v]
R & even
Ratio [v]
odd
Algebra And Actuated Shift Elements [w]
Brake A [x]
Brake B [y]
Clutch C [z]
Clutch D [aa]
Clutch E [ab]
8HP 70
[ac] [ad]
700  N⋅m (516  lb⋅ft )
2008
48 [11]
96
48 [11]
96
69 [2]
111
23 [2]
85
2
3
7.0435
1.7693
1.3216 [n]
Gear
Ratio
−3.2968 [o]
4.6957
3.1304 [r]
2.1039
1.6667 [n] [r] [s]
1.2845 [r]
1.0000
0.8392 [r] [s]
0.6667
Step0.7021 [o] 1.00001.50001.48791.2623 [n] 1.29751.28451.19171.2587
Δ Step [q] 1.0081 [r] 1.17870.9729 [r] 1.0101 [r] 1.07790.9467 [r]
Speed-1.42431.00001.50002.23192.81743.65554.69575.59657.0435
Δ Speed1.42431.00000.50000.73190.5855 [s] 0.83821.04010.9000 [s] 1.4478
Ratio [ae]

R & Even

Ratio [ae]
Odd
  1. All 8L-transmissions are based on a dedicated 8-speed layout, first realized in the ZF 8HP 70 gearbox
  2. Layout
    • Input and output are on opposite sides
    • Planetary gearset 1 is on the input (turbine) side
    • Input shafts are C2 and, if actuated, R1 and S4
    • Output shaft is C4 (planetary gear carrier of gearset 4)
  3. Total Ratio Span (Total Ratio Spread · Total Gear Ratio)
    • A wider span enables the
      • downspeeding when driving outside the city limits
      • increase the climbing ability
        • when driving over mountain passes or off-road
        • or when towing a trailer
  4. Ratio Span's Center
    • The center indicates the speed level of the transmission
    • Together with the final drive ratio
    • it gives the shaft speed level of the vehicle
  5. Average Gear Step
    • With decreasing step width
      • the gears connect better to each other
      • shifting comfort increases
  6. Sun 1: sun gear of gearset 1
  7. Ring 1: ring gear of gearset 1
  8. Sun 2: sun gear of gearset 2
  9. Ring 2: ring gear of gearset 2
  10. Sun 3: sun gear of gearset 3
  11. Ring 3: ring gear of gearset 3
  12. Sun 4: sun gear of gearset 4
  13. Ring 4: ring gear of gearset 4
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Standard 50:50
     50 % Is Above And 50 % Is Below The Average Gear Step 
    • With steadily decreasing gear steps (yellow highlighted line Step)
    • and a particularly large step from 1st to 2nd gear
      • the lower half of the gear steps (between the small gears; rounded down, here the first 3) is always larger
      • and the upper half of the gear steps (between the large gears; rounded up, here the last 4) is always smaller
    • than the average gear step (cell highlighted yellow two rows above on the far right)
    • lower half: smaller gear steps are a waste of possible ratios (red bold)
    • upper half: larger gear steps are unsatisfactory (red bold)
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Standard R:1
     Reverse And 1st Gear Have The Same Ratio 
    • The ideal reverse gear has the same transmission ratio as 1st gear
      • no impairment when maneuvering
      • especially when towing a trailer
      • a torque converter can only partially compensate for this deficiency
    • Plus 11.11 % minus 10 % compared to 1st gear is good
    • Plus 25 % minus 20 % is acceptable (red)
    • Above this is unsatisfactory (bold)
  16. Standard 1:2
     Gear Step 1st To 2nd Gear As Small As Possible 
    • With continuously decreasing gear steps (yellow marked line Step)
    • the largest gear step is the one from 1st to 2nd gear, which
      • for a good speed connection and
      • a smooth gear shift
    • must be as small as possible
      • A gear ratio of up to 1.6667:1 (5:3) is good
      • Up to 1.7500:1 (7:4) is acceptable (red)
      • Above is unsatisfactory (bold)
  17. 1 2 3 4 From large to small gears (from right to left)
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Standard STEP
     From Large To Small Gears: Steady And Progressive Increase In Gear Steps 
    • Gear steps should
      • increase: Δ Step (first green highlighted line Δ Step) is always greater than 1
      • As progressive as possible: Δ Step is always greater than the previous step
    • Not progressively increasing is acceptable (red)
    • Not increasing is unsatisfactory (bold)
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Standard SPEED
     From Small To Large Gears: Steady Increase In Shaft Speed Difference 
    • Shaft speed differences should
      • increase: Δ Shaft Speed (second line marked in green Δ (Shaft) Speed) is always greater than the previous one
    • 1 difference smaller than the previous one is acceptable (red)
    • 2 consecutive ones are a waste of possible ratios (bold)
  20. Model year 2015
  21. Model year 2016
  22. 1 2 Adjusted formulas with gearset 1 and 3 swapped
  23. Permanently coupled elements
    • S1 and R2
    • C1 (carrier 1) and C4 (carrier 4)
    • S2 and S3
    • C3 (carrier 3) and R4
  24. Blocks S2 and S3
  25. Blocks R3
  26. Couples C2 and S4 with the turbine
  27. Couples R1 with S4
  28. Couples S1 and R2 with S4
  29. without generation designation
  30. First transmission on the market to use the dedicated 8-speed layout
    • gearset 1 and 3 not swapped
    • for comparison purposes only
  31. 1 2 Original formulas
    • gearset 1 and 3 not swapped
    • for comparison purposes only

