Monterey County wine

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Monterey County wine
Wine region
J. Lohr Arroyo Seco Vineyard.jpg
Arroyo Seco vineyard
Type U.S. County Appellation [1]
Years of wine industry254 [2]
CountryUnited States
Part of California, Central Coast AVA
Other regions in California, Central Coast AVA San Luis Obispo County, Santa Barbara County
Sub-regions Carmel Valley AVA, Chalone AVA, San Antonio Valley AVA, Monterey AVA, Hames Valley AVA, Arroyo Seco AVA, San Bernabe AVA, San Lucas AVA, Santa Lucia Highlands AVA, Gabilan Mountains AVA, Carmel Coast AVA [3]
Climate region Region I, II, III, IV [4]
Total area2,100,480 acres (3,282 sq mi) [5]
Size of planted vineyards69,000 acres (28,000 ha) [6]
No. of vineyardsover 349 [6]
Grapes produced Albarino, Alvarelhao, Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Chenin blanc, Gewurztraminer, Grenache, Malbec, Malvasia, Merlot, Orange Muscat, Petite Sirah, Pinot blanc, Pinot gris, Pinot noir, Riesling, Roussanne, Sangiovese, Sauvignon blanc, Semillon, Souzao, Syrah, Tannat, Tinta Cao, Touriga Nacional, Valdiguie, Viognier, Zinfandel [1]
Varietals produced53 [7]
No. of wineries76 [1]

Monterey County wine is a appellation that designates wine made from grapes grown in Monterey County, California which lies entirely within the expansive multi-county Central Coast viticultural area. County names in the United States automatically qualify as legal appellations of origin for wine produced from grapes grown in that county and do not require registration with the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB). TTB was created in January 2003, when the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms, or ATF, was extensively reorganized under the provisions of the Homeland Security Act of 2002. [8]

Contents

Monterey County is known internationally for its scenic splendor with the California Coast Ranges forming the mountainous shoreline and wind-swept evergreens on coastal cliffs outlined by the cinematic Pacific Coast Highway (PCH) along Big Sur, the white-sanded beaches in Carmel, the quiet tide pools at Pebble Beach and fertile soils of the Salinas Valley caressed by the maritime California weather. These elements provide ideal terrain, climate, and soil creating unique microclimates throughout the county for a vibrant viticulture economy.

This historic region is one of the popular bastions of cool-climate viticulture because of its proximity to the Pacific coast. The majority of Monterey's cultivated 69,000 acres (27,923 ha) resides in the 80 miles (129 km) elongated, fertile Salinas Valley framed by the central inner Coastal Range, continuously defined on a southeast to northwest axis by the Santa Lucia Range to the west and the Gabilan Range along its eastern boundary. As of 2024, the county is resident to ten established American Viticultural Areas (AVA), each with distinct viticultural personalities. They are Chalone, Arroyo Seco, San Lucas, Santa Lucia Highlands, San Bernabe, Hames Valley, Carmel Valley, San Antonio Valley, Gabilan Mountains and the large Monterey viticultural areas. [1] [2]

History

“Monterey” is the name of a peninsula, a city, a bay, and county with a rich history. The county name was adopted in 1848. Although, the name “Monterey” originated in the Americas during the days of Spanish rule. In 1602, explorer Sebastian Vizcaino named the bay in honor of Condado de Monterrey, Spanish viceroy of Mexico. During 1770, the Spanish established the Presidio of Monterey and Franciscan Friar Junípero Serra founded Mission San Antonio de Padua, Mission Soledad and Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo whose present-day Monterey County locales are respectively Jolon, Soledad and Monterey. The same year, vitis vinifera were planted at the mission in Monterey and subsequent years at the missions in Jolon and Soledad. In May 1771, Father Serra relocated the Monterey mission to land near the mouth of the Carmel River because it was better suited for farming. Monterey was named the capital of Alta California in 1775 and was fortified, becoming a major port of entry and center of Spanish culture in the "New World". [2]

Despite conflicting accounts, the first recorded New World vineyard was probably in 1683 by the Spanish Jesuit missionary Eusebio Francisco Kino, at Misión San Bruno in Baja California, planting the first variety named "Misionéro." These grapevines, Vitis vinifera, were originally transported by ship from Spain to Mexico around the year 1540 and cuttings were planted throughout Mexico and spread north with Spanish explorers in the 1620s. Cuttings were later planted in 1769 at the site of the first mission founded in San Diego and became known as "Mission grapes" dominating California wine production until about 1880. [9] In 1779, Franciscan missionaries, under the direction of the Father Junípero Serra, established Alta California's first vineyard and winery at Mission San Juan Capistrano. Both red and white wines (sweet and dry), brandy, and a port-like wine called Angelica were all produced from the Mission grape. The mission's historical journals document that between May 1779 and 1781, the padres supervised six ‘campesinos’ from Baja California in planting 2,000 grapevines at the mission. Father Serra founded eight California missions, hence, he has been called the "Father of California Wine." [10]

