Tlaxcala handcrafts and folk art is that which comes from the smallest state in Mexico, located in the center-east of the country. Its best-known wares are the "canes of Apizaco" (really from San Esteban Tizatlan), sawdust carpets and the making of Saltillo-style serapes. However, there are other handcraft traditions, such as the making of pottery, including Talavera type wares, cartoneria, metalworking and stone working. The state supports artisans through the activities of the Fideicomiso Fondo de la Casa de las Artesanía de Tlaxcala (Handcrafts House of Tlaxcala Fund and Trust)
Tlaxcala is Mexico's smallest and most densely populated entity outside of the Mexico City metropolitan area.[1] A significant portion of the state's handcraft production is done in small villages, and in indigenous communities such as Ixtenco, San Isidro Buensuceso and Tetlahnocan.[2] There are two crafts that are best known from the state, the making of ephemeral sawdust carpets for certain religious celebrations, especially in Huamantla and the making of wooden canes in San Esteban Tizatlán. However, there are a variety of crafts made in the state from textiles, to pottery to stone work and more. Much of which has not been widely documented.[1][3]
The state entity charged with promoting and preserving Tlaxcalan handcrafts is the Fideicomiso Fondo de la Casa de las Artesanía de Tlaxcala (Handcrafts House of Tlaxcala Fund and Trust). It established and runs the Museo Vivo de Artes y Tradiciones Populares del Estado (Living Museum of Folk Arts and Traditions), located in a former state office building. Its main objective is to document the development and status of the state's handcraft traditions. Its permanent collection is in six halls and includes a Child Jesus of ayacahuite wood, with glass eyes and movable limbs; various articles for the making of pulque, Otomi traditional garb, pottery and musical instruments called salterios. It also has exhibits dedicated to various traditions and celebrations.[4][5]
The Trust also sponsored contests for state artisans, such as the Concurso Estatal de Arte Popular Tlaxcala (Tlaxcala State Folks Art Contest), as well as a "Day of the Artisan" in late June. There are also handcraft exhibitions at the annual Feria de Tlaxcala (Tlaxcala State Fair).[2]Santa Ana Chiautempan hosts the annual National Serape Fair in late July.[6]
In 2015, the governor of the state traveled to Rome to promote the state's handcrafts to the Vatican.[7]
Wood working
Modern work working techniques were introduced by the Spanish, and along with furniture, a number of smaller wood items are made.[3][8]
The best known wood item is a kind of walking cane which is made in the town of San Esteban Tizatlan.[8][9] Despite the origin, these canes are generally known as the "walking canes of Apizaco" because the arrival of the railroad to this town allowed their marketing in the larger city, popularizing them.[1] Characteristic of these canes is the carving, which is complemented by different colors of wood and varnish and sometimes burning to add decorative motifs, which are often of pre Hispanic origin.[1] Today, about eighty families depending on woodworking for a living, but the popularity of the canes has made the tlaxistle tree (Amelanchier denticulata), from which they are traditionally made, to become endangered.[9] This has prompted a switch to sabine (sp. Juniperus) wood, but it is not as flexible and requires that the head be worked separately from the body.[1] In addition to the canes, the town makes wooden bats, decorated in a similar fashion,[1] and items of cedar and ayacahuite such as toys, chess sets, letter openers, furniture and religious figures for altars. Another important item is drum called teponaxtle, made from a hollowed log.[3]
In San Pablo Apetatitlán, there is a neighborhood called Tlatempa, noted for the making of religious figures from ayacahuite, with glass eyes and movable extremities. They are also noted for the making of traditional masks for Carnival and other festivities. These masks generally portray Europeans as Carnival was a time that allowed the indigenous to poke fun of the conquistadors.[3] One noted family for this work is that of Pedro Reyes, which has made these masks for generations. The men shape the wood and the women paint and decorate. Each mask takes about 26 hours of work, making its price above what poor people can pay. Mostly of European faces for dances such as the Huehues.[10] Jesus Tlatempan is also noted for the making of wood masks for Carnival and religious images which are painted in oils.[8]
The capital of the state has a neighborhood called Santiago Atlzayanca which makes furniture along with a stringed musical instrument called a salterios, a medieval instrument introduced by the Spanish.[3][8] Calpulapan also makes musical instruments, generally of ebony, oak, walnut and other hard woods. The most common instruments are guitars, violins, vihuelas and requintos.[3]
Textiles
Textiles in the state have a history that dates back well into the pre Hispanic period, and which was well-developed before the arrival of the Spanish. These textiles had complicated designs and were dyed in various colors using resources such as cochineal and a purple dye made from snails from Oaxaca. The best of these were generally made as offerings to the gods. The Spanish introduced the working of new materials such as wool and silk. In the late colonial period into the era of the railroad, textile production consolidated onto haciendas then factories, a number of which became known for their work such as La Trinidad, San Luis, Santa Elena and La Estrella. However, the development of industrial textiles production never completely displaced more traditional methods.[3]
The best known handcrafts of the state are the textiles produced in the villages around Santa Ana Chiautempan and San Bernardino Contla, which are marketed through Santa Ana. These are made in family workshops which may have pedal looms or more modern electric looms. Commercial dyes are used as well as some natural dyes such as those made from indigo and walnut. Many of these products are sold on the beaches and other tourist attractions of Mexico, as well as in the state itself. These wares include serapes, rebozos, sweaters of a design called Chiconcuac, jackets, capes, gloves and hats made of wool.[11] The most traditional and high-quality pieces are made from 100% wool, generally made to order, but most of the rest of the production has deteriorated, with the substitution of synthetic fibers for some of all of the wool or cotton. The most recognizable product is the Saltillo-style serape, despite the state's distance from this northern Mexican city. The reason for this was that the Spanish resettled many Tlaxcalan indigenous families north to help with the colonization process.[1] Both Santa Ana Chiautempan and San Bernardino Contla make them, and generally are of wool or cotton.[3]
One notable artisan from just outside Santa Ana Chiautempan is Guadalupe Ixcotla, who specializes not in weaving, but in the creation of hand-knitted tapestries, made on vertical frames. These works generally have landscape motifs.[3][11]
San Juan Ixtenco is noted for its pepenado embroidery, which consists of fine points arranged to form figures, especially on blouses.[12] These can be done with or without the addition of beads, into floral and geometric motifs.[3]
Huamantla produces carrying bags of various types, belts, tablecloths and rebozos, often of macramé.[3] The city also makes distinctive garments for the image of Our Lady of Charity (Virgen de la Caridad) decorated in an embroidery style called canutillo de oro. These are not for sale but can be seen at the museum dedicated to the image.[12]
Sawdust carpets are arrangements of colored sawdust, flower petals and sometimes other plant matter to create decorative "paintings" over a stretch of road in preparation for a procession.[1] It is an ephemeral craft as it is meant to be destroyed as the procession passes. Its origins are from the pre Hispanic period, and the best-known creation of this craft in the state is in the city of Huamantla, for the feast of the image of Our Lady of Charity (Virgen de la Caridad). However, other towns in Tlaxcala also make them, such as San Vicente Xiloxochitla and San Juan Totolac for Day of the Dead.[1][3]
Ceramics
Tlaxcala is not one of Mexico major pottery producers, with much made for local consumption, but there is some notable production.[1] One notable feature of much of this production is that it has maintained at least some characteristics from the pre Hispanic period.[3]
San Sebastian Atlapa makes what is known as Ocotlan pottery, as they are mostly sold in this town. It is a simple, red-colored pottery which comes burnished and unburnished to make duck figures, water jugs and containers for other liquids using neither molds or potters' wheels. They come in different shapes including that of animals and usually have striated decoration.[1][3][13]
San Salvador Tzompantepec is noted for making comals, cooking pots, including those decorated with incisions in the surface, flowerpots, piñatas and more. This pottery is left in its natural reddish color in two classes, barro rojo and barro bruñido. The later is burnished and principally used for storing liquids. Most of the pieces are made either molds or with the use of a potters' wheel.[3]
Hueyotlipan makes both glazed and unglazed wares, which are usually large pots to cook mole, as well as other cooking vessels and pitchers.[3]Lebrillos also makes glazed wares, for mole and rice.[13]
La Trinidad Tenexyecac is known for its glazed wares, making various types of cooking pots and pitchers, which sizes ranging from miniatures to very large pieces. These pieces are called "barro oxidado" (rusted clay) due to the color of the glaze.[3] They also make clay figures and jewelry pieces.[13]
San Pablo del Monte is known for its Talavera ceramics, making dishes, cups, tiles, large storage vessels called tibors, vases, flowerpots, ashtrays and more. These wares are generally molded and after a coating of the pottery's tradition white background glaze, are painted in various colors, which differs somewhat from the Talavera wares produced in neighboring Puebla.[3]
Stone work is done in the San Miguel neighborhood of San Pable del Monte, including working with black marble and onyx to make figures of animals such as bulls, horses, fish birds and more. It is also used to make human figures, bookends, jewelry, chess sets and more. Other communities which do similar work include Santa Cruz Tlaxcala, Tetla, Totolac and San Martin Xaltocan. San Martin Xaltocan specializes in gray, pink and green sandstone to make fountains, columns, table bases, large pots, monuments and more.[3][14]
Various communities make items from stiff fibers. Two communities noted for their basketry are San Vicente Xiloxochitla and Santa Apolonia Tlacalco.[1][3] In El Carmen Tequexquitla and San Pablo del Monte they make images from popotillo, along with objects made of palm fronds and chairs with wicker seats. Santa Anita Nopalucan makes petates from palm and ixtle.[3][14]
In San Juan Ixtenco, they make images by arranging various beans and seeds such as those from corn, lentils, rice and more. Originally done to make religious images to place in the church on certain occasions, the seeds are also used to make secular images such as landscapes and even portraits of famous artists. This work is also done in Zitlaltepc de Trinidad Sanchez Santos.[3][14]
In the Escuela de Platería (Silver School) in Tlaxco they reproduce colonial era jewelry and other silver items, using the lost wax method. The jewelry can be accented with quartz, amethyst, coral and other semi-precious stones, with motifs such as crosses, birds, keys and fruit.[3][14] Rosario Ocotoxco in the Yauhquemecan municipality makes bells in bronze and other metals. Tzompantepec makes wrought iron candelabras, figures, frames and more.[3] Paper flowers are made in San Miguel Xochitecatitla for Christmas, and are made in Panotla. Santa Maria Atlihuetzia makes decorative flowers and figurines. Huamantla makes objects with amate paper. San Gabriel Popocatla, Tlatempan and Ixtlacuixtla make cartoneria into alebrijes, piñatas, masks, flowers, religious and secular figures.[3][14]
San Cosme Xalostoc, Acuamanala, Panotla and San Antonio Cuaxomulco make fireworks.[3][14]
Españita makes leather goods, especially belts and bags called toros, used in the fermentation of pulque.[3] The community is also known for work with dried corn husks, used to make figures for nativity scenes, dolls, flowers and other figures in Españita.[14]
Terrenate makes candles in the shape of animals, plants and fruits, which are often perfumed.[3]
Huamantla is a small city in the municipality of the same name in the eastern half of the Mexican state of Tlaxcala. The area has a long indigenous history, but the city itself was not founded until the early colonial period, in the 1530s. It is mostly agricultural but it is best known for its annual homage to an image of the Virgin Mary called Our Lady of Charity. This includes a month of festivities, the best known of which are the “night no one sleeps” when residents create six km of “carpets” on the streets made from colored sawdust, flowers and other materials. The other is the “Huamantlada” a running of the bulls similar to that in Pamplona.
Mexican handcrafts and folk art is a complex collection of items made with various materials and intended for utilitarian, decorative or other purposes. Some of the items produced by hand in this country include ceramics, wall hangings, vases, furniture, textiles and much more. In Mexico, both crafts created for utilitarian purposes and folk art are collectively known as “artesanía” as both have a similar history and both are a valued part of Mexico's national identity. Mexico's artesanía tradition is a blend of indigenous and European techniques and designs. This blending, called “mestizo” was particularly emphasized by Mexico's political, intellectual and artistic elite in the early 20th century after the Mexican Revolution toppled Porfirio Díaz’s French-style and modernization-focused presidency. Today, Mexican artesanía is exported and is one of the reasons why tourists are attracted to the country. However, competition from manufactured products and imitations from countries like China have caused problems for Mexico’s artisans.
Santa Ana Nopalucan is a town and its surrounding municipality in the Mexican state of Tlaxcala.
Tlaxcala is a municipality in the central Mexican state of Tlaxcala. The municipal seat is the city of Tlaxcala de Xicohténcatl, which also serves as the state capital.
Ceramics in Mexico date back thousands of years before the Pre-Columbian period, when ceramic arts and pottery crafts developed with the first advanced civilizations and cultures of Mesoamerica. With one exception, pre-Hispanic wares were not glazed, but rather burnished and painted with colored fine clay slips. The potter's wheel was unknown as well; pieces were shaped by molding, coiling and other methods,
Museo Universitario de Artes Populares María Teresa Pomar is a museum dedicated to Mexico's handcrafts and folk art tradition, called “artesanía.” It is part of the University of Colima in the city of Colima, founded by artesanía collector and promoter María Terea Pomar. It contains one of the most important collections of its type in Mexico, covering traditions from around the country as well as the artesanía and traditions of the state of Colima.
Ceramics of Jalisco, Mexico has a history that extends far back in the pre Hispanic period, but modern production is the result of techniques introduced by the Spanish during the colonial period and the introduction of high-fire production in the 1950s and 1960s by Jorge Wilmot and Ken Edwards. Today various types of traditional ceramics such as bruñido, canelo and petatillo are still made, along with high fire types like stoneware, with traditional and nontraditional decorative motifs. The two main ceramics centers are Tlaquepaque and Tonalá, with a wide variety of products such as cookware, plates, bowls, piggy banks and many types of figures.
The handcrafts of Guerrero include a number of products which are mostly made by the indigenous communities of the Mexican state of Guerrero. Some, like pottery and basketry, have existed relatively intact since the pre Hispanic period, while others have gone through significant changes in technique and design since the colonial period. Today, much of the production is for sale in the state's major tourism centers, Acapulco, Zihuatanejo and Taxco, which has influence the crafts’ modern evolution. The most important craft traditions include amate bark painting, the lacquerware of Olinalá and nearby communities and the silverwork of Taxdo.
The pottery of Metepec is that of a municipality in central Mexico, located near Mexico City. It is noted for durable utilitarian items but more noted for its decorative and ritual items, especially sculptures called “trees of life,” decorative plaques in sun and moon shapes and mermaid like figures called Tlanchanas. Metepec potters such as the Soteno family have won national and international recognition for their work and the town hosts the annual Concurso Nacional de Alfarería y Cerámica.
Sawdust carpets are one or more layers of colored sawdust, and sometimes other additional materials, laid on the ground as decoration. Sawdust carpets are traditionally created to greet a religious procession that walks over them. The tradition of decorating streets in this fashion began in Europe and was brought to the Americas by the Spanish. The tradition is still found in Mexico, Central America, parts of South America and parts of the United States, but it is strongest in Mexico and Central America.
Ixtenco is located in Ixtenco Municipality in the southeast of the Mexican state of Tlaxcala. It is a traditional Otomi community, which has conserved its agricultural economic base and various traditions. However, it is one of the poorest and least populated of the state's municipalities. The town's main landmark is the San Juan Bautista Parish and the municipality contains the remains of colonial era haciendas. The municipality lies on an old lava flow from the nearby La Malinche Volcano, which provides its volcanic soil, but because of the destruction of forests and overgrazing, erosion is a significant problem.
Oaxaca handcrafts and folk art is one of Mexico's important regional traditions of its kind, distinguished by both its overall quality and variety. Producing goods for trade has been an important economic activity in the state, especially in the Central Valleys region since the pre-Hispanic era which the area laid on the trade route between central Mexico and Central America. In the colonial period, the Spanish introduced new raw materials, new techniques and products but the rise of industrially produced products lowered the demand for most handcrafts by the early 20th century. The introduction of highways in the middle part of the century brought tourism to the region and with it a new market for traditional handcrafts. Today, the state boasts the largest number of working artisans in Mexico, producing a wide range of products that continue to grow and evolve to meet changing tastes in the market.
Michoacán handcrafts and folk art is a Mexican regional tradition centered in the state of Michoacán, in central/western Mexico. Its origins traced back to the Purépecha Empire, and later to the efforts to organize and promote trades and crafts by Vasco de Quiroga in what is now the north and northeast of the state. The state has a wide variety of over thirty crafts, with the most important being the working of wood, ceramics, and textiles. A number are more particular to the state, such as the creation of religious images from corn stalk paste, and a type of mosaic made from dyed wheat straw on a waxed board. Though there is support for artisans in the way of contests, fairs, and collective trademarks for certain wares, Michoacán handcrafts lack access to markets, especially those catering to tourists.
Guanajuato handcrafts and folk art are mostly of European origin, although some indigenous work still survives in some communities. The most notable craft is the making of glazed mayolica pottery, followed by handmade traditional toys of various materials, especially a hard paper mache called cartonería. While handcrafts are not a large an industry here as in some other states, it does have several major handcraft markets which sell to tourists and foreign residents. Other handcraft traditions include wrought iron work, tin and glass, wood carving and leather working.
Handcrafts and folk art in Mexico City is a microcosm of handcraft production in most of the rest of country. One reason for this is that the city has attracted migration from other parts of Mexico, bringing these crafts. The most important handcraft in the city is the working of a hard paper mache called cartonería, used to make piñatas and other items related to various annual celebrations. It is also used to make fantastic creatures called alebrijes, which originated here in the 20th century. While there are handcrafts made in the city, the capital is better known for selling and promoting crafts from other parts of the country, both fine, very traditional wares and inexpensive curio types, in outlets from fine shops to street markets.
The Mexican State of Mexico produces various kinds of handcrafted items. While not as well documented as the work of other states, it does produce a number of notable items from the pottery of Metepec, the silverwork of the Mazahua people and various textiles including handwoven serapes and rebozos and knotted rugs. There are seventeen recognized handcraft traditions in the state, and include both those with pre Hispanic origins to those brought over by the Spanish after the Conquest. As the state industrializes and competition from cheaper goods increases, handcraft production has diminished. However, there are a number of efforts by state agencies to promote these traditions both inside and outside of Mexico.
Chiapas handcrafts and folk art is most represented with the making of pottery, textiles and amber products, though other crafts such as those working with wood, leather and stone are also important. The state is one of Mexico's main handcraft producers, with most artisans being indigenous women, who dominate the production of pottery and textiles. The making of handcrafts has become economically and socially important in the state, especially since the 1980s, with the rise of the tourist market and artisans’ cooperatives and other organizations. These items generally cannot compete with commercially made goods, but rather are sold for their cultural value, primarily in San Cristóbal de las Casas.
Puebla handcrafts and folk art is handcraft and folk art from the Mexican state of Puebla. The best-known craft of Puebla is Talavera pottery—which is the only mayolica style pottery continuously produced in Mexico since it was introduced in the early colonial period. Other notable handcraft traditions include trees of life from Izúcar de Matamoros and amate (bark) paper made by the very small town of San Pablito in the north of the state. The state also makes glass, Christmas tree ornaments, indigenous textiles, monumental clocks, baskets, and apple cider.
Hidalgo (state) handcrafts and folk art are mostly made for local consumption rather than for collectors, although there have been efforts to promote this work to a wider market. Most are utilitarian and generally simply decorated, if decorated at all. The most important handcraft traditions are pottery, especially in the municipality of Huejutla and textiles, which can be found in diverse parts of the state. Most artisans are indigenous, with the Otomi populations of the Mezquital Valley being the most dominant. Other important handcrafts include basketry, metal and wood working.
Jalisco handcrafts and folk art are noted among Mexican handcraft traditions. The state is one of the main producers of handcrafts, which are noