Gymnotus | |
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Gymnotus sp. | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Actinopterygii |
Order: | Gymnotiformes |
Family: | Gymnotidae |
Genus: | Gymnotus Linnaeus, 1758 |
Type species | |
Gymnotus carapo Linnaeus, 1758 |
Gymnotus is a genus of Neotropical freshwater fish in the family Gymnotidae found widely in South America, Central America and southern Mexico (36th parallel south to 18th parallel north). [1] The greatest species richness is found in the Amazon basin. [2] They are sometimes referred to by the English name banded knifefish, [1] although this typically is reserved for the most widespread species, G. carapo . [3] [4] Overall Gymnotus is the most widespread genus in the order Gymnotiformes. [5]
Although not commonly eaten by humans, some members of this genus are used locally as fishing bait, [6] and occasionally kept in aquariums. [7]
Gymnotus occur in most freshwater habitats within their geographic range, with the exception of large and deep river channels, and can tolerate little oxygen (survives by breathing air directly from the water surface) and areas affected by pollution,. [4] One species, G. curupira can survive in moist leaf litter if their aquatic habitat dries out. [8] Large species tend to live near floating vegetation along the edges of large rivers or floodplains, while smaller tend to live among leaf-litter or near banks of small streams. [9] The genus includes both widespread and common species that occur in many different habitat types, [4] and more restricted and rare species that occur in fewer habitats. [10] There are species that remain in the same habitat throughout their lives, while others breed in specific habitats and spend the rest of their time elsewhere. [11] At least as many as five species of Gymnotus may occur together in the same region and habitat. [11]
Gymnotus species are nocturnal and mainly feed on aquatic insects, crustaceans, small fish and other small animals, [9] but may also take plant material. [8] Being electric fish, they generate weak electric fields used for navigation, finding prey and communicating with other individuals of their species. [8] [12] [13] At least some species are highly territorial and will react aggressively if detecting the electric field of another individual of their species, especially between conspecific males. [13] [14] The electric signal is species specific, and tends to differ between males and females. [1] However, Gymnotus are not able to generate a strong electric field that can be used for incapacitating prey or enemies, like the related electric eel. [9]
Nothing is known about the breeding behavior of most members of this genus, but in two species, G. carapo and G. mamiraua, males make a "nest" (a depression in the bottom in the former species and within vegetation in floating meadows in the latter) and guard the young. Additionally, males of at least G. carapo will mouthbrood. [14]
Gymnotus are generally brownish with a banded pattern, but this can also be more mottled or spotted in some species. Small scales are always present on these fish. The mouth is superior, meaning it is turned upwards. The anal fin terminates at a point near the tip of the tail. [5] [9] Like other Neotropical knifefish, they often lose their tail due to attacks by predators or aggressive encounters with conspecifics, but they are able to regenerate it. [14] The largest Gymnotus are up to 100 cm (3.3 ft) in total length. [5] [9] Most species reach less than one-third that size and the smallest only around 10 cm (4 in) long. [3] [4] [9]
There are currently 46 recognized species divided into six subgenera in Gymnotus: [3] [15] [16]
Subgenus Gymnotus(Gymnotus)
Subgenus Gymnotus (Lamontiana)
Subgenus Gymnotus (Pantherus)
Subgenus Gymnotus (Tijax)
Subgenus Gymnotus (Tigre)
Subgenus Gymnotus (Tigrinus)
The Gymnotiformes are an order of teleost bony fishes commonly known as Neotropical knifefish or South American knifefish. They have long bodies and swim using undulations of their elongated anal fin. Found almost exclusively in fresh water, these mostly nocturnal fish are capable of producing electric fields to detect prey, for navigation, communication, and, in the case of the electric eel, attack and defense. A few species are familiar to the aquarium trade, such as the black ghost knifefish, the glass knifefish, and the banded knifefish.
The naked-back knifefishes are a family (Gymnotidae) of knifefishes found only in fresh waters of Central America and South America. All have organs adapted to electroreception. The family has about 43 valid species in two genera. These fish are nocturnal and mostly occur in quiet waters from deep rivers to swamps. In strongly flowing waters, they may bury themselves.
The ghost knifefishes are a family, Apteronotidae, of ray-finned fishes in the order Gymnotiformes. These fish are native to Panama and South America. They inhabit a wide range of freshwater habitats, but more than half the species in the family are found deep in rivers where there is little or no light.
The Hypopomidae are a family of fishes in the order Gymnotiformes known as the bluntnose knifefish. They may also be called grass or leaf knifefishes. These electric fish are not often eaten, of little commercial importance, rarely kept as aquarium fish, and poorly studied; however, species in this family may constitute a significant fraction of the biomass in the areas they inhabit.
The banded knifefish is a species of gymniform knifefish native to a wide range of freshwater habitats in South America. It is the most widespread species of Gymnotus, but it has frequently been confused with several relatives, including some found outside its range like the Central America G. maculosus. The English name "banded knifefish" is sometimes used for the entire genus Gymnotus instead of only the species G. carapo.
Magosternarchus is a genus of weakly electric knifefish in the family Apteronotidae, containing two species. They are endemic to Brazil, occurring in large river channels in the Amazon River basin. Both species are unusual benthic predators that specialize in biting off the tails of other knifefishes, and are characterized by their greatly enlarged jaws and teeth. Recent systematic studies indicate that both species should be included in Sternarchella instead of being placed in their own genus.
