Geological engineering

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Example of infrastructure engineering (tunnel) and natural hazard engineering (rockfall protection), two subdisciplines of geological engineering Rock tunnel and rockfall fence.jpg
Example of infrastructure engineering (tunnel) and natural hazard engineering (rockfall protection), two subdisciplines of geological engineering

Geological engineering is a discipline of engineering concerned with the application of geological science and engineering principles to fields, such as civil engineering, mining, environmental engineering, and forestry, among others. [1] The work of geological engineers often directs or supports the work of other engineering disciplines such as assessing the suitability of locations for civil engineering, environmental engineering, mining operations, and oil and gas projects by conducting geological, geoenvironmental, geophysical, and geotechnical studies. [2] They are involved with impact studies for facilities and operations that affect surface and subsurface environments. The engineering design input and other recommendations made by geological engineers on these projects will often have a large impact on construction and operations. Geological engineers plan, design, and implement geotechnical, geological, geophysical, hydrogeological, and environmental data acquisition. This ranges from manual ground-based methods to deep drilling, to geochemical sampling, to advanced geophysical techniques and satellite surveying. [3] Geological engineers are also concerned with the analysis of past and future ground behaviour, mapping at all scales, and ground characterization programs for specific engineering requirements. [1] These analyses lead geological engineers to make recommendations and prepare reports which could have major effects on the foundations of construction, mining, and civil engineering projects. [1] Some examples of projects include rock excavation, building foundation consolidation, pressure grouting, hydraulic channel erosion control, slope and fill stabilization, landslide risk assessment, groundwater monitoring, and assessment and remediation of contamination. In addition, geological engineers are included on design teams that develop solutions to surface hazards, groundwater remediation, underground and surface excavation projects, and resource management. Like mining engineers, geological engineers also conduct resource exploration campaigns, mine evaluation and feasibility assessments, and contribute to the ongoing efficiency, sustainability, and safety of active mining projects [4]

Contents

History

While the term geological engineering was not coined until the 19th century, [5] principles of geological engineering are demonstrated through millennia of human history.

Tunnel of Eupalinos aqueduct tunnel in Samos, Greece, which is a famous example of ancient tunnel and survey engineering. Tunnel of Eupalinos 09.jpg
Tunnel of Eupalinos aqueduct tunnel in Samos, Greece, which is a famous example of ancient tunnel and survey engineering.

Ancient engineering

One of the oldest examples of geological engineering principles is the Euphrates tunnel, which was constructed around 2180 B.C. – 2160 B.C... [6] This, and other tunnels and qanats from around the same time were used by ancient civilizations such as Babylon and Persia for the purposes of irrigation. [6] Another famous example where geological engineering principles were used in an ancient engineering project was the construction of the Eupalinos aqueduct tunnel in Ancient Greece. [7] This was the first tunnel to be constructed inward from both ends using principles of geometry and trigonometry, marking a significant milestone for both civil engineering and geological engineering [7]

Geological engineering as a discipline

Although projects that applied geological engineering principles in their design and construction have been around for thousands of years, these were included within the civil engineering discipline for most of this time. Courses in geological engineering have been offered since the early 1900s; however, these remained specialized offerings until a large increase in demand arose in the mid-20th century. [2] This demand was created by issues encountered from development of increasingly large and ambitious structures, human-generated waste, scarcity of mineral and energy resources, and anthropogenic climate change – all of which created the need for a more specialized field of engineering with professional engineers who were also experts in geological or Earth sciences.

Notable disasters that are attributed to the formal creation of the geological engineering discipline include dam failures in the United States and western Europe in the 1950s and 1960s. These most famously include the St Francis dam failure (1928), [8] Malpasset dam failure (1959), [9] and the Vajont dam failure (1963), [10] where a lack of knowledge of geology resulted in almost 3,000 deaths between the latter two alone. The Malpasset dam failure is regarded as the largest civil engineering disaster of the 20th century in France and Vajont dam failure is still the deadliest landslide in European history.

Education

Post-secondary degrees in geological engineering are offered at various universities around the world but are concentrated primarily in North America. Geological engineers often obtain degrees that include courses in both geological or Earth sciences and engineering. To practice as a professional geological engineer, a bachelor's degree in a related discipline from an accredited institution is required. [2] For certain positions, a Master’s or Doctorate degree in a related engineering discipline may be required. [2] After obtaining these degrees, an individual who wishes to practice as a professional geological engineer must go through the process of becoming licensed by a professional association or regulatory body in their jurisdiction.

