In the peace after the Napoleonic WarsHebrus was part of the Cork Station before in July 1816 she joined Admiral Lord Exmouth's fleet that in August bombarded Algiers. After this the ship was surveyed and found to be extremely rotten. Hebrus was paid off in November and eventually sold in April 1817.
Design and construction
Hebrus was a 36-gun, 18-pounderScamander-classfrigate. The class was constructed as part of the reaction of Lord Melville'sAdmiralty to the beginning of the War of 1812. This new theatre of operations, with the Napoleonic Wars ongoing, was expected to put a strain on the existing fleet of Royal Navy frigates, and so more were needed to be built. Designed by the Surveyor of the Navy, Sir William Rule, the Scamander class was one of those put into construction to fill this need.[2] The class was a variant of the existing Apollo-class frigate, which had been the standard design for 36-gun frigates in the Royal Navy for over a decade.[3][4] The class was particularly copied from the lines of the 36-gun frigate HMS Euryalus.[5]
The war was expected to only be a short affair, and so ships built specifically for it were not designed for long service lives. As such Hebrus's class was ordered to be constructed out of the soft but easily available "fir". In actual fact this meant the use of red and yellow pine.[2] Using pine for construction meant that the usually long period of time between keel laying and launching could be dramatically decreased to as little as three months. Pine-built ships could usually be differentiated from those of oak by their flat "square tuck" stern, but as copies of oak-built ships the Scamander class did not have this feature.[5] The naval historian Robert Gardiner describes the class as an "austerity" version of the Apollos.[3][4]
The first seven ships of the Scamander class, six of which were ordered in May before the war had begun, were built with red pine. The final three, of which Hebrus was one, received yellow pine. All ships of the class were ordered to commercial shipyards rather than Royal Navy Dockyards, with the navy providing the pine for their construction from its own stocks.[2]Hebrus was ordered on 16 November 1812, to be built by the shipwright John Barton at Limehouse. The frigate was laid down in January of the following year, and launched on 13 September with the following dimensions: 143 feet (43.6m) along the upper deck, 120feet 1+1⁄8inches (36.6m) at the keel, with a beam of 38feet 4+1⁄2inches (11.7m) and a depth in the hold of 11feet 11+3⁄4inches (3.7m). The ship had a draught of 8feet 8inches (2.6m) forward and 12feet 10inches (3.9m) aft, and measured 939 tons burthen.[6][7] She was named after the River Hebrus.[8]
Pine was a lighter material than oak which allowed the ships to often sail faster than those built of the heavier wood, but this in turn meant that the ships required more ballast than usual to ensure that they sat at their designated waterline. Based on an oak-built design but with more ballast than that design was expected to carry, Hebrus and her class were designed with a distinctly shallower depth in the hold. This ensured that the frigates were not aversely affected by the excess ballast, which could cause them to be "over-stiff".[5]
Having already been coppered by Barton, the fitting out process for Hebrus was completed at Deptford Dockyard on 18 December.[6] The frigate originally had a crew complement of 274, but this was increased to 284 for the entire class on 26 January 1813, while she was still under construction. Hebrus held twenty-six 18-pounder long guns on her upper deck. Complimenting this armament were twelve 32-pounder carronades on the quarterdeck, with two 9-pounder long guns and two additional 32-pounder carronades on the forecastle.[2]Hebrus is often described as a 42-gun frigate rather than a 36-gun one.[9][10]
While completing her fitting out process, Hebrus was commissioned by Captain Edmund Palmer in October 1813.[6] The frigate was sent to serve in the English Channel.[11] On 23 January 1814 the French 40-gun frigates Étoile and Sultane battled two British frigates off the Cape Verde Islands inconclusively. They then made their way towards St Malo. On 26 March the French ships were sailing in heavy fog off Roscoff when they almost ran into the 16-gun sloopHMS Sparrow, subsequently engaging and disabling her. Hebrus, patrolling near by, closed on the scene and began to fire at the enemy frigates. The noise of the combat attracted the 74-gun ship of the lineHMS Hannibal, which sailed towards Hebrus as the fog began to clear. Soon afterwards the wind changed direction and Étoile and Sultane began to separate themselves from the British.[12]
Sultane, which was already jury rigged from the action off the Cape Verde Islands, was quickly caught up with and captured by Hannibal at 3:15 p.m.[13]Hebrus was sent by Captain Sir Michael Seymour of Hannibal to chase Étoile with Sparrow. Hebrus soon outpaced Sparrow and closed with the French vessel, catching up with her as the latter passed through Alderney Race just after midnight.[12][14][10] By this time the wind had begun to falter and at 1:40 a.m. on 27 March Étoile fired at Hebrus as she passed close to the shore at Jobourg. Hebrus returned fire and sailed to get between the French vessel and the coastline.[10]
By 2 a.m. the duelling frigates were almost becalmed and in shoal water.[12]Étoile crossed in front of Hebrus at 2:20 a.m. to again get closer to the coast and fired into the latter's rigging, severely damaging it.[12][11][10] Despite this, at 3 a.m. Palmer took advantage of a slight breeze and manoeuvred Hebrus so that the frigate could rake her opponent.[12]Hebrus began firing at Étoile from a very close distance, with the two ships hardly moving. While the French vessel had aimed for rigging, Hebrus attacked Étoile's hull.[14] The latter withstood the fire until around 4 a.m. when her mizzenmast was shot away, at which point she surrendered.[12][11] This ended the Battle of Jobourg.[12]
A French gun battery had been blindly firing towards the two frigates in the darkness as they fought, and the crew of Hebrus quickly took control of their prize to take her out of range.[15][14] The two frigates found shelter in Vauville Bay, where they repaired what battle damage to their masts they could. Étoile's rigging and hull were both heavily damaged, and out of a crew of 320 she had forty killed and around seventy wounded. Hebrus's casualties were less but still severe, with thirteen killed and twenty-five wounded.[15]
War of 1812
In May Hebrus was assigned as an escort to the fleet transporting Major-General Robert Ross's reinforcements to serve in the War of 1812. They departed from Le Verdon-sur-Mer on 2 June and arrived at Bermuda in late July.[16]Hebrus then reached the Coan River on 7 August, escorting a Royal Marine Battalion, and joined a force under Rear-Admiral George Cockburn; Cockburn was operating ashore at the time, and Palmer had to personally track the admiral down in his barge to report his presence. The force sailed to St. Mary's Creek on 11 August.[17] By 16 August Hebrus was with Vice-Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane in Chesapeake Bay, where a large fleet had congregated for offensive operations.[18]Hebrus was then part of the force under Cockburn that served in operations on the Patuxent River, where the American Chesapeake Bay Flotilla was based, later in the month.[19][20]
They sailed up the river on 18 August, with an infantry force mirroring them on land. On 20 August the force reached Benedict, from where further travel was impossible for Hebrus and the other frigate on the operation, the 40-gun HMS Severn.[19][20][21] Palmer left the ship and joined Cockburn, who was with the smaller ships at Nottingham, with the frigate's boats.[20][22] American defence was initially non-existent, although an American cavalry patrol briefly fired on the advancing ships on 22 August.[19][20] The naval force out-distanced the infantry and soon after reached Queen Anne where the Chesapeake Bay Flotilla was; as they approached the American ships, rigged for demolition, began exploding. Of the flotilla, only one gunboat and thirteen merchant schooners were left to be captured.[23][14][20] Palmer was afterwards ordered ashore to support British Army operations, and was the only post-captain present at the victorious Battle of Bladensburg on 24 August, where he commanded a division of armed seamen.[23][14][24] He was the only member of Hebrus's crew there apart from his aide de camp, Midshipman Arthur Wakefield, as the majority of the naval contingent did not reach the battle in time.[25][26] After Washington was burned on the following day a storm began and at 2:30 p.m. it hit Benedict, where Hebrus and Severn were driven onto the shore;[27] it was recorded that the winds
"lashed the smooth and placid waters of the Patuxent into one vast sheet of foam, which covered both our rigging and the decks with its spray"[28]