Apteronotus is a genus of weakly electric knifefish in the family Apteronotidae, distinguished by the presence of a tiny tail fin. This genus is restricted to tropical and subtropical South America and Panama where found in a wide range of freshwater habitats. They feed on small animals.
Sternarchella, the bulldog knifefish, is a genus of ghost knifefishes found at depths of 2–50 m (7–164 ft) in the main channel of large rivers in South America. Most are from the Amazon basin, but S. orthos is found both in the Amazon and Orinoco, S. orinoco is restricted to the Orinoco and S. curvioperculata restricted to the upper Paraná basin. They are often common in their habitat.
Brachyhypopomus is a genus of fish in the family Hypopomidae native primarily to tropical and subtropical South America, although a single species, B. occidentalis, also occurs in Panama and Costa Rica. They are found in a wide range of static or slow-flowing freshwater habitats such as edges of rivers, streams, floodplains and swamps, but they are absent from deep river channels. There are both species in well-oxygenated waters and poorly oxygenated waters; those in the latter have adaptions that allow them to survive this like larger gills or the capability of gulping up mouthfuls of air from the water surface. Brachyhypopomus feed during the night on small invertebrates.
Hypopygus is a genus of South American gymnotiform knifefishes native to the Amazon, Orinoco and upper Paraguay basins, as well as rivers in the Guianas. They are often common, and found near submerged roots, aquatic vegetation and leaf-litter in streams, edges of rivers and floodplains. They are regularly found among vegetation in floating meadows, a habitat that often contains little oxygen, but they are well-adapted to this.
Steatogenys is a genus of gymnotiform knifefishes found in the Amazon, Orinoco and Essequibo river basins in tropical South America. The widespread and common S. elegans is found in a wide range of habitats, from the shallow essentially static waters such as floodplain lakes to fast-flowing rivers as deep as 50 m (160 ft). The two remaining species are less common and widespread, with A. duidae found mainly in small streams running through terra firme forests and S. ocellatus among submerged roots and branches in static or slow-flowing blackwater habitats. All three are regularly found among vegetation in floating meadows, a habitat that often contains little oxygen, but they are well-adapted to this.
Stegostenopos cryptogenes is a species of bluntnose knifefish endemic to Brazil where it is found in the Rio Negro basin. This species can reach a total length of up to 15 cm (5.9 in). It is the only member of the genus Stegostenopos according to FishBase, but studies have shown that it belongs in Hypopygus and this is followed by the Catalog of Fishes.
Rhamphichthys(Rhamphos = Greek for beak and Ichthys = Greek for fish) is a genus of fish that includes the South American sand knifefish. These fish are eel shaped with a distinct beak like snout which gave them their name. Like most other knifefish Rhamphichthys species have electrical organs that help them live in the murky waters of South America. Currently there are 10 recognized species of Rhamphichthys, although many changes have been made in their taxonomy since their original discovery.
Eigenmannia is a genus of fish in the family Sternopygidae native to tropical and subtropical South America, and Panama. They are typically found in slow-flowing streams, along the edge of large rivers, in deep river channels and in floodplains, and the genus also includes E. vicentespelaea, the only cave-adapted knifefish. Eigenmannia are often found near submerged roots, aquatic plants and floating meadows.
Sternopygus is a genus of glass knifefishes found in tropical and subtropical South America, and Panama. They inhabit a wide range of freshwater habitats, from fast-flowing rivers to essentially static waters in floodplains, and shallow habitats to the bottom of deep rivers. S. macrurus will even visit brackish mangrove to feed.
Gymnotus tiquie is an electric knifefish found in the Tiquié River, a tributary of the Vaupés River in the upper Negro basin, Amazonas, Brazil. It is sympatric with both G. carapo and G. coropinae. Like the rest of its genus, it is exclusively a freshwater fish. It generates a weak electric field used for both navigation and communication.
Gymnotus choco, commonly known as the cuchillo, is an electric knifefish. G. choco is distinguished from its cogenerate species group by a color pattern possessing pale yellow bands oriented obliquely, wherein the interband margins are wavy or even irregular; one to three Y-shaped dark bands occur on its body's posterior section; and its pale bands do not extend above the fish's lateral line on its body's anterior two-thirds. G. choco is most similar to G. paraguensis from the Pantanal in Brazil and Paraguay. From the latter, it is distinguished by having a narrower mouth, a more cylindrical body, and a longer preanal distance.
Steatogenys elegans, the barred knifefish, is a species of Hypopomidae found in tropical South America. It is the type species of its genus. It is an electric fish found in a wide range of freshwater habitats in the Amazon, Orinoco and Essequibo river basins. It reaches almost 30 cm (1 ft) in total length.
The electric eels are a genus, Electrophorus, of neotropical freshwater fish from South America in the family Gymnotidae. They are known for their ability to stun their prey by generating electricity, delivering shocks at up to 860 volts. Their electrical capabilities were first studied in 1775, contributing to the invention in 1800 of the electric battery.
Melanosternarchus is a genus of ghost knifefish found in the Amazon basin of Brazil and Peru. The single species in this genus, Melanosternarchus amaru is primarily found in the deep channels of large blackwater rivers. This species can be recognized by its large mouth, slender body and an absence of scales on its nape and dorsum. Its maximum recorded size is 272 mm.
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