Canadian institutions

In Canada, 8 universities are accredited by Engineers Canada to offer undergraduate degrees in geological engineering. [11] Many of these universities also offer graduate degree programs in geological engineering. These include:

American institutions

In the United States there are 13 geological engineering programs recognized by the Engineering Accreditation Commission (EAC) of the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET). [12] These include:

Other institutions

Universities in other countries that hold accreditation to offer degree programs in geological engineering from the EAC by the ABET include: [12]

Specializations

In geological engineering there are multiple subdisciplines which analyze different aspects of Earth sciences and apply them to a variety of engineering projects. The subdisciplines listed below are commonly taught at the undergraduate level, and each has overlap with disciplines external to geological engineering. However, a geological engineer who specializes in one of these subdisciplines throughout their education may still be licensed to work in any of the other subdisciplines.

Mountain lake showing surface water. Geoenvironmental engineers (subdiscipline of geological engineering) work on managing drinking water supplies and remediation of contaminated surface water and groundwater. Mountain lake geoenvironmental engineering.jpg
Mountain lake showing surface water. Geoenvironmental engineers (subdiscipline of geological engineering) work on managing drinking water supplies and remediation of contaminated surface water and groundwater.

Geoenvironmental and hydrogeological engineering

Geoenvironmental engineering is the subdiscipline of geological engineering that focuses on preventing or mitigating the environmental effects of anthropogenic contaminants within soil and water. [13] [14] It solves these issues via the development of processes and infrastructure for the supply of clean water, waste disposal, and control of pollution of all kinds. [15] The work of geoenvironmental engineers largely deals with investigating the migration, interaction, and result of contaminants; remediating contaminated sites; and protecting uncontaminated sites. [14] Typical work of a geoenvironmental engineer includes:

A tunnel under construction by conventional excavation methods with a pilot tunnel through tunnel face and a drill jumbo positioned near the face. Rock engineers and geotechnical engineers (subdisciplines of geological engineering) are involved with the design and construction of underground excavations. Pilot Tunnel High Res.jpg
A tunnel under construction by conventional excavation methods with a pilot tunnel through tunnel face and a drill jumbo positioned near the face. Rock engineers and geotechnical engineers (subdisciplines of geological engineering) are involved with the design and construction of underground excavations.

Mineral and energy resource exploration engineering

Mineral and energy resource exploration (commonly known as MinEx for short) is the subdiscipline of geological engineering that applies modern tools and concepts to the discovery and sustainable extraction of natural mineral and energy resources. [4] A geological engineer who specializes in this field may work on several stages of mineral exploration and mining projects, including exploration and orebody delineation, mine production operations, mineral processing, and environmental impact and risk assessment programs for mine tailings and other mine waste. [17] Like a mining engineer, mineral and energy resource exploration engineers may also be responsible for the design, finance, and management of mine sites.

A Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) being used to conduct a geophysical survey. Geophysical engineers (subdiscipline of geological engineering) use multiple geophysical techniques to noninvasively investigate the Earth's subsurface at all scales and use the results in a variety of engineering projects. Ground Penetrating Radar in use.jpg
A Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) being used to conduct a geophysical survey. Geophysical engineers (subdiscipline of geological engineering) use multiple geophysical techniques to noninvasively investigate the Earth's subsurface at all scales and use the results in a variety of engineering projects.

Geophysical engineering (applied geophysics)

Geophysical engineering is the subdiscipline of geological engineering that applies geophysics principles to the design of engineering projects such as tunnels, dams, and mines or for the detection of subsurface geohazards, groundwater, and pollution. Geophysical investigations are undertaken from ground surface, in boreholes, or from space to analyze ground conditions, composition, and structure at all scales. Geophysical techniques apply a variety of physics principles such as seismicity, magnetism, gravity, and resistivity. This subdiscipline was created in the early 1990s as a result of an increased demand in more accurate subsurface information created by a rapidly increasing global population. [18] Geophysical engineering and applied geophysics differ from traditional geophysics primarily by their need for marginal returns and optimized designs and practices as opposed to satisfying regulatory requirements at a minimum cost [18]