Hebrus subsequently joined a squadron of frigates and bomb vessels commanded by Captain James Gordon, that was intended to attack Baltimore from the sea in the upcoming Battle of Baltimore. Having arrived two days earlier, on 12 September the squadron slowly crawled up the shallows of the Patapsco River. Hebrus frequently got stuck in the river mud, having to be pulled off by her anchors.[29][30] At 6 a.m. on 13 September the ships reached Fort McHenry, halting around 2.75 miles (4.43km) away.[31] The presence of the fort's batteries, alongside several hulks and booms, stopped the force from being able to access Baltimore's harbour.[32] The squadron began to bombard the fort, with most of the impact being done by the powerful bomb vessels rather than the frigates.[31] The British were out of range of the American guns, and received no return fire.[33] In the afternoon some of the bombs were sent in closer to the fort, but were forced back when they finally came in range of the Americans; Hebrus sent out her launch to reconnoitre the harbour to their front, where the 44-gun frigate USS Java was moored, but that was also forced to retire.[33][34] With the British Army assault from land having failed, after twenty-five hours of bombardment Cochrane ordered Gordon's squadron to stop firing, and they returned down the river.[35]
When the British Army made its way back to the fleet at North Point on 15 September, the Royal Navy vessels were brought into action to assist the wounded amongst them. Hebrus's half-deck was converted into a temporary hospital with cots erected for the casualties. Two or three men died on board in the following days.[36] On 17 September the fleet sailed to return to its former position off the Patuxent. Hebrus and Euryalus were diverted from this to escort the American ships captured at the Raid on Alexandria to Tangier Island. A midshipman on Hebrus recorded that as the ships left North Point the Americans raised a large ensign over the fort there and fired a ceremonial shot of resistance at the British ships.[37] After this Hebrus returned to the Patuxent, from where the majority of the ships split apart as some went with Cockburn to be refitted at Bermuda and some with Cochrane to Halifax as he prepared for operations at New Orleans. Hebrus was left off the Patuxent in a small squadron commanded by Rear-Admiral Sir Pulteney Malcolm, guarding the troop ships and transports which had also been left behind. By 27 September they had moved to the Potomac River.[38]
In mid-October Hebrus was sent to Bermuda carrying the body of Captain Sir Peter Parker, who had been killed at the Battle of Caulk's Field; he was buried there on 14 October.[39] By December Hebrus was again serving under Cockburn, who sailed his force from the Chesapeake south towards Georgia.[40] Some time in the same month Hebrus sailed through a hurricane, in the aftermath of which the swell caused one man to fall overboard. Three boats were launched but as they searched for him a heavy fog rolled in and they failed despite his shouting.[41] On 12 December Hebrus was part of a group of ships that shared in the capture of the schooner Mary.[42]
In January 1815 Cockburn's force captured Cumberland Island.[43] At the subsequent Battle of Fort Peter on 13 January Hebrus was one of several ships to share in the capture of the merchant ship Countess of Harcourt, barkMaria Theresa, and schooner Cooler.[44] On 30 January Hebrus was off Edisto Island, where Palmer sent the ship's launch, tender, and two cutters to gather water. While there the watering party was spotted by the American militia stationed there, and they set out to push the British off the island. At the same time Lieutenant Lawrence Kearny sailed with three barges to cut off the retreat of the party. Hebrus saw Kearny as his barges approached and fired signal guns to the men on shore. The British quickly abandoned the watering site, leaving behind the launch in their rush.[45]
The cutters and tender sailed towards Hebrus but were cut off by Kearny who boarded and captured the tender. Hebrus began firing at the Americans and forced Kearny to stop his pursuit of the cutters, as a man near him was decapitated by Hebrus's fire. As Kearny returned to North Edisto the frigate sailed to cut him off, but he avoided Hebrus by diverting to South Edisto instead, taking the tender with him.[45] Thirty-six men were captured.[46]
Hebrus was one of several ships to share in the capture of the merchant brigFortuna off Amelia Island on 17 February.[47] On 25 February Cockburn was informed by an American officer of the Treaty of Ghent, ending the war. Cockburn declined to officially suspend hostilities until news of the ratification of the treaty arrived, but no more offensive operations were undertaken by his ships.[48] Some time after this it was found that Parker, buried at Bermuda, had in fact wished to be buried in his family vault in St Margaret's, Westminster. As such Hebrus was tasked with taking his body to England, arriving at Portsmouth in May. She later moved to Sheerness, from where on 13 May the body was taken to Deptford before the funeral was held two days later.[49]
Hundred Days
In June Palmer was created a Companion of the Order of the Bath for his services.[50][7] Soon afterwards Hebrus was sent with a small expedition to Bourdeaux and the surrounding area, where it was expected that they would arm and organize French Royalists in the wake of the beginning of the Hundred Days.[23] In early July Hebrus joined with the 38-gun frigate HMS Pactolus, which had discovered Bourdeaux to be held by the Bonapartist General Bertrand Clauzel in a state of siege. Palmer persuaded the commander of Pactolus, Captain Frederick Aylmer (who was senior to him), to join him in attempting to take control of the Gironde estuary to ensure contact with Royalist forces on land.[51] On 11 July the ships sailed to enter the river, but as they closed with it five ships left the Gironde in a southerly direction, and the British abandoned their advance to chase them. Unbeknownst to them the British embargo on French trade had been lifted that morning, and having ascertained this the squadron reformed off the Gironde in the following night.[52]
Hebrus and Pactolus, alongside the 20-gun post shipHMS Falmouth, again attempted the Gironde on 13 July, with the frigates towing transport ships behind them. They soon reached Royan which, while flying Bonapartist rather than Royalist flags, sent a boat out to them suggesting that if the British did not fire on them they would do the same. Despite the batteries along the river all being held by Bonapartist forces, the small squadron was not attacked until it reached Le Verdon-sur-Mer. There the gun batteries did open fire, but the British did not return fire in the hope that the impromptu peace could be continued, and no French fire hit the ships. After this they anchored off Bourdeaux and a line of communication was set up with Clauzel under a flag of truce. In the night the French abandoned the batteries at Verdon, and on 14 July the British landed a force to dismantle them and destroy the guns.[52]
Hebrus subsequently assisted in dismantling three French forts and destroyed seventy pieces of artillery.[53] While this was ongoing Palmer was entrusted with working with a French Royalist to persuade the remaining French batteries to change their allegiances. This they were very successful in, and by the end of the day all but one fort had raised the Royalist ensign.[54] On 16 July the ships sailed to Castillon; while there they received a dispatch from Clauzel announcing that the Hundred Days campaign had ended with an armistice. Palmer, who had previously negotiated with Clauzel, was sent back to Bordeaux. Together with a Royalist he secured Bordeaux as the troops loyal to Napoleon departed.[50]
Algiers
Map of the positions of the British fleet during the bombardment of Algiers, with Hebrus towards the centre
Hebrus continued in service after the end of the wars, joining the Cork Station where the men filled their time on sailing excursions, playing cricket, and dancing at balls. On 8 July 1816 Palmer was given orders that Hebrus was to instead join the fleet under Admiral Lord Exmouth that was to bombard Algiers. With Hebrus's crew complement lower than usual for peacetime service, 100 men were taken from the 80-gun ship of the line HMS Tonnant to bolster her numbers. The ship then sailed to Plymouth Dockyard where over the next thirty-six hours she was fitted for active service.[55]
The fleet sailed for Gibraltar on 28 July with Hebrus towing a transport ship. Having arrived on 9 August at which point the fleet joined with a Dutch squadron, the force departed for Algiers on 14 August.[56] The ships arrived there on 26 August and at day-break the next morning sailed in close to the city, from where Exmouth sent in letters of demands for the release of all Christian slaves. These went unanswered and after three hours the fleet organised itself into a line of battle off the mole.[50][57] The bombardment began at 2:45p.m., with return fire coming from the Algerian gun batteries.[57]
Hebrus was kept in reserve, alongside the 36-gun frigate HMS Granicus and the smaller vessels, in the expectation that they would fill any gaps in the line of battle as they opened up. Hebrus sailed forward in an attempt to fill the first of these spaces soon after the firing had begun, but so much Algerian fire was aimed towards her that she was forced to anchor a little behind the line, to port of the 104-gun ship of the line HMS Queen Charlotte.[58][59]Granicus then passed Hebrus and filled the open position next to Queen Charlotte, and both frigates joined the cannonade, during which on several occasions Granicus sent a man on board Hebrus to complain that the latter's shot was hitting the former.[58][60][61] The bombardment continued until 9 p.m. when Exmouth's ships sailed back out of range. Hebrus had four men killed and a further fifteen wounded in the engagement.[50][57]
Hebrus had taken twenty-two roundshot hits from the Algerian fire, and the crew spent the following night manning the pumps to remove the 1foot 6inches (0.46m) of water that was entering the ship's hull each hour.[62]Hebrus was careened on 29 August to further inspect the damage, and then the following day was sent in close to shore to supervise the Christian ex-slaves being embarked in the transports, Algiers having agreed to abolish Christian slavery.[63] While this was being completed the crew were employed in weighting down the bodies that had been thrown from the ships during the bombardment and that were now floating back to the surface.[64]Hebrus was ordered back to Gibraltar on 4 September, before on 4 October the fleet returned to Plymouth.[65]
The service lives of pine-built ships were always noticeably shorter than those built of oak, and yellow pine ships are deemed by Gardiner to have had the "worst of all" lifespans.[6][5] After her return Hebrus was taken into dock where her timbers were discovered to be incredibly rotten, to the extent that they crumbled away when touched. She was paid off on 2 November and subsequently sold to Joshua Crystall for £2,110 on 3 April 1817.[6][5][66] In 1849 all living members of the crew were awarded the Naval General Service Medal with a clasp for the capture of Étoile.[67]
Prizes
Vessels captured or destroyed for which Hebrus's crew received full or partial credit
HMS Speedy was a 14-gun Speedy-class brig of the British Royal Navy. Built during the last years of the American War of Independence, she served with distinction during the French Revolutionary Wars.
HMS Implacable was a 74-gun third-rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy. She was originally the French Navy's Téméraire-class ship of the line Duguay-Trouin, launched in 1800.
The Chesapeake Bay Flotilla was a motley collection of barges and gunboats that the United States assembled under the command of Joshua Barney, an 1812 privateer captain, to stall British attacks in the Chesapeake Bay which came to be known as the "Chesapeake campaign" during the War of 1812. The Flotilla engaged the Royal Navy in several inconclusive battles before Barney was forced to scuttle the vessels themselves on August 22, 1814. The men of the Flotilla then served onshore in the defense of Washington, DC and Baltimore. It was disbanded on February 15, 1815, after the end of the war.
Étoile was a 44-gun frigate of the French Navy, launched in 1813. The British captured her in 1814 and the Royal Navy took her into service as HMS Topaze. She did not go to sea again until 1818, and was paid off in 1822. She served as a receiving ship until 1850 and was broken up in 1851.
HMS Astraea was a Royal Navy 36-gun fifth rate Apollo-class frigate, launched- in 1810 at Northam. She participated in the Battle of Tamatave and in an inconclusive single-ship action with the French frigate Etoile. Astrea was broken up in 1851.
Admiral Sir Lawrence William Halsted GCB was an officer of the Royal Navy who served during the American War of Independence and the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.
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The action of 13 October 1796 was a minor naval engagement of the French Revolutionary Wars, fought off the Mediterranean coast of Spain near Cartagena between the British Royal Navy 32-gun frigate HMS Terpsichore under Captain Richard Bowen and the Spanish Navy 34-gun frigate Mahonesa under Captain Tomás de Ayalde. The action was the first battle of the Anglo-Spanish War, coming just eight days after the Spanish declaration of war. In a battle lasting an hour and forty minutes, Mahonesa was captured.
HMS Severn was an Endymion-class frigate of the British Royal Navy, launched in 1813 as one of five heavy frigates built to match the powerful American frigates. The shortage of oak meant that she was built of "fir", which meant a considerably shortened lifespan. Nonetheless, the ship saw useful service, especially at the bombardment of Algiers in 1816, before being broken up in 1825.
The action of 10 April 1795 was a minor naval engagement during the French Revolutionary Wars in which a squadron of French Navy frigates was intercepted by a British battle squadron under Rear-Admiral John Colpoys which formed part of the blockade of the French naval base of Brest in Brittany. The French squadron split up in the face of superior British numbers, the three vessels seeking to divide and outrun the British pursuit. One frigate, Gloire was followed by the British frigate HMS Astraea and was ultimately brought to battle in a closely fought engagement. Although the ships were roughly equal in size, the British ship was easily able to defeat the French in an engagement lasting just under an hour.
The Battle of Jobourg was a minor naval engagement between British and French frigate squadrons during the last weeks of the War of the Sixth Coalition in the 22nd and penultimate year of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. In October 1813 the French Navy, unable to challenge the Royal Navy's dominance at sea, sent two small squadrons of frigates to harass British trade in the Atlantic Ocean. One was brought to battle in January 1814 and defeated near the Canary Islands but the second, from Nantes and consisting of the frigates Etoile and Sultane, fought an inconclusive engagement against British frigate HMS Severn on 4 January in the mid-Atlantic and a furious battle against HMS Astrea and HMS Creole on 23 January near Maio in the Cape Verde Islands.
Rear-Admiral John Bligh CB was an officer in the Royal Navy who served during the American War of Independence and the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.
Captain Edmund Palmer was a Royal Navy officer of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century who is best known for his service as commander of the frigate HMS Hebrus, in the Battle of Jobourg off the Normandy Coast, in the last frigate ship-to-ship battle of the Napoleonic Wars on 27 March 1814. Chasing down the frigate Etoile, which was making for Saint Malo, Palmer cornered and defeated the French ship in a fierce engagement.
Admiral Frederick Whitworth Aylmer, 6th Baron Aylmer was a British Royal Navy officer who fought in the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars, eventually rising to the rank of admiral. He was born on 12 October 1777 in Twyford, Hampshire, into a naval family which included his great-great-grandfather, Admiral Matthew Aylmer.
HMS Pearl was a fifth-rate, 32-gun British Royal Navy frigate of the Niger-class. Launched at Chatham Dockyard in 1762, she served in British North America until January 1773, when she sailed to England for repairs. Returning to North America in March 1776, to fight in the American Revolutionary War, Pearl escorted the transports which landed troops in Kip's Bay that September. Much of the following year was spent on the Delaware River where she took part in the Battle of Red Bank in October. Towards the end of 1777, Pearl joined Vice-Admiral Richard Howe's fleet in Narragansett Bay and was still there when the French fleet arrived and began an attack on British positions. Both fleets were forced to retire due to bad weather and the action was inconclusive. Pearl was then despatched to keep an eye on the French fleet, which had been driven into Boston.
HMS Artois was a fifth-rate Artois-class frigate of the Royal Navy, designed by Sir John Henslow and launched in 1794 at Rotherhithe as the lead ship of her class. She served for the majority of her career in the English Channel under the command of Edmund Nagle in the squadrons of Edward Pellew and John Borlase Warren, notably taking part in the action of 21 October 1794 where she captured the 44-gun frigate La Révolutionnaire almost singlehandedly. She participated in a number of other actions and events including the attempted invasion of France in 1795. Artois continued to serve actively on the coast of France in blockade and patrolling roles, taking a large number of ships as prizes, until she was wrecked with no loss of life off Île de Ré on 31 July 1797 while attempting to reconnoitre the harbour of La Rochelle.
Captain Peter Rainier was a Royal Navy officer of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Due to the patronage of his uncle, Vice-Admiral Peter Rainier, he was promoted quickly through the ranks so that by the age of twenty he was already a captain. He was given command of the 36-gun frigate HMS Caroline and on 18 October 1806 he fought a successful action in her against the Dutch 36-gun frigate Maria Reijersbergen at Batavia.
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The Perseverance-class frigate was a 36-gun, later 42-gun, 18-pounder fifth-rate frigate class of twelve ships of the Royal Navy, constructed in two batches. Designed by Surveyor of the Navy Sir Edward Hunt the first iteration, consisting of four ships, was constructed as a rival to the similar Flora-class frigate. Strongly built ships, the Perseverance class provided favourable gunnery characteristics and was highly manoeuvrable, but bought these traits with a loss of speed. The name ship of the class, Perseverance, was ordered in 1779 and participated in the American Revolutionary War, but her three sister ships were constructed too late to take part. The class continued in service after the war, but soon became outdated.
HMS Regulus was a 44-gun fifth-rate Roebuck-class ship of the Royal Navy launched in 1785. Not commissioned until 1793 for the French Revolutionary Wars, Regulus served predominantly as a troop ship. After initial service in the English Channel she moved to the Jamaica Station where she saw action around Hispaniola and Puerto Rico. Returned to Britain in 1799, the ship served during the Egypt Campaign in 1801 and was present at the Battle of Abukir.
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