In 1919, French immigrant and entrepreneur, Charles Tamm, traveled through California searching for the terroir with limestone soil similar to his native Burgundy. He found a property in southern Monterey County on the north slope of Chalone Peak which is currently Chalone Vineyards. On the limestone-based elevated 1,800 feet (550 m) topography, Tamm planted Chenin Blanc sourcing for wineries even during Prohibition, when the grapes were used to make sacramental wines. Winegrowing, however, never became important in Monterey County because it was considered a “poor area” for viticulture. Strong winds off Monterey Bay and the arid, climate of the Salinas River Valley deterred the planting of wine grapes. During Prohibition, only 400 acres (162 ha) of vineyards in Monterey County survived and this acreage was halved in the years following Repeal. [4] Later, Chalone Vineyard grew and its grapes were sold in the 1940s and '50s to Almaden Vineyards and Wente Brothers. [7] [11] In 1946, Chalone vineyards was expanded by its subsequent owner, William Silvear, with more Chardonnay and Chenin Blanc plus newly planted Pinot Blanc and Pinot Noir. [12] [13]

In the early 1960s, the modern era of viticulture took root and Monterey County gained prominence as a wine-producing region. By the late 1960s and early 1970s, the quality of some California wines was outstanding but few took notice as the market favored French brands. [14] At the legendary Judgement of Paris on 24 May 1976, Chalone Vineyard's 1974 Chardonnay ranked 3rd in the white wine category scored by renown French oenophiles. The identical vintage ranked 1st in a repeat event at the San Francisco Wine Tasting of 1978. [13] During the 1982 Monterey AVA petition review, there were approximately 36,000 acres (15,000 ha) devoted to viticulture, 14 registered wineries, a 15th under construction, and three proposed viticultural areas, namely, Arroyo Seco, Carmel Valley and Chalone. In addition to the petition for the Monterey viticultural area, ATF received petitions for the establishment of viticultural areas to be "King City" and "San Lucas." [15] Monterey AVA's proposed boundaries encompassed 640,000 acres (1,000 sq mi) where 35,758 acres (14,471 ha), approximately 5.5 percent, were devoted to viticulture. Since the 1982 TTB recognition of Chalone, the county's first established viticultural area, Monterey County established ten AVAs with over 69,000 acres (27,923 ha) under vine and a world-class viticulture reputation. [2] [7] [16]

Monterey County Viticultural Areas (As of 2023)

DSC28063, Chateau Julien Winery, Carmel, California, USA (4900164824).jpg

Terroir

Monterey County is distinguished by the composition of its soils, elevation, topography, and the marine influences from the Pacific Ocean, specifically, wind, rainfall, fog and climatic variances. Its numerous valley floors are flat and several miles wide with multiple elevated slopes creating an ideal topography for viticulture. The Monterey AVA is the largest in the county, with over 640,000 acres (1,000 sq mi) extending the entire length of the county. Because it covers so much terrain, it has diverse micro-climates which translates to exceptional grape diversity from the southern shores of Monterey Bay to the expansive river valley between the Gabilan and Sierra de Salinas mountains forming a natural funnel, drawing cool marine air inland from the coast. Fog and the maritime breezes are a vital part of the Monterey terroir, just as they are further north in Napa and Sonoma valleys. The Salinas River is the state's largest in the Central Coast geologically creating the fluvial valley and is vital for various methods of agricultural irrigation by growers in the area. Chardonnay reigns supreme throughout the region, accounting for over 50% of vines in production. [2] [24]