Job responsibilities

Geological engineers are responsible for the planning, development, and coordination of site investigation and data acquisition programs for geological, geotechnical, geophysical, geoenvironmental, and hydrogeological studies. [4] These studies are traditionally conducted for civil engineering, mining, petroleum, waste management, and regional development projects but are becoming increasingly focused on environmental and coastal engineering projects and on more specialized projects for long-term underground nuclear waste storage. [3] Geological engineers are also responsible for analyzing and preparing recommendations and reports to improve construction of foundations for civil engineering projects such as rock and soil excavation, pressure grouting, and hydraulic channel erosion control. In addition, geological engineers analyze and prepare recommendations and reports on the settlement of buildings, stability of slopes and fills, and probable effects of landslides and earthquakes to support construction and civil engineering projects. [3] They must design means to safely excavate and stabilize the surrounding rock or soil in underground excavations and surface construction, in addition to managing water flow from, and within these excavations. [4]

Geological engineers also perform a primary role in all forms of underground infrastructure including tunnelling, mining, hydropower projects, shafts, deep repositories and caverns for power, storage, industrial activities, and recreation. [4] Moreover, geological engineers design monitoring systems, analyze natural and induced ground response, and prepare recommendations and reports on the settlement of buildings, stability of slopes and fills, and the probable effects of natural disasters to support construction and civil engineering projects. [4] In some jobs, geological engineers conduct theoretical and applied studies of groundwater flow and contamination to develop site specific solutions which treat the contaminants and allow for safe construction. [4] Additionally, they design means to manage and protect surface and groundwater resources and remediation solutions in the event of contamination. [4] If working on a mine site, geological engineers may be tasked with planning, development, coordination, and conducting theoretical and experimental studies in mining exploration, mine evaluation and feasibility studies relative to the mining industry. [4] They conduct surveys and studies of ore deposits, ore reserve calculations, and contribute mineral resource expertise, geotechnical and geomechanical design and monitoring expertise and environmental management to a developing or ongoing mining operation. [4] In a variety of projects, they may be expected to design and perform geophysical investigations from surface using boreholes or from space to analyze ground conditions, composition, and structure at all scales [4]

Professional associations and licensing

Professional Engineering Licenses may be issued through a municipal, provincial/state, or federal/national government organization, depending on the jurisdiction. The purpose of this licensing process is to ensure professional engineers possess the necessary technical knowledge, real-world experience, and basic understanding of the local legal system to practice engineering at a professional level. In Canada, the United States, Japan, South Korea, Bangladesh, and South Africa, the title of Professional Engineer is granted through licensure. [19] In the United Kingdom, Ireland, India, and Zimbabwe the granted title is Chartered Engineer . In Australia, the granted title is Chartered Professional Engineer. [19] Lastly, in the European Union, the granted title is European Engineer. All these titles have similar requirements for accreditation, including a recognized post-secondary degree and relevant work experience. [19]

Canada

In Canada, Professional Engineer (P.Eng.) and Professional Geoscientist (P.Geo.) licenses are regulated by provincial professional bodies which have the groundwork for their legislation laid out by Engineers Canada [20] and Geoscientists Canada. [21] The provincial organizations are listed in the table below.

Regulatory body responsible for awarding licenses for professional engineering and geosciences in each province and territory of Canada
ProvinceRegulatory Body
Alberta Association of Professional Engineers and Geoscientists of Alberta
British ColumbiaAssociation of Engineers and Geoscientists of British Columbia
ManitobaEngineers Geoscientists of Manitoba
New BrunswickAssociation of Professional Engineers and Geoscientists of New Brunswick
Newfoundland and LabradorProfessional Engineers and Geoscientists of Newfoundland and Labrador
Northwest TerritoriesNorthwest Territories and Nunavut Association of Professional Engineers and Geoscientists
Nova ScotiaAssociation of Professional Engineers of Nova Scotia
NunavutNorthwest Territories and Nunavut Association of Professional Engineers and Geoscientists
Ontario Professional Engineers Ontario
Prince Edward IslandAssociation of Professional Engineers of Prince Edward Island
Quebec Ordre des ingénieurs du Québec
Saskatchewan Association of Professional Engineers and Geoscientists of Saskatchewan
YukonEngineers of Yukon

United States

In the United States, all individuals seeking to become a Professional Engineer (P.E.) must attain their license through the Engineering Accreditation Commission (EAC) of the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET). [12] Licenses to be a Certified Professional Geologist in the United States are issued and regulated by the American Institute of Professional Geologists (AIPG) [21]

