Galiteuthis glacialis

Last updated

Galiteuthis glacialis
Galiteuthis glacialis (Ross Sea, Antarctica).jpg
Ventral view of an adult specimen from the Ross Sea, with a mantle length of 321 mm (12.6 in)
Galiteuthis glacialis.jpg
Illustration of paralarvae (left: dorsal view, right: ventral view)
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Cephalopoda
Order: Oegopsida
Family: Cranchiidae
Genus: Galiteuthis
Species:
G. glacialis
Binomial name
Galiteuthis glacialis
(Chun, 1906) [2]
Synonyms [3]
  • Crystalloteuthis glacialis Chun, 1906 [4]
  • Galiteuthis aspera Filippova, 1972 [5]
  • Teuthowenia antarctica Chun, 1910 [6]

Galiteuthis glacialis is a species of glass squid from the Antarctic Convergence. [7] [8] It is in the cranchiidae family and subfamily taoniinae. [9] They are endemic to the Antarctic and are found in the Southern Ocean, around the Weddell Sea and the South Shetland Islands. Galiteuthis glacialis are one of the most plentiful and widely dispersed species of Antarctic squid. [10] These squids are found in the mesopelagic and bathypelagic layers of the open ocean and demonstrate vertical migration. They can reach a maximum mantle length of 500 mm (0.5m). [9]

Contents

Distribution

Galiteuthis glacialis is found predominantly in the Southern Ocean. It occupies the northern and eastern parts of the Weddell Sea, but is less abundant in the Southernmost part. This species prefers the open ocean and steep continental slope of the Eastern Weddell Sea. [9] They are also found around the South Shetland Islands. [11] As G. glacialis matures and its mantle size increases, it moves to deeper water. In its early life stages it is distributed between 300–1000 m. Mature squids are found more commonly below 700 m. [9]

They also show vertical distribution patterns and undergo diurnal vertical migration. Paralarvae and juveniles live in the epipelagic and mesopelagic zones and live at a depth of 300–400 m during the day, migrating to 200–300 m at night. Adolescents and adults live in the lower mesopelagic and bathypelagic zones at depths of 500–2500 m. [10] The upper limit of this species' migration is due to the higher temperature and lower salinity (less than 34.2 parts per thousand) of shallow Antarctic waters. [12] There is also a seasonal vertical distribution pattern in which mature squids prefer to remain below the warmer, less saline surface layer of water in the summer and venture to shallower depths in the fall. [9]

Morphology

Galiteuthis glacialis has a transparent body; mature squids have a gelatinous texture and adolescents have a leathery, muscular texture. Their narrow mantle is covered in sharp tubercles anteriorly and medially. The fin is lancet shaped with its posterior end resembling a short, thin needle. They have a small head and large eyes with two photophores. [10] However in this species, the photophores are not proven to produce light. This squid has a large stomach and small caecum, potentially due to the lack of food sources in deeper water. A larger stomach serves as an energy store of partially digested material that can later be released to the caecum for full digestion, which allows them to retain food during times of scarcity. [12] This species also shows isometric growth of its body parts. [10]

Ecology

This squid is preyed upon by sea birds, marine mammals, and fish. Southern elephant seals prey minimally on G. glacialis and equally on males and females. Likewise, they have been recorded to only prey on adults rather than juveniles. [11] Black-browed albatrosses and grey-headed albatrosses also prefer feeding on adults more than juveniles. [13] However albatrosses are not able to reach the adults because they cannot deep-dive. Tissue degeneration and upwelling bring mature squids up to the surface of the water for predation. [10] Digested parts of G. glacialis have been found in the stomachs of a species of icefish native to the Southern Ocean. [9]

Galiteuthis glacialis are opportunistic feeders and prey upon whatever is available. Their prey are likely mesopelagic zooplankton that feed on sinking organic matter. [14] Though, their common prey are crustaceans, chaetognatha, and fish. [12]

Life cycle

Galiteuthis glacialis paralarvae hatch in the bathypelagic layer and rise passively to the upper layers of the water. Then, they get dispersed in the epipelagic and mostly mesopelagic zones. The onset of maturation begins in the bathypelagic zone, and as the paralarvae mature, they begin to shift vertically (diurnal vertical migration). Females will spawn in the deeper water of the bathypelagic zone and then experience tissue degeneration. The degeneration increases their buoyancy, causing them to float all the way to the surface of the water. [10]

