Hames Valley AVA

Last updated

Hames Valley
Wine region
TTB Map Hames Valley AVA.png
Type American Viticultural Area
Year established1994 [1]
Years of wine industry54 [2]
CountryUnited States
Part of California, Central Coast AVA, Monterey County, Monterey AVA
Other regions in California, Central Coast AVA, Monterey County, Monterey AVA Arroyo Seco AVA, San Bernabe AVA, San Lucas AVA, Santa Lucia Highlands AVA
Climate region Region III-IV [3] [4]
Heat units 3200-3500 GDD [3]
Precipitation (annual average)10 to 12 in (254–305 mm) [3]
Soil conditionsLockwood series gravelly sandy loam [3]
Total area10,240 acres (16 sq mi) [1]
Size of planted vineyards1994: 630 acres (255 ha) [1]
2024: 2,200 acres (890 ha) [2]
No. of vineyards8 [2]
Grapes produced Alvarelhão, Cabernet Sauvignon, Malbec, Mourvèdre, Petite Sirah, Petit Verdot, Souzao, Tannat, Tempranillo, Tinta Cão, Touriga Nacional [5]
No. of wineries20

Hames Valley is an American Viticultural Area (AVA) in Monterey County, California a few miles from its southern border with San Luis Obispo (SLO) County. The state's 67th appellation was established on April 15,1994 by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF), Treasury after reviewing the petition submitted by Mr. Barry C. Jackson of the Harmony Wine Company on behalf of Valley Farm Management, Soledad, California, and Mr. Bob Denney & Associates, Visalia, California to establish a viticultural area within Monterey County known as "Hames Valley." [1] [6]

Contents

The viticultural area is a small east-west oriented valley, west of the generally north-south orientation of the meandering Salinas River. It is located between the southeast foothills of the Santa Lucia Mountains and the west of the confluence of the Salinas, San Antonio, and Nacimiento Rivers. The watershed of Hames Creek is the defining feature of the appellation. Hames Valley is 3 miles (5 km) west of the town of Bradley and about 20 miles (32 km) north of the city of Paso Robles and AVA in San Luis Obispo county. It encompasses about 16 square miles (10,240 acres) with 630 acres (255 ha) of cultivation and wholly lies within the vast Monterey viticultural area. There were several existing vineyards, but no wineries when the appellation was recognized. The shale loam soil found in Hames Valley, combined with its warmer weather is the ideal setting for growing signature Rhone varietals. [1]

History

The name Hames Valley has been associated with this area since the latter part of the nineteenth century. The petition cites Monterey County Place Names which states that the valley was named after John Hames, who was born in Osage County, New York and immigrated to California in the 1840s. A millwright by trade, he and his brother built a flour mill in Corralitos. In 1883, he went into the sheep herding business on his ranch in Hames Valley and held extensive land holdings. [7] In addition, the name Hames Valley appears on the U.S.G.S. Bradley Quadrangle, 15 minute series, map of Bradley, California, and also appears on the U.S.G.S. 7.5 minute series map entitled Hames Valley. The petition notes that the area's creek, valley, hamlet and post office bears John Hames' name. [6]

Terroir

Topography

Hames Valley is a small east-west oriented valley, west of the generally north-south orientation of the meandering Salinas River. Formed by the watershed of Hames Creek, Hames Valley thrusts its way 7 miles (11 km) into the eastern flank of the Santa Lucia Mountains. Hames Creek empties into the Salinas River approximately two miles downstream from the confluence of the San Antonio and Salinas Rivers. Hames Valley is separated from the San Antonio River by a ridge averaging 1,500 feet (457 m) in elevation, the highest peak at 1,984 feet (605 m) . A similar ridgeline forms the northern boundary and separates Hames Valley from the Salinas River. The general topography within the valley consists of gently sloping alluvial fans and associated terraces with generally well defined drainages. [1]