The Monterey viticultural area is distinguished from surrounding areas by the composition of its soils, elevation above sea level, and the marine influences from the Pacific Ocean, specifically, wind, rainfall, fog and climatic variances. The area is relatively dry throughout the growing season where average annual rainfall in the valleys is 10 inches (250 mm). However, the watersheds of the Santa Lucia, Gabilan, and Diablo ranges provide adequate water through underground aquifers to enable irrigation of the grape acreage as well as to satisfy other agricultural requirements. During the growing season, the rainfall is lower in the Monterey viticultural area than in surrounding areas. This necessitates the use by grape growers of various methods of irrigation. The inland valleys which open to the Pacific Ocean between the parallel mountain ranges (Gabilan, Santa Lucia, and Diablo) form corridors of cool air which contributes to a longer growing season than surrounding areas. Unlike neighboring highlands above the 1,000 feet (300 m) contour line, the land within the viticultural area is subjected to variable winds which sweep inland in a southeasterly direction from Monterey Bay through the Carmel and Salinas River valleys. [21] The higher afternoon temperatures in the inland reaches the viticultural area and beyond create air drainage which draws the relatively cooler air from the Monterey Bay down through the valleys of the viticultural area to replenish the hot air rising from the inland areas. [2] [17]

The major climatic influences are the Pacific Ocean and Monterey Bay. To the west, the Santa Lucas Mountains block damaging Pacific rains from the area. However, winds off Monterey Bay blow down the Salinas River, cooling the valley and providing a moderate climate. The cooling effects of the wind make the northern Salinas Valley quite cold. Gonzales is classified as Region I with 2350 degree days. In the Arroyo Seco area, the climate is considered Region II. Soledad to the immediate north, registers 2880 degree days while Wente's Arroyo Seco Vineyards average between 1875 and 2250 degree days. The cooling effect of the wind diminishes further south. King City averages 3150 degree days, placing it in Region III while San Miguel is classified as Region IV. Temperatures are rarely extreme enough to cause serious problems of frost or heat as in neighboring grape-growing areas. [4]

The elevation of the San Antonio Valley viticultural area ranges from 850 to 2,530 feet (260–770 m). This area is surrounded by the higher Santa Lucia range to the west and south and a lower ridge averaging 1,500 feet (460 m) elevation to the north and east. According to the petitioners, the shape and elevation of San Antonio Valley results in higher daytime and lower nighttime temperatures than in neighboring areas with lower elevations, such as the Monterey viticultural area where the elevation ranges from 50 to 540 feet (15–165 m). [22] [19] The ridge top of the Gabilan Range forms the eastern boundary between San Benito County and Monterey County. Little coastal air passes east of this mountain range and the area to the east of the range have little of the coastal influences of moderating temperature and rainfall. San Benito County has spring frosts occurring two to four weeks later, fall frosts occurring one to six weeks earlier, and hot spells lasting one to three days longer than in Monterey County. [23]

The newly established Gabilan Mountains AVA is located in the Gabilan Range where the average elevation is the highest in the county at 2,370 feet (722 m). By contrast, to the north, the average elevation in neighboring Santa Clara Valley AVA is 345 feet (105 m). The average elevation within the established Arroyo Seco AVA, to the south, is 331 feet (101 m). To the east of Gabilan Mountains in San Benito County, the average elevation ranges from 778 feet (237 m) within the Paicines AVA to 1,105 feet (337 m) within the Cienega Valley AVA. In Monterey AVA, to the west of Gabilan, the average elevation ranges from 480 to 512 feet (146–156 m) within the Santa Lucia Highlands AVA. The higher elevations of Gabilan Mountains place it above the heavy fog and marine layer. As a result, it maintains a cool climate without the humidity from the fog and low-lying clouds. The lower humidity levels significantly reduce mildew pressure which allows growers to use less fungicide and pursue more organic practices during the growing season. [23] TTB determined the previously established Mt. Harlan and Chalone AVAs will remain as sub-AVAs within the new Gabilan Mountains AVA. All three AVAs are high elevation regions that experience less marine fog than the lower neighboring regions. Like the Gabilan Mountains, the Mt. Harlan area contains soils of the Sheridan, Cieneba, and Auberry series, and the Chalone soils contain large amounts of calcium derived from limestone. However, Mt. Harlan and Chalone also have distinct characteristics that distinguish themselves from the Gabilan Mountains which justifies their AVA-identities within a larger AVA. [23]

Portions of the Carmel and Salinas River valleys within the boundary of Monterey viticultural area share unique climatic features which distinguish Monterey County from other California grape-growing regions. These features include a long period from bloom to harvest, mild daily high temperatures during most of the fruit development period, fog in the morning (in the northern portions of the viticultural area), a quick rise to the daily maximum temperature with a simultaneous precipitous drop in humidity and regularly occurring southeasterly winds from the Pacific Ocean beginning in the early afternoon. The high temperatures common to the Central San Joaquin Valley are rare in the Monterey viticultural area but do occur during the Indian summer period. Weather records from Gonzales, Soledad, Greenfield, and King City all show a high degree of similarity in temperatures within the area. Comparisons to weather records from neighboring grape-growing areas show that the combination of morning fog and afternoon wind produces a unique temperature and relative humidity pattern. [2]

During the Monterey AVA 1982 review, Monterey Winegrowers Council, the petitioner for the viticultural area, summarized the views of its membership and endorsed the basis that geographical features and not existing planting distributions should determine the proposed boundaries. They agreed with ATF's proposal to exclude the established Chalone viticultural area on the basis that its elevation placed it in a different climate zone. ATF also found that the Carmel Valley viticultural area features were similar to the Chalone viticultural area than to those distinguishing grapes grown in the generally lowland Monterey area. These comments were best summarized in the statement of one commenter that “when comparing grape growing areas within the proposed Monterey viticultural area, several areas possess micro-climatological and mino-geological characteristics that offer subtle influences on grape growing practices.” ATF found that it is consistent with established agency policy pertaining to the establishment of boundaries for viticultural areas to include sub-areas having minor differences in climate and geology. [2] [25]

Limestone is the predominant component of the soils in the county's highland areas and the lower valley areas' soils are generally light textured loam to loamy sands varying in reaction from pH 5.1 to 8.4 and having low salinity. The soils are generally low in organic matter and naturally supplied nitrogen and require irrigation in the summer months. [20]

Cooler weather, ocean breezes, and fog characterize the northern section of the Monterey County, produces cool-climate grapes like Riesling and Pinot Noir. In the southern areas, the terrain expands into the Salinas Valley where daytime temperatures can reach up to 100 °F (38 °C). The warmer climate produces Bourdeaux varietals (Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot), Rhone varietals (Syrah and Petite Sirah), and some Zinfandel. [2]

Viticulture Innovations

Carmel Valley vineyard DSC28050, Chateau Julien Winery, Carmel, California, USA (5646774260).jpg
Carmel Valley vineyard

The very first irrigation system to be implemented in a valley vineyard took place in Monterey County in the early 1960s. The lack of annual rainfall made it necessary to have a predictable supply of water to the grapevines to ensure that they would thrive and produce a quality harvest with higher yields per acre. The early irrigation systems relied on sprinklers, however, many of the vineyards have converted to a drip irrigation system as an efficient method of distributing water. In addition to the ideal climate, the lack of abundant rainfall allows Monterey County grape growers to control the amount of water the vines receive. By utilizing some form of water distribution system, i.e., drip or sprinkler, growers can ration water controlling stress to the vines tailoring the fruit's flavor profile.

Monterey County was a location contributing to the development of mechanical harvesting producing an efficient method of removing grapes from the vines. A mechanical harvester vibrates the vines dislodging the fruit onto a conveyor belt transporting it to a bin to be either crushed/pressed immediately in the vineyard or trucked to the winery for fermentation. [26] This method of harvesting is typically performed at night taking advantage of the cool temperatures. The primary benefit of mechanical harvesting is targeting the ripen grapes at the proper sugar-acid balance to pick and deliver them quickly to the winery. The result is a quality product for wine-making. [7]

Unique Grapes

Chalone Estate Chardonnay.jpg

Only wine grapes are cultivated in Monterey County. Commercial table grapes or juice grapes are not grown. Wines sourced from the county vineyards have unique qualities which make them easily distinguishable from vintages produced elsewhere in California or the world. All have intense varietal flavor as the true taste of the grape is reflected in the wine. In Monterey County, Chardonnay is the primary grape as it comprises 40% of total vine acreage. Chardonnay grapes from Monterey County have become prized by winemakers throughout the state. Currently, the northern areas of the county mainly cultivate Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, Riesling, and Pinot Blanc due to the cooler weather. The warmer southern areas is where red grapes such as Cabernet Sauvignon, the county's second largest varietal, Merlot and Zinfandel are grown. [7]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">American Viticultural Area</span> Designated wine grape-growing region in the U.S.

An American Viticultural Area (AVA) is a designated wine grape-growing region in the United States, providing an official appellation for the mutual benefit of wineries and consumers. Winemakers frequently want their consumers to know about the geographic pedigree of their wines, as wines from a particular area can possess distinctive characteristics. Consumers often seek out wines from specific AVAs, and certain wines of particular pedigrees can claim premium prices and loyal customers. If a wine is labeled with an AVA, at least 85% of the grapes that make up the wine must have been grown in the AVA, and the wine must be fully finished within the state where the AVA is located.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carmel Valley AVA</span> American Viticultural Area in California

Carmel Valley is an American Viticultural Area (AVA) located in Monterey County, California, southeast of Carmel-by-the-Sea and it is one of the ten AVAs in the county. Approximately 100 miles (161 km) south of San Francisco, the AVA was recognized by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF), Treasury on January 13, 1983 after reviewing the petition submitted by Mr. David Armanasco, General Manager of Durney Vineyard, located in Carmel, to propose a viticultural area named “Carmel Valley.”

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chalone Vineyard</span> American vineyard located in California

Chalone Vineyard is located in the Chalone AVA south of San Francisco, California, United States, on an unusual geological formation called the Gavilan benchland. The soil is rich in limestone and calcium carbonate and also contains a significant amount of decomposed granite. This soil has a mineral composition similar to the Champagne region of France. Chalone is situated in an arid chaparral environment, in which temperatures can vary as much as 50°F in one day. The climate is very dry, only 12 to 14 inches (360 mm) of rain fall per year. These factors combine to create a unique terroir, the signature profile of a wine growing region.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arroyo Seco AVA</span>

Arroyo Seco is an American Viticultural Area (AVA) in Monterey County, California, southeast of Monterey Bay. The appellation encompasses 18,240 acres (29 sq mi) in the valley adjacent to the Arroyo Seco Creek with approximately 8,500 acres (3,440 ha) of cultivation. The region's proximity to the Pacific Ocean produces the maritime climate, and is best suited for those cool climate grape varieties.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chalone AVA</span> Appelation that designates wine in Monterey County, CA

Chalone identifies the first American Viticultural Area (AVA) established in Monterey County, California straddling its border with San Benito County where it is the second established AVA. Chalone viticultural area is located in the Gabilan Mountains east of Soledad. It was recognized by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF) effective on July 14, 1982 after reviewing the petition submitted by the Gavilan Vineyards, Inc. to establish a viticultural area in Monterey and San Benito counties to be named "The Pinnacles." The area encompasses 8,640 acres (14 sq mi) and the proposed name was recognition of the nearby Chalone peaks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Columbia Valley AVA</span> American Viticultural Area in Washington and Oregon

Columbia Valley is an American Viticultural Area (AVA) which lies within the Columbia River Plateau, through much of central and southern Washington state, with a section crossing the state boundary into northern Oregon south of the Columbia River. The viticultural area includes the drainage basin of the Columbia River and its tributaries through much of Washington. It was established by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF), Treasury on December 13, 1984 after evaluating the petition filed by Drs, Walter Clore and Wade Wolfe of Prosser, Washington on behalf of Washington’s oldest and largest winery, Chateau Ste. Michelle, and by William Blosser of the Sokol Blosser Winery, Dundee, Oregon. Allen Shoup, president of Chateau Ste. Michelle, understood the importance of obtaining appellation status to grow the reputation of the Northwest viticulture industry.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Santa Maria Valley AVA</span> American wine region located in California

Santa Maria Valley is an American Viticultural Area (AVA) which straddles the boundary of Santa Barbara and San Luis Obispo counties in California's multi-county Central Coast AVA. It was established on August 5, 1981, by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) as California's second oldest AVA. A portion of the AVA crosses the Cuyama River into the southernmost corner of San Luis Obispo County. The east-west orientation of the 152.3 square miles with a wide, open valley and rolling hills means cool winds and fog flow in freely from the Pacific Ocean, settling most noticeably in lower-lying areas. The result is a mild Mediterranean climate that lengthens the growing season and contributes to the eventual sugar/acid balance in the grapes from Santa Maria Valley's 7,500 acres (3,000 ha) cultivated vineyards. On January 28, 2011, the AVA was granted a 29.4 square miles expansion to its southern boundary.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paso Robles AVA</span> Appelation that designates wine in San Luis Obispo County, California

Paso Robles is the third American Viticultural Area (AVA) located in San Luis Obispo (SLO) County, California. It was established by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF), Treasury on November 3, 1983 based on a petition submitted by Martin Brothers Winery. The area encompasses 609,673 acres (953 sq mi) with approximately 18,500 acres (7,487 ha) cultivated with wine grapes known for their heritage varietal Zinfandel, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Rhône-style wines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Central Coast AVA</span>

Central Coast is a vast American Viticultural Area (AVA) that spans along the Central California Pacific coastline from the San Francisco Bay Area south through Monterey, San Luis Obispo and Santa Barbara Counties. It was established on November 25, 1985 by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF), Treasury after reviewing the petition submitted by Taylor California Cellars, a winery in Gonzales, California, to establish the "Central Coast" viticultural area. The boundaries of the Central Coast, which have been expanded twice, includes portions of six counties where approximately 100,000 acres (40,469 ha) cultivated with Chardonnay being more than half of the varietal. Within the multi-county AVA are numerous established appellations that share the same maritime climate produced by the Pacific Ocean.

Arroyo Grande Valley is an American Viticultural Area (AVA) located in San Luis Obispo County, California approximately 12 miles (19 km) southeast of the county seat San Luis Obispo. Arroyo Grande Valley was recognized on February 5, 1990 by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) as the state's 60th AVA based on the petition filed in 1987 by Don Talley of Talley Vineyards and William S. Greenough of Saucelito Canyon Vineyard for the establishment of the "Arroyo Grande Valley" viticultural area in San Luis Obispo County. The 16 miles (26 km) long, approximately 67 square miles valley appellation benefits from its east-northeast orientation allowing the breeze from the Pacific Ocean to moderate the climate of the area. The valley is divided by a fog line produced by the cool maritime layer where Zinfandel, Petite Sirah and Rhône varietals are grown on the higher elevations near Lopez Lake and the cooler mid-valley vineyards being home to Chardonnay and Pinot noir. On April 8, 2022, the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB) approved the designation of the expansive San Luis Obispo (SLO) Coast AVA overlapping the boundaries of Edna Valley and Arroyo Grande Valley viticultural areas because they share common features. However, these two previously established areas still have unique characteristics to retain their viticultural area distinctions within SLO Coast. Edna Valley lies immediately to the northwest, the Los Padres National Forest straddles the north leg boundary, the Santa Maria Valley AVA lies to the southeast of Arroyo Grande Valley, and the Pacific Ocean communities of Oceano, Grover City and Arroyo Grande abut its southwestern border.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">San Lucas AVA</span> Appelation that designates wine in Monterey County, CA

San Lucas is an American Viticultural Area (AVA) located in vicinity of the town of San Lucas between King City and San Ardo in southern Monterey County, California. It lies within the southern end of the fertile Salinas Valley. The appellation was recognized on March 7, 1987 by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF), Treasury after reviewing the petition submitted by Almadèn Vineyards of San Jose, California, for the establishment of a viticultural area named "San Lucas." Based on the data submitted by the petitioner for vineyards near King City and San Lucas for the 11-year period 1974 to 1984, ATF concluded that the microclimate of the San Lucas Viticultural Area is the chief characteristic which distinguishes the area from other adjoining areas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sierra Foothills AVA</span> Wine region in the California, U.S.

Sierra Foothills is a vast American Viticultural Area (AVA) encompassing the foothill "belt" of the Sierra Nevada in north-central California, United States. It was established on December 18, 1987 by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF), Treasury after evaluating the petition filed by the Sierra Foothills Winery Association of Somerset, California for the establishment of a "Sierra Foothills" viticultural area in portions of Yuba, Nevada, Placer, El Dorado, Amador, Calaveras, Tuolumne and Mariposa Counties. Wine grapes were introduced to the area in the nineteenth century during the California Gold Rush. Over 280 vineyards/wineries are located within its boundaries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Clear Lake AVA</span> American Viticultural Area in California

Clear Lake is an American Viticultural Area (AVA) located in Lake County, California. It was established on June 7, 1984 by Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF), Treasury after reviewing the petition submitted by three of the grape-growers and winery owners located in an area surrounding the watershed of Clear Lake in southwestern Lake County. The petition requested the viticultural area to be named "Clear Lake."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Monterey AVA</span> Viticultural area in Monterey County, California

Monterey is an American Viticultural Area (AVA) located in eastern Monterey County, California. It was recognized on July 16, 1984 by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF), Treasury after reviewing the petition submitted by the Monterey Winegrowers Council to establish the "Monterey" viticultural area. The designated area within the multi-county Central Coast AVA expands almost the entire length of the county from the Monterey Bay southern shoreline to the Salinas river valley framed by the Santa Lucia, Sierra de Salinas and Gabilan Ranges stretching north-south for about 100 miles (160 km) from Watsonville to its southern point, abutting the town of Paso Robles in San Luis Obispo County. Monterey AVA expands approximately 360,000 acres (560 sq mi) with about 40,000 acres (16,000 ha) of cultivated vineyards. The AVA includes parts of the Carmel and the Salinas valleys containing five smaller American viticultural areas: Arroyo Seco, Hames Valley, San Bernabe, San Lucas and Santa Lucia Highlands. The northern portion is a cool growing region with a very long growing season. Daytime temperatures rarely exceed 75 °F (24 °C) in most parts of the region, although the southern segments of the AVA can measure 100 °F (38 °C) at times. The soil is sandy loam and most regions require irrigation from the Salinas River.

Mt. Harlan is an American Viticultural Area (AVA) located in San Benito County, California. It was established on December 17, 1990 by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF) within California’s multi-county Central Coast AVA. It lies within the Gabilan Mountains at elevations of 1,800 feet (550 m) to 2,200 feet (670 m) above sea level where the soil is predominantly limestone. The AVA was established as the result of a petition to the ATF by Josh Jensen and the Calera Wine Company, the only commercial winery in the appellation at the time.

Pacheco Pass is an American Viticultural Area (AVA) located in the Santa Clara and San Benito counties of California. It lies within the larger San Francisco Bay viticultural area. Pacheco Pass was established on April 11, 1984 by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF), Treasury after evaluating the petition submitted by Mr. H.G. Zanger of Pacheco Pass Vineyard, later renamed "Zanger Vineyards", proposing an area near Hollister, California, as a viticultural area known as "Pacheco Pass."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Santa Lucia Highlands AVA</span> Appelation that designates wine in Monterey County, CA

Santa Lucia Highlands is an American Viticultural Area (AVA) located in central Monterey County, California and lies within the boundaries of the larger, elongated Monterey viticultural area. It was recognized by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms {ATF}, Treasury on June 15, 1992 after reviewing the petition from Mr. Barry Jackson of the Harmony Wine Company proposing a viticultural area to be known as "Santa Lucia Highlands."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Santa Barbara County wine</span> Wine region in California, US

Santa Barbara County wine is an appellation that designates wine made from grapes grown mostly in Santa Barbara County, California which is located approximately 50 miles (80 km) north of Los Angeles County. County names in the United States automatically qualify as legal appellations of origin for wine produced from grapes grown in that county and do not require registration with the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB) of the Treasury Department. TTB was created in January 2003, when the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms, or ATF, was extensively reorganized under the provisions of the Homeland Security Act of 2002.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">San Luis Obispo County wine</span> Appelation that designates wine in San Luis Obispo County, CA

San Luis Obispo (SLO) County wine is a appellation that designates wine made from grapes grown in San Luis Obispo (SLO) County, California which is sandwiched between Santa Barbara County to the south and Monterey County at the northern boundary on the Pacific coast. Its location sits halfway between the cities of San Francisco and Los Angeles on the north–south axis of U.S. Route 101 and Pacific Coast Highway (PCH). The county lies entirely within the Central Coast viticultural area. County names in the United States automatically qualify as legal appellations of origin for wine produced from grapes grown in that county and do not require registration with the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB) of the Treasury Department. TTB was created in January of 2003, when the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms, or ATF, was extensively reorganized under the provisions of the Homeland Security Act of 2002.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gabilan Mountains AVA</span> Appelation that designates wine in Monterey County, CA