Reproduction

Spawning occurs in deep water where predation is lowest. Females have oval oocytes and males have spermatophores. During copulation the male will grasp the mantle of the female and deposit sperm onto the female's outer dorsal mantle surface. It is hypothesized that the spermatophores dissolve an area of the female's mantle in order to get to the inner mantle surface. This is achieved by a chemical mechanism, most likely enzymatic, and the female could die from bacterial infection of an open wound before spawning can happen.

After successful spawning, females undergo gelatinous tissue degeneration, losing their musculature and experiencing lower hydration and egg spawning. This alters the females' natural buoyancy and forces them to float upwards towards the surface. Males do not undergo degeneration. It is speculated that males die after mating and sink to the seafloor which may explain why mature females are caught in nets much more frequently than mature males, which are rarely caught. [10]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Whip-lash squid</span> Family of cephalopods known as whip-lash squid

The Mastigoteuthidae, also known as whip-lash squid, are a family of small deep-sea squid. Approximately 20 known species in six genera are represented, with members found in both the mesopelagic and bathypelagic zone of most oceans. Originally described by Verill in 1881, it was later lowered by Chun (1920) to a subfamily (Mastigoteuthinae) of the Chiroteuthidae. However, Roper et al. (1969) raised it back to the family level, and this has not been changed since. The taxonomy of this family is extremely unstable, and there have been at times one genus, two genera and four subgenera(Salcedo-Vargas & Okutani, 1994), two genera and several 'groups', five genera and one species with an uncertain placement, or six genera.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pelagic fish</span> Fish in the pelagic zone of ocean waters

Pelagic fish live in the pelagic zone of ocean or lake waters—being neither close to the bottom nor near the shore—in contrast with demersal fish that live on or near the bottom, and reef fish that are associated with coral reefs.

<i>Doryteuthis opalescens</i> Species of Cephalopoda

Doryteuthis opalescens, the opalescent inshore squid or market squid, is a small species of squid in the family Loliginidae. It is a myopsid squid, a near shore group with corneas over their eyes. The species is found in the eastern Pacific Ocean from Baja California, Mexico to Alaska, United States, and as an inshore squid can be found within a range of 200 miles (320 km) off the coast.

<i>Sandalops melancholicus</i> Species of squid

Sandalops melancholicus, the sandal-eyed squid or melancholy cranch squid, is a small species of glass squid. It is known to reach a mantle length of 11 cm (4.3 in). It is distributed in the tropical and subtropical oceans around the world. It is the only species in the genus Sandalops but some authorities suggest that this may be a species complex rather than a monotypic genus.

<i>Onykia ingens</i> Species of squid

Onykia ingens, the greater hooked squid, is a species of squid in the family Onychoteuthidae. It occurs worldwide in subantarctic oceans.

<i>Gonatus onyx</i> Species of squid

Gonatus onyx is in the class Cephalopoda and in the phylum Mollusca. It is also known as the clawed arm hook squid or the black-eyed squid. It got these names from the characteristic black eye and from its two arms with clawed hooks on the end that extend a bit further than the other arms. It is a squid in the family Gonatidae, found most commonly in the northern Pacific Ocean from Japan to California. They are one of the most abundant cephalopods off the coast of California, mostly found at deeper depths, rising during the day most likely to feed.

Moroteuthopsis longimana, also known as the giant warty squid or longarm octopus squid, is a large species of hooked squid. It attains a mantle length of at least 85 cm and probably over 1.15 m. The largest complete specimen of this species, measuring 2.3 m in total length, was found in Antarctica in 2000.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Colossal squid</span> Species of squid

The colossal squid is the largest member of its family Cranchiidae, the cockatoo or glass squids, with its second largest member being Megalocranchia fisheri. It is sometimes called the Antarctic cranch squid or giant squid and is believed to be the largest squid species in terms of mass. It is the only recognized member of the genus Mesonychoteuthis and is known from only a small number of specimens. The species is confirmed to reach a mass of at least 495 kilograms (1,091 lb), though the largest specimens—known only from beaks found in sperm whale stomachs—may perhaps weigh as much as 600–700 kilograms (1,300–1,500 lb), making it the largest known invertebrate. Maximum total length has been estimated between 10 metres (33 ft) and 14 metres (46 ft) but the former estimate is more likely. The colossal squid has the largest eyes of any known creature ever to exist, with an estimated diameter of 27–30 cm (11–12 in) to 40 cm (16 in) for the largest collected specimen.