Climate

Hames Valley is the southernmost viticultural area in Monterey County offering a unique climate. The petition submitted a study by A.N. Kasimatis, Extension Viticulturist, University of California, Davis (August 7, 1970). [6] The study shows that heat summation for the Hames Valley-Bradley area is generally in the 3200 to 3500 degree-day (GDD) range. This corresponds to a warm Region III-IV, similar to the King City and Paso Robles areas with Nacimiento Dam having 3757 GDD, Region IV. [6] This differs from the generally cooler climate (Region I-II) for the Gonzales, Soledad and Greenfield areas farther north. Regarding other climatic factors, the rainfall in the Hames Valley area averages 10 to 12 inches (254–305 mm) annually. The petition states that the east-west axis of the Hames Valley relative to the north-south orientation of the Salinas Valley results in a reduced wind stress factor in the Hames Valley area. Wind speed builds up later in the day and at reduced velocities relative to the "wind-tunnel" effect in the Gonzales-Soledad-Greenfield area. This results in shorter overall exposure to wind stress, from both a time and wind velocity standpoint. In summary, the following factors differentiate the Hames Valley from the adjacent Salinas Valley: [3]
(a) An east-west axis relative to the general north-south orientation of the Salinas Valley.
(b) A generally warmer microclimate: Region III-IV vs. Region I-II.
(c) Higher overall elevation: 500 to 800 feet (152–244 m) for Hames Valley, 100 to 500 feet (30–152 m) for the Salinas Valley.
(d) Later daily windspeed build-up and duration of wind.
(e) More homogeneous soil profile: Hames Valley with one principal soil type; Salinas Valley, over 70 soil types.
(f) Geographically distinct and separate from the Salinas River Valley.

Soil

The petition submitted a composite map of the Hames Valley area compiled from the Soil Survey of Monterey County, California, U.S.D.A. Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Forestry Service, University of California Agricultural Experiment Station (1972). According to this map, the principal soils in the area are gravelly sandy loams of the Lockwood series. These comprise approximately 75 percent of the soil types present. Lesser amounts of Chamise shaly loams and Nacimiento silty clay loams are also present. All current viticulture takes place in the Lockwood series soils. Soils in the surrounding areas are also silty and shaly loams, but are located on 30 to 50 percent slopes and are of different compositions. The preponderance of the Lockwood shaly clay loam and the geomorphology (flat, well defined valley floor) distinguishes Hames Valley apart from the surrounding mountainous areas. [3] [6]

Viticulture

Hames Valley has enjoyed the status of its own AVA since 1994 though wine grapes were first cultivated there in 1971. This region has about 10,000 acres suitable for grape growing, with 2,200 acres currently planted. The shale-loam soil found in Hames Valley, combined with its warmer weather is an ideal setting for growing signature Rhone varietals. Hames Valley is known its long, warm days that make this an ideal area for sun-loving reds. The region produces balanced, full-bodied wines of intensity, such as Cabernet Sauvignon, Petite Sirah and Petit Verdot. In addition, traditional port grapes such as Tinta Cao and Touriga Nacional are grown. [2] [4] [5]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carmel Valley AVA</span> American Viticultural Area in California

Carmel Valley is an American Viticultural Area (AVA) located in Monterey County, California, southeast of Carmel-by-the-Sea and it is one of the ten AVAs in the county. Approximately 100 miles (161 km) south of San Francisco, the AVA was recognized by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF), Treasury on January 13, 1983 after reviewing the petition submitted by Mr. David Armanasco, General Manager of Durney Vineyard, located in Carmel, to propose a viticultural area named “Carmel Valley.”

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Livermore Valley AVA</span> Wine grape–growing region in San Francisco Bay Area, California, U.S.

Livermore Valley is an American Viticultural Area (AVA) in Alameda County, California, centered around the city of Livermore in the Tri-Valley region which is composed of Amador, San Ramon, and Livermore valleys. The valley was named by Robert Livermore, an 18th century landowner whose holdings encompassed the area who planted the first grapevines in the region. The 96,000 acres (150 sq mi) AVA was established on September 1, 1982 by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF), Treasury after reviewing the petition submitted by fifteen Livermore Valley vintners and growers to establish a viticultural area in Alameda County named "Livermore Valley."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arroyo Seco AVA</span> Appelation that designates wine in Monterey County, CA

Arroyo Seco is an American Viticultural Area (AVA) in Monterey County, California, southeast of Monterey Bay. The state's 15th appellation was established on May 16,1983 by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF), Treasury after reviewing the petition submitted by the Arroyo Seco Winegrowers and Vintners, an association composed of grape growers and vintners with vineyards, to establish a viticultural area within Monterey County known as "Arroyo Seco."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chalone AVA</span> Appelation that designates wine in Monterey County, CA

Chalone identifies the first American Viticultural Area (AVA) established in Monterey County, California straddling its border with San Benito County where it is the second established AVA. Chalone viticultural area is located in the Gabilan Mountains east of Soledad. It was recognized by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF) effective on July 14, 1982 after reviewing the petition submitted by the Gavilan Vineyards, Inc. to establish a viticultural area in Monterey and San Benito counties to be named "The Pinnacles." The area encompasses 8,640 acres (14 sq mi) and the proposed name was recognition of the nearby Chalone peaks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Santa Maria Valley AVA</span> American wine region located in California

Santa Maria Valley is an American Viticultural Area (AVA) which straddles the boundary of Santa Barbara and San Luis Obispo counties in California's multi-county Central Coast AVA. It was established on August 5, 1981, by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) as California's second oldest AVA. A portion of the AVA crosses the Cuyama River into the southernmost corner of San Luis Obispo County. The east-west orientation of the 152.3 square miles with a wide, open valley and rolling hills means cool winds and fog flow in freely from the Pacific Ocean, settling most noticeably in lower-lying areas. The result is a mild Mediterranean climate that lengthens the growing season and contributes to the eventual sugar/acid balance in the grapes from Santa Maria Valley's 7,500 acres (3,000 ha) cultivated vineyards. On January 28, 2011, the AVA was granted a 29.4 square miles expansion to its southern boundary.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mendocino County wine</span>

Mendocino County wine is an appellation that designates wine made from grapes grown mostly in Mendocino County, California. The region is part of the larger North Coast AVA and one of California's largest and most climatically diverse wine growing regions. Mendocino County is one of the northernmost commercial wine grape regions in the state with two distinct climate zones separated by the Mendocino Range. As of 2024, twelve American Viticultural Areas (AVA) have been designated within Mendocino County. Mendocino is one of the leading wine growing regions for organically produced wine grapes. Nearly 25% of the cultivation in Mendocino County is grown organically. In 2004, the residents of the county voted to become the first GMO-free county in the United States in an initiative that was supported by many of the county's largest wineries. The county's widespread focus on organic viticulture has inspired journalists to describe it as "California's organic wine Mecca".

Mendocino Ridge is a coastal, cool climate and high altitude American Viticultural Area (AVA) located entirely within the coastal zone of Mendocino County, California. The viticultural area was established on October 27, 1997 by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF), Treasury after reviewing the petition submitted by Mr. Steve Alden on behalf of the Mendocino Ridge Quality Alliance proposing a viticultural area named "Mendocino Ridge." The boundaries of the 262,400 acres (410 sq mi) AVA encompass the coastal ridges at or above 1,200 ft (366 m) in elevation adjacent to the Pacific Ocean that reach inland toward the Anderson Valley. Roughly 36 mi (58 km) of the southernmost portion of the Mendocino coastline forms the AVA western border, with the Sonoma County line as the southern boundary, the Navarro River is the northern boundary and Anderson Valley outlines the inland boundary running northwest–southeast. Mendocino Ridge is essentially a northern extension of the Sonoma Coast viticultural area. Mendocino Ridge AVA designation is unique by its elevation where vineyards lie at or above 1,200 ft (366 m). This means Mendocino Ridge is the only non-contiguous AVA in the United States. The Mendocino Ridge AVA has been nicknamed "Islands in the Sky," because the thick fog moving inland from the Pacific Ocean blankets the coast and the valleys between the ridge tops, making the tops of the mountains, where the vinyards lay, look like islands protruding from a sea of fog. Mendocino Ridge AVA lies above the Anderson Valley and Mendocino appellations. The Mendocino Ridge viticultural area contains approximately 1,500 to 2,000 acres (607–809 ha), about 2% of the total acreage, that are suitable for vineyards. The local hillsides are very steep and covered with timber, making them unfit for viticulture. Estimates of planted acres range from 233 to 410, which accounts for about 0.3% of the total area.

Arroyo Grande Valley is an American Viticultural Area (AVA) located in San Luis Obispo County, California approximately 12 miles (19 km) southeast of the county seat San Luis Obispo. Arroyo Grande Valley was recognized on February 5, 1990 by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) as the state's 60th AVA based on the petition filed in 1987 by Don Talley of Talley Vineyards and William S. Greenough of Saucelito Canyon Vineyard for the establishment of the "Arroyo Grande Valley" viticultural area in San Luis Obispo County. The 16 miles (26 km) long, approximately 67 square miles valley appellation benefits from its east-northeast orientation allowing the breeze from the Pacific Ocean to moderate the climate of the area. The valley is divided by a fog line produced by the cool maritime layer where Zinfandel, Petite Sirah and Rhône varietals are grown on the higher elevations near Lopez Lake and the cooler mid-valley vineyards being home to Chardonnay and Pinot noir. On April 8, 2022, the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB) approved the designation of the expansive San Luis Obispo (SLO) Coast AVA overlapping the boundaries of Edna Valley and Arroyo Grande Valley viticultural areas because they share common features. However, these two previously established areas still have unique characteristics to retain their viticultural area distinctions within SLO Coast. Edna Valley lies immediately to the northwest, the Los Padres National Forest straddles the north leg boundary, the Santa Maria Valley AVA lies to the southeast of Arroyo Grande Valley, and the Pacific Ocean communities of Oceano, Grover City and Arroyo Grande abut its southwestern border.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">San Lucas AVA</span> Appelation that designates wine in Monterey County, CA

San Lucas is an American Viticultural Area (AVA) located in vicinity of the town of San Lucas between King City and San Ardo in southern Monterey County, California. It lies within the southern end of the fertile Salinas Valley. The appellation was recognized on March 7, 1987 by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF), Treasury after reviewing the petition submitted by Almadèn Vineyards of San Jose, California, for the establishment of a viticultural area named "San Lucas." Based on the data submitted by the petitioner for vineyards near King City and San Lucas for the 11-year period 1974 to 1984, ATF concluded that the microclimate of the San Lucas Viticultural Area is the chief characteristic which distinguishes the area from other adjoining areas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sierra Foothills AVA</span> Wine region in the California, U.S.

Sierra Foothills is a vast American Viticultural Area (AVA) encompassing portions of seven of the twelve California counties in the foothill "belt" of the Sierra Nevadas in north-central California, an interior range that extends about 360 mi (580 km) in a northwest-southeast orientation from Mt. Lassen to Walker Pass near Bakersfield. The viticultural area is approximately 160 mi (260 km) long and lies 40 mi (64 km) to the east of Sacramento. It was established on December 18, 1987 by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF), Treasury after evaluating the petition filed by the Sierra Foothills Winery Association of Somerset, California for the establishment of a viticultural area named "Sierra Foothills" in portions of Yuba, Nevada, Placer, El Dorado, Amador, Calaveras, Tuolumne and Mariposa Counties. Wine grapes were introduced to the area in the nineteenth century during the California Gold Rush of 1849. Over 280 vineyards/wineries are located within its boundaries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">St. Helena AVA</span> American Viticultural Area in California

St. Helena is an American Viticultural Area (AVA) located within Napa Valley, centered in and around the town of St. Helena, California. It was established by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF) on October 11, 1995, after the ATF received a petition from Mr. Charles A. Carpy, Chairman of the St. Helena Appellation Committee, proposing to establish a new viticultural area in Napa County to be known as "St. Helena."