Gabilan Mountains is an American Viticultural Area (AVA) located in the mountainous region on the border in Monterey and San Benito Counties in California. It is the tenth and newest AVA established in Monterey County by the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB) on September 14, 2022, becoming the state's 147th official AVA after the TTB reviewed the petition from Parker Allen of Coastview Vineyards, proposing to establish the "Gabilan Mountains" viticultural area. Gabilan Mountains encompasses about 98,000 acres (153 sq mi) including the established Mt. Harlan and Chalone AVAs, and resident to 4 wineries and 6 commercial vineyards cultivating approximately 436 acres (176 ha). The average elevation within the region is 2,370 feet (722 m) placing it above the heavy fog and marine layer. As a result, Gabilan Mountains AVA has a cool air climate without the humidity from the fog and low-lying clouds.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Monterey County: Appellation Profile". Appellation America. 2007. Archived from the original on June 8, 2018.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Alcohol; the Monterey Viticultural Area" (27 CFR 9 [T.D. ATF-177; Re: Notice No. 494] Final rule). Federal Register. 47 (117). Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF), Treasury: 24714–24718. June 15, 1984.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  3. ↑ Kettmann, Matt (May 9, 2023). "Is the Carmel Coast California's Next Pinot Noir Star?". Wine Enthusiast. Archived from the original on November 30, 2023.
  4. 1 2 3 4 "Arroyo Seco Viticultural Area" (27 CFR 9 [T.O. ATF-131; Reference Notice No. 431] Final rule). Federal Register. 48 (74). Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF), Treasury: 16842–16847. April 15, 1983.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  5. ↑ "Monterey County, CA". NACo. National Association of Counties. Retrieved January 23, 2024.
  6. 1 2 "AVAs" (AVA’s (American Viticultural Area)). Monterey County Vintners and Growers Association. 2021.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 "About". Monterey Wine Country. Monterey County Vintners and Growers Association. Retrieved January 4, 2024.
  8. ↑ "The TTB Story". TTB.gov. Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau, Treasury. 2002.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  9. ↑ LaMar, Jim. "Wine 101: History". Professional Friends of Wine. Archived from the original on January 11, 2017. Retrieved April 6, 2007.
  10. ↑ Agran, Libbie (February 26, 2021). "Why is California Viticulture So Unique? A Historical Perspective" (Mission Grape History). The Wine History Project of San Luis Obispo County.
  11. ↑ May, Meredith (September 13, 2013). "Chalone: Monterey County's unlikely appellation" (Chalone's arid, rocky landscape has retained a reputation for great wines). SFGate. Hearst Communications, Inc. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
  12. ↑ Prial, Frank J. (January 28, 1998). "Wine Talk; Vineyard That Attracted a Special Breed of Winemaker". New York Times. Archived from the original on August 9, 2013.
  13. 1 2 "Our History". Chalone Vineyard. September 13, 2013. The oldest producing vineyard in Monterey County, Chalone Vineyard Estate rests on the Gavilan Mountain Range on the north slope of Chalone Peak
  14. ↑ Peterson, Thane (May 8, 2001). "The Day California Wines Came of Age". Business Week. Archived from the original (Movable Feast) on October 18, 2007. Retrieved July 19, 2006.
  15. ↑ Monterey Winegrowers Council (May 14, 1982). "Petition For Monterey Viticultural Area" (PDF). TTB.gov. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF), Treasury . Retrieved October 4, 2024.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  16. 1 2 "Chalone Viticultural Area" (27 CFR 9 [T .D . ATF-107; Ref: Notice No. 386] Final rule). Federal Register. 47 (114). Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF), Treasury: 25517–25519. June 14, 1982.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  17. 1 2 "Establishment of Carmel Valley Viticultural Area" (27 CFR 9 [T.D. ATF-119; Re: Notice No. 420] Final rule). Federal Register. 47 (240). Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF), Treasury: 55915–55916. December 14, 1982.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  18. ↑ "San Lucas Viticultural Area" (27 CFR 9 [T.D. ATF-248: RE: Notice No. 601] Final rule). Federal Register. 52 (19). Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF), Treasury: 2943–2946. January 29, 1987.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  19. 1 2 "Santa Lucia Highlands, CA 91F016P" (27 CFR 9 [T.D . ATF-321:RE:Notice No. 722] RIN 1512-AA07 Final rule). Federal Register. 57 (95). Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF), Treasury: 20762–20764. May 15, 1992.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  20. 1 2 "San Bernabe and San Lucas Viticultural Areas (2001R-170P)" (27 CFR 9 [T.D. TTB-14 Re: Notice No. 8 ] RIN 1513-AA28 Final rule). Federal Register. 69 (124). Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB), Treasury: 38834–38837. June 29, 2004.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  21. 1 2 "The Hames Valley Viticultural Area (93F-009P)" (27 CFR 9 [T.D. ATF-356; RE: Notice No. 783] RIN 1512 -AA07 Final rule). Federal Register. 59 (58). Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF), Treasury: 14098–14100. March 25, 1994.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  22. 1 2 "Establishment of the San Antonio Valley Viticultural Area (2004R-599P)" (27 CFR 9 71 FR 33239 [T.D. TTB-46 Re: Notice No. 45] Doc#: E6-8854 Final rule). Federal Register. 71 (110). Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB), Treasury: 33239–33243. June 8, 2006.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  23. 1 2 3 4 "Establishment of the Gabilan Mountains Viticultural Area" (27 CFR 9 87 FR 49986 [TTB-2021-0009 T.D. TTB-184 Ref: Notice No. 20, Doc# 2022-17508] Final rule). Federal Register. 87 (156). Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB), Treasury: 49986–49990. August 15, 2022.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  24. ↑ "Monterey Wine". Wine-Searcher. 2020.
  25. ↑ Monterey Winegrowers Council (May 14, 1982). "Petition For Monterey Viticultural Area" (PDF). TTB.gov. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF), Treasury . Retrieved October 4, 2024.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  26. ↑ Morris, Justin R. (January 2007). "Development and Commercialization of a Complete Vineyard Mechanization System". Hort Technology. 17 (4). American Society for Horticultural Science: 411–420. doi:10.21273/HORTTECH.17.4.411.

36°26′00″N121°25′09″W / 36.43336989°N 121.41920668°W / 36.43336989; -121.41920668

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