Professional Societies

Professional societies in geological engineering are not-for-profit organizations that seek to advance and promote the represented profession(s) and connect professionals using networking, regular conferences, meetings, and other events, as well as provide platforms to publish technical literature through forms of conference proceedings, books, technical standards, and suggested methods, and provide opportunities for professional development such as short courses, workshops, and technical tours. Some regional, national, and international professional societies relevant to geological engineers are listed here:

Distinction from engineering geology

Engineering geologists and geological engineers are both interested in the study of the Earth, its shifting movement, and alterations, [22] [23] and the interactions of human society and infrastructure with, on, and in Earth materials. Both disciplines require licenses from professional bodies in most jurisdictions to conduct related work. [22] [23] The primary difference between geological engineers and engineering geologists is that geological engineers are licensed professional engineers (and sometimes also professional geoscientists/geologists) with a combined understanding of Earth sciences and engineering principles, while engineering geologists are geological scientists whose work focusses on applications to engineering projects, and they may be licensed professional geoscientists/geologists, but not professional engineers. The following subsections provide more details on the differing responsibilities between engineering geologists and geological engineers.

Engineering geology

Engineering geologists are applied geological scientists who assess problems that might arise before, during, and after an engineering project. They are trained to be aware of potential problems like:

They use a variety of field and laboratory testing techniques to characterize ground materials that might affect the construction, the long-term safety, or environmental footprint of a project. Job responsibilities of an engineering geologist include:

Geological engineering

Geological engineers are engineers with extensive knowledge of geological or Earth sciences as well as engineering geology, engineering principles, and engineering design practices. These professionals are qualified to perform the role of or interact with engineering geologists. Their primary focus, however, is the use of engineering geology data, as well as engineering skills to:

In all these activities, the geological model, geological history, and environment, as well as measured engineering properties of relevant Earth materials are critical to engineering design and decision making. [23]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Civil engineering</span> Engineering discipline focused on physical infrastructure

Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including public works such as roads, bridges, canals, dams, airports, sewage systems, pipelines, structural components of buildings, and railways.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Geotechnical engineering</span> Scientific study of earth materials in engineering problems

Geotechnical engineering, also known as geotechnics, is the branch of civil engineering concerned with the engineering behavior of earth materials. It uses the principles of soil mechanics and rock mechanics to solve its engineering problems. It also relies on knowledge of geology, hydrology, geophysics, and other related sciences.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mining engineering</span> Engineering discipline

Mining in the engineering discipline is the extraction of minerals from the ground. Mining engineering is associated with many other disciplines, such as mineral processing, exploration, excavation, geology, metallurgy, geotechnical engineering and surveying. A mining engineer may manage any phase of mining operations, from exploration and discovery of the mineral resources, through feasibility study, mine design, development of plans, production and operations to mine closure.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Engineering geology</span> Application of geology to engineering practice

Engineering geology is the application of geology to engineering study for the purpose of assuring that the geological factors regarding the location, design, construction, operation and maintenance of engineering works are recognized and accounted for. Engineering geologists provide geological and geotechnical recommendations, analysis, and design associated with human development and various types of structures. The realm of the engineering geologist is essentially in the area of earth-structure interactions, or investigation of how the earth or earth processes impact human made structures and human activities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Geologic modelling</span> Applied science of creating computerized representations of portions of the Earths crust

Geologic modelling,geological modelling or geomodelling is the applied science of creating computerized representations of portions of the Earth's crust based on geophysical and geological observations made on and below the Earth surface. A geomodel is the numerical equivalent of a three-dimensional geological map complemented by a description of physical quantities in the domain of interest. Geomodelling is related to the concept of Shared Earth Model; which is a multidisciplinary, interoperable and updatable knowledge base about the subsurface.

Exploration geophysics is an applied branch of geophysics and economic geology, which uses physical methods at the surface of the Earth, such as seismic, gravitational, magnetic, electrical and electromagnetic, to measure the physical properties of the subsurface, along with the anomalies in those properties. It is most often used to detect or infer the presence and position of economically useful geological deposits, such as ore minerals; fossil fuels and other hydrocarbons; geothermal reservoirs; and groundwater reservoirs. It can also be used to detect the presence of unexploded ordnance.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Camborne School of Mines</span> College in Cornwall, England

Camborne School of Mines, commonly abbreviated to CSM, was founded in 1888. Its research and teaching is related to the understanding and management of the Earth's natural processes, resources and the environment. It has undergraduate, postgraduate and research degree programmes within the Earth resources, civil engineering and environmental sectors. CSM is located at the Penryn Campus, near Falmouth, Cornwall, UK. The school merged with the University of Exeter in 1993.