<i>Illex coindetii</i> Species of squid

Illex coindetii, commonly known as the southern shortfin squid or broadtail shortfin squid, is a species of neritic squids in the family Ommastrephidae. They are found in the Mediterranean Sea and on both sides of the north Atlantic Ocean.

<i>Teuthowenia megalops</i> Species of squid

Teuthowenia megalops, sometimes known as the Atlantic cranch squid, is a species of glass squid from the subarctic and temperate waters of the northern Atlantic Ocean. They are moderately sized squid with a maximum mantle length of 40 cm (16 in). Their very large eyes are the source for the specific name megalops. Like other members of the genus Teuthowenia, they are easily recognizable by the presence of three bioluminescent organs (photophores) on their eyeballs.

Sthenoteuthis pteropus, also known as the orangeback flying squid or orangeback squid, is a species of cephalopod in the family Ommastrephidae. It is native to tropical parts of the Atlantic Ocean where it is found to depths of about 200 m (656 ft).

<i>Histioteuthis heteropsis</i> Species of squid

Histioteuthis heteropsis, also known as the strawberry squid, is a species of small cock-eyed squid. The scientific nomenclature of these squid stems from their set of differently sized eyes, one being small and blue and the other being large and yellow. It is thought that the large eye is used to see objects against dim light, while the smaller eye is more able to view bioluminescent light sources. The squid's vernacular name arose due to its rich red skin pigmentation and the presence of photophores along its body, making it appear like a strawberry with seeds.

<i>Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis</i> Species of squid

The purpleback flying squid or purpleback squid is a species of cephalopod in the family Ommastrephidae, occurring in the Indo-Pacific. It is considered one of the most abundant large squids.

<i>Gonatopsis borealis</i> Species of squid

Gonatopsis borealis, the Boreopacific armhook squid, is a species of squid from the North Pacific Ocean. It is a member of the family Gonatidae. It is an abundant species which is currently caught mainly as a bycatch by fishing boats targeting other quarry. It is an important prey species for many commercially important species of fish, as well as for marine mammals.

Gonatopsis japonicus is a species of squid from the family Gonatidae. This species is restricted to the western North Pacific in the seas around the Japanese Archipelago.

<i>Ornithoteuthis antillarum</i> Species of squid

Ornithoteuthis antillarum, the Atlantic bird squid, is a species of flying squid from the family Ommastrephidae which is found in the warmer waters of the Atlantic Ocean. This species is an important component of the diet of many species of fish and of cetaceans. It is taken as a bycatch in fisheries but has the potential to be commercially important if appropriate fishing methods can be developed.

Ornithoteuthis volatilis, the shiny bird squid, is a squid from the subfamily Ommastrephinae, the flying squids, of the family Ommastrephidae part of the pelagic squid order Oegopsida. It is a tropical and sub-tropical species which is widely distributed in the Indo-Pacific oceans. It is slightly larger than the closely related species Ornithoteuthis antillarum of the Atlantic Ocean.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Antarctic flying squid</span> Species of squid

The Antarctic flying squid is a species of squid from the subfamily Todarodinae of the family Ommastrephidae, a family of pelagic squid from the order Oegopsida. It has a circumglobal distribution in the seas around the lower latitudes of the Southern Ocean.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">European flying squid</span> Species of squid

The European flying squid is a species of squid from the continental slope and oceanic waters of the eastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. It is the type species of the genus Todarodes, the type genus of the subfamily Todarodinae of the pelagic squid family Ommastrephidae. It is a species which is targeted by some fisheries, although it is more often a bycatch.