Applications

8L 90
MakeModel YearsModelFinal Drive Ratio
Cadillac 2015–2017 Escalade [12] 3.23
2016–present ATS-V 2.85
2016–present CTS-V 2.85
2016–present CT6 3.27
Chevrolet 2015–2019 Corvette (C7) Stingray [13] 2.41 [a] or 2.73 [b]
2015–2019 Corvette (C7) Z06 [14] 2.41
2019 Corvette (C7) ZR12.73
2015–present Silverado [15] 3.23 [a] or 3.42 [c]
2015–present Colorado 3.42
2016–2018 Camaro SS2.77
2017–present Express [d]
GMC 2015–2017 Yukon Denali · Denali XL 3.23
2015–present Sierra [15] 3.23
2015–present Canyon 3.42
2017–present Savana [d]
8L 45
MakeModel YearsModelFinal Drive Ratio
Cadillac 2016–2019 ATS
2016–2019 CTS
2020–present CT4
2016–present CT6
Chevrolet 2016–2019 Camaro 3.27 [a] or 2.77 [e]
2017–present Colorado 3.42
GMC 2017–present Canyon
  1. 1 2 3 Standard
  2. Z51
  3. Maximum Trailering Package
  4. 1 2 2.8 L diesel engine and 4.3 L gas engine only
  5. 3.6 L engine

Lawsuits

The 8L 90 is the subject of a class-action lawsuit filed in December 2018 that alleges the transmission suffers from persistent "shudder" issues and that GM has known about the problems since its introduction and has failed to provide a solution, instead choosing to wait until the unit is out of warranty. [16]

See also

Related Research Articles

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References

  1. "US Patent 8,105,196 B2: Automatic Transmission Gear And Clutch Arrangement" (PDF). US Patent Office. 31 January 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2024.
  2. 1 2 3 Apakidze, Timur (11 March 2014). "Saturation Dive: ZF 8-Speed Automatic". TTAC: The Truth About Cars · Pt. 1. Retrieved 7 July 2019. and "loc. cit. · Pt. 2". 23 April 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2024.
  3. 1 2 "USA Information Guide Model Year 2018" (PDF). Retrieved 15 July 2019.
  4. "Cadillac Introduces New 8-Speed Automatic on CT6". Cadillac Media USA. Cadillac Media USA. 20 March 2015. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  5. "New 8-Speed Enables Quicker, More Efficient Corvette". www.gm.com. General Motors. 20 August 2014. Archived from the original on 22 December 2014. Retrieved 21 August 2014.
  6. https://poweredsolutions.gm.com/products/8l45-8-speed-transmission/
  7. https://poweredsolutions.gm.com/products/8l90-8-speed-transmission/
  8. "Maximum driving enjoyment with maximum agility". ZF Friedrichshafen AG. Retrieved 18 September 2009.
  9. "Transmission Repair Cost Guide" . Retrieved 15 July 2019.
  10. "WIT · Whatever It Takes · Automatic Transmission Parts Catalog 2018+2019 Page 268" . Retrieved 15 July 2019.
  11. 1 2 8HP 70 Repair Manual · Picture 10106 p. 110 · Saarbruecken 2014 · https://avtgr.ru/upload/data/pdf/zf_instructions/8HP70.pdf
  12. "2015 Cadillac Escalade Updated with 8L90 8-Speed Automatic and More Tech [Photo Gallery]". 11 August 2014. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  13. "Chevrolet Confirms 2015 Corvette Stingray To Utilize 8L90 Eight-Speed Gearbox" . Retrieved 9 April 2014.
  14. "Supercharged 2015 Chevy Corvette Z06 takes the C7 beyond the ZR1 [w/video]" . Retrieved 25 January 2014.
  15. 1 2 "GM confirms 2015 Silverado, Sierra to get 8-speed automatic" . Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  16. "Class Action Lawsuit Filed Over Alleged Shifting Defect in Certain General Motors Transmissions". 19 December 2018. Retrieved 2 February 2019.