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to geology:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Environmental and Engineering Geophysical Society</span>

The Environmental and Engineering Geophysical Society (EEGS) is an international, applied scientific organization that has 700 members. One of the society’s major activities is producing its annual meeting, the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems (SAGEEP). It develops and distributes a peer-reviewed scientific journal, the Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics (JEEG), as well as an electronic quarterly newsletter, FastTIMES. It publishes, markets, and distributes books and CD-ROMs on the application and use of near-surface geophysical technologies, both in print and electronically.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Geologist</span> Scientist who studies geology

A geologist is a scientist who studies the structure, composition, and history of Earth. Geologists incorporate techniques from physics, chemistry, biology, mathematics, and geography to perform research in the field and the laboratory. Geologists work in the energy and mining sectors to exploit natural resources. They monitor environmental hazards such as earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis and landslides. Geologists are also important contributors to climate change discussions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">European Association of Geoscientists and Engineers</span> Professional organization for geoscientists and engineers

The European Association of Geoscientists and Engineers (EAGE) is a professional organization for geoscientists and engineers, established in 1951 with a worldwide membership. The association provides a platform for professionals in geophysics, petroleum exploration, geology, reservoir engineering, mining, civil engineering, digitalization and energy transition to exchange ideas and information. EAGE operates two divisions: the Oil & Gas Geoscience Division and the Near Surface Geoscience Division.

Geoprofessions is a term coined by the Geoprofessional Business Association to connote various technical disciplines that involve engineering, earth and environmental services applied to below-ground ("subsurface"), ground-surface, and ground-surface-connected conditions, structures, or formations. The principal disciplines include, as major categories:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Central Mine Planning and Design Institute</span>

The Central Mine Planning and Design Institute is a subsidiary of Coal India Limited which is under the ownership of the Ministry of Coal, Government of India, engaged in the field of environmental engineering and provides consultancy and engineering services across the globe. It is a public sector undertaking under the Government of India and is rated as a Schedule-B and Mini Ratna-II company.

The Omai Gold Mine is located in Guyana on the north coast of South America near the west bank of the Essequibo River in the interior of the country. Access to Omai is by road from the capital of Georgetown on the coast, and from the town of Linden approximately 60 km away. There is an operational airstrip on site which can accommodate aircraft from Georgetown. Gold mining at Omai is known from at least the 1880s, and when it was developed as a large scale mine in 1992 by Cambior, the mine was the largest gold mine in the Guiana Shield and a major source of income and employment in Guyana. During the period from 1992 – 2005, Omai produced 3.7 Moz of gold at an average grade of 1.5 g/t Au from the Fennell and the Wenot open pits.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Russian State Geological Prospecting University</span>

Sergo OrdzhonikidzeRussian State University for Geological Prospecting, or the Russian State University for Geological Prospecting is named after Sergo Ordzhonikidze and previously known as the Moscow Geological Prospecting Institute, is a public university based in Moscow, Russia, specialising in geology, geophysics, gemmology, ecology and other earth-science disciplines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology</span> University of Nevada research and public service unit

The Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology (NBMG) is a research and public service unit of the University of Nevada and the State Geological Survey. NBMG is also part of the Mackay School of Earth Sciences and Engineering at the University of Nevada in Reno. Scientists with the NBMG conduct research and publish their findings around topics which include, mineral and energy resources, engineering geology, environmental geology, earthquakes, groundwater, and geologic mapping in Nevada. In addition, the NBMG provides special services in the field of analytical geochemistry and assay standards, mineral and rock identification. The NBMG provides earth-science education and in-service teacher training and continuing education for professional geoscientists, geologic and geotechnical information.

Ronald Kerry Rowe, OC, FRS, FREng, is a Canadian civil engineer of Australian birth, one of the pioneers of geosynthetics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">China University of Geosciences (Beijing)</span> Public university in Beijing, China

The China University of Geosciences (Beijing) is a public university located in Beijing, China. It is affiliated with the Ministry of Education, and co-funded by the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Natural Resources. The university is part of the Double First-Class Construction and Project 211.

Bernard Ifeanyi Odoh is a Nigerian Politician and Professor of Applied Geophysics. He was the Secretary to the Ebonyi State Government from 2015 to 2018. He also was the gubernatorial nominee of the All Progressives Grand Alliance in Ebonyi State in 2023.

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See also