A micronekton is a group of organisms of 2 to 20 cm in size which are able to swim independently of ocean currents. The word 'nekton' is derived from the Greek νήκτον, translit. nekton, meaning "to swim", and was coined by Ernst Haeckel in 1890.

References

  1. ↑ Barratt, I.; Allcock, L. (2014). "Galiteuthis glacialis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2014: e.T163374A1003312. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T163374A1003312.en . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ↑ Philippe Bouchet (2018). "Galiteuthis glacialis (Chun, 1906)". World Register of Marine Species. Flanders Marine Institute. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
  3. ↑ Demetrio Boltovskoy; et al. "Galiteuthis glacialis". Zooplankton of the South Atlantic Ocean. Marine Species Identification Portal. Retrieved March 16, 2012.
  4. ↑ Chun, Carl (1906). "System der Cranchien". Zoologischer Anzeiger. 31 (2–3): 85.
  5. ↑ Filippova, J. A. (1972). "New Data on the Squids (Cephalopoda: Oegopsida) from the Scotia Sea (Antarctic)". Malacologia. 11 (2): 400–403.
  6. ↑ Chun, Carl; Brauer, August, eds. (1910). "Tentowenia antarctica Chun". Die Cephalopoden. I. Thiel: Oegopsida. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf dem Dampfer "Valdivia" 1898–1899. Vol. 18. Jena: Gustav Fischer. pp. 376–378. Pl. 56, Figs. 1–5; Pl. 57, Figs. 3–7.
  7. ↑ "Galiteuthis glacialis (Chun, 1906)". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved March 17, 2012.
  8. ↑ Richard E. Young & Katharina M. Mangold (1922–2003) (2006). "Galiteuthis glacialis (Chun, 1906)". The Tree of Life Web Project. Retrieved March 16, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Piatkowski, Uwe; Hagen, Wilhelm (1994). "Distribution and lipid composition of early life stages of the cranchiid squid Galiteuthis glacialis (Chun) in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica" (PDF). Antarctic Science. 6 (2): 235–239. Bibcode:1994AntSc...6..235P. doi:10.1017/S0954102094000362. ISSN   0954-1020. S2CID   128979975.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Nesis, K. N.; Nigmatullin, Ch. M.; Nikitina, I. V. (February 1998). "Spent females of deepwater squid Galiteuthis glacialis under the ice at the surface of the Weddell Sea (Antarctic)". Journal of Zoology. 244 (2): 185–200. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1998.tb00024.x. ISSN   0952-8369.
  11. 1 2 Daneri, G. A.; Carlini, A. R.; Marschoff, E. R.; Harrington, A.; Negrete, J.; Mennucci, J. A.; Márquez, M. E. I. (2014-12-18). "The feeding habits of the Southern elephant seal, Mirounga leonina, at Isla 25 de Mayo/King George Island, South Shetland Islands". Polar Biology. 38 (5): 665–676. doi:10.1007/s00300-014-1629-0. hdl: 11336/62264 . ISSN   0722-4060. S2CID   18259428.
  12. 1 2 3 McSweeny, E. S. (1978), "Systematics and morphology of the Antarctic cranchild squid Galiteuthis glacialis (Chun)", in Pawson, David L. (ed.), Biology of the Antarctic Seas VII, Antarctic Research Series, vol. 27, American Geophysical Union, pp. 1–39, doi:10.1029/ar027p0001, ISBN   9780875901343 , retrieved 2019-03-28[ permanent dead link ]
  13. ↑ Y., Cherel; H., Weimerskirch; C., Trouvé (2002-12-01). "Dietary evidence for spatial foraging segregation in sympatric albatrosses ( Diomedea spp.) rearing chicks at Iles Nuageuses, Kerguelen". Marine Biology. 141 (6): 1117–1129. doi:10.1007/s00227-002-0907-5. ISSN   0025-3162. S2CID   83653436.
  14. ↑ Guerreiro, Miguel & Phillips, Richard A & Cherel, Yves & Ceia, Filipe R & Alvito, Pedro & Rosa, Rui & Xavier, José C. 2015. Habitat and trophic ecology of Southern Ocean cephalopods from stable isotope analyses. Marine Ecology Progress Series, published online on June 18, 2015. doi : 10.3354/meps11266
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.