The Chiles Valley is an American Viticultural Area (AVA) located in Napa County, California and a sub-region within Napa Valley AVA. It was established as California's 81st AVA by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF) on April 19, 1999 after the ATF received the petition from Mr. Volker Eisele, owner of the Volker Eisele Vineyard and Winery proposing a new viticultural area in Napa County to be known as "Chiles Valley District".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Edna Valley AVA</span> Appelation that designates wine in San Luis Obispo County, CA

Edna Valley is an American Viticultural Area (AVA) located in San Luis Obispo (SLO) County, California encompassing the rural town of Edna which is 9 miles (14 km) southeast of the county seat San Luis Obispo and north of the small coastal town Arroyo Grande. It was established by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF) as the county's first AVA within California’s multi-county Central Coast AVA effective May 12, 1982. It became an sub-appellation of the county’s newest San Luis Obispo Coast viticultural area since April 2022. The valley is diagonally flanked by Lake Lopez to the south and Islay Hill to the north. The elongated valley extends along a northwest-southeast axis bordered to the west by the Santa Lucia Mountains and surrounded by volcanic mountains and characterized by black humus and clay-rich soils. With moderate sunshine, cool maritime fog, and rich oceanic and volcanic soils, the Edna Valley appellation has California's longest growing season. The valley is kept cool by breezes from the Pacific Ocean and morning fog. The extended growing season allows complex flavors to develop in the grapes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">California Shenandoah Valley AVA</span> Viticultural area in California, US

California Shenandoah Valley is an American Viticultural Area (AVA) located within portions of Amador County and El Dorado County, California. The area was established on January 27, 1983 by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF), Treasury after approving the petition from the Amador County Wine Grape Growers Association proposing a viticultural area in Amador County, California, to be known as "Shenandoah Valley." It lies within the vast multi-county Sierra Foothills viticultural area boundaries and borders the northwest boundary of Fiddletown viticultural area which received recognition later the same year. In the petition, the area consists of approximately 10,000 acres (16 sq mi) with about1,200 acres (486 ha) under vine. The petition requested ATF for the Shenandoah Valley viticultural area to be situated to the north and west of Fiddletown, and to the north and east of Plymouth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Monterey AVA</span> Viticultural area in Monterey County, California

Monterey is an American Viticultural Area (AVA) located in eastern Monterey County, California. It was recognized on July 16, 1984 by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF), Treasury after reviewing the petition submitted by the Monterey Winegrowers Council to establish the "Monterey" viticultural area. The designated area within the multi-county Central Coast AVA expands almost the entire length of the county from the Monterey Bay southern shoreline to the Salinas river valley framed by the Santa Lucia, Sierra de Salinas and Gabilan Ranges stretching north-south for about 100 miles (160 km) from Watsonville to its southern point, abutting the town of Paso Robles in San Luis Obispo County. Monterey AVA expands approximately 360,000 acres (560 sq mi) with about 40,000 acres (16,000 ha) of cultivated vineyards. The AVA includes parts of the Carmel and the Salinas valleys containing five smaller American viticultural areas: Arroyo Seco, Hames Valley, San Bernabe, San Lucas and Santa Lucia Highlands. The northern portion is a cool growing region with a very long growing season. Daytime temperatures rarely exceed 75 °F (24 °C) in most parts of the region, although the southern segments of the AVA can measure 100 °F (38 °C) at times. The soil is sandy loam and most regions require irrigation from the Salinas River.

Pacheco Pass is an American Viticultural Area (AVA) located in the Santa Clara and San Benito counties of California. It lies within the larger San Francisco Bay viticultural area. Pacheco Pass was established on April 11, 1984 by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF), Treasury after evaluating the petition submitted by Mr. H.G. Zanger of Pacheco Pass Vineyard, later renamed "Zanger Vineyards", proposing an area near Hollister, California, as a viticultural area known as "Pacheco Pass."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">San Bernabe AVA</span> Appelation that designates wine in Monterey County, CA

San Bernabe is an American Viticultural Area (AVA) located in southern Monterey County, California. It lies within the larger, enlongated Monterey AVA in the Salinas Valley sandwiched between the Salinas River to the east, and the Santa Lucia Mountains to the west. The appellation’s northern border is Pine Canyon and is adjacent on its southern border to the San Lucas viticultural area. The appellation was established on August 30, 2004 by the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB), Treasury after reviewing two petitions submitted by Claude Hoover from Delicato Family Vineyards proposing the establishment of a new viticultural area to be named "San Bernabe", and the realignment of the adjacent, established San Lucas viticultural area.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Santa Lucia Highlands AVA</span> Appelation that designates wine in Monterey County, CA

Santa Lucia Highlands is an American Viticultural Area (AVA) located in central Monterey County, California and lies within the boundaries of the larger, elongated Monterey viticultural area. It was recognized by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms {ATF}, Treasury on June 15, 1992 after reviewing the petition from Mr. Barry Jackson of the Harmony Wine Company proposing a viticultural area to be known as "Santa Lucia Highlands."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sta. Rita Hills AVA</span> Winemaking region in California, United States

Sta. Rita Hills is an American Viticultural Area located in Santa Barbara County, California within the vast Santa Ynez Valley. The approximately 30,720 acres (48 sq mi) area was established on May 31, 2001 by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF), Department of the Treasury after reviewing the petition submitted by J. Richard Sanford and drafted by Wesley D. Hagen, on behalf of viticulturists and vintners working in Santa Barbara County. The petition was signed by 22 people, 14 of whom are local wine grape growers, to establish a viticultural area encompassed by, but separate from, the Santa Ynez Valley AVA to be named "Santa Rita Hills."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Monterey County wine</span> Appelation that designates wine in Monterey County, CA

Monterey County wine is a appellation that designates wine made from grapes grown in Monterey County, California which lies entirely within the expansive multi-county Central Coast viticultural area. County names in the United States automatically qualify as legal appellations of origin for wine produced from grapes grown in that county and do not require registration with the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB). TTB was created in January 2003, when the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms, or ATF, was extensively reorganized under the provisions of the Homeland Security Act of 2002.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "The Hames Valley Viticultural Area (93F-009P" (27 CFR 9 [T.D. ATF-356; RE: Notice No. 783] RIN 1512-AA07 Final Rule). Federal Register . 59 (58). Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF), Treasury: 14098–14100. March 25, 1994.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  2. 1 2 3 4 "Monterey Wine Country" (AVAS). Monterey County Vintners and Growers Association. 2024.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "The Hames Valley Viticultural Area (93F-009P" (RIN 1512-AA07 [Notice No. 783] Proposed rule). Federal Register . 58 (206). Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF), Treasury: 14098–14100. March 25, 1994.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  4. 1 2 "Scheid Vineyards - Our Vineyards - Region Four". Scheid Vineyards. 2024.
  5. 1 2 "Hames Valley (AVA): Appellation Profile". Appellation America. 2007. Archived from the original on August 30, 2018. Retrieved April 15, 2021.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Jackson, Barry C. (April 27, 1993). "Petition to Propose Establishment of Hames Valley American Viticultural Area". TTB.gov. Harmony Wine Company.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  7. ↑ Clark, Donald Thomas (November 22, 1991). Monterey County Place Names, A Geographical Dictionary (Rancho San Bernabé) (First ed.). Carmel Valley, California: Kestrel Press. p. 201. ISBN   978-1880478011.

35°45′53″N120°40′41″W / 35.76478162°N 120.67801992°W / 35.76478162; -120.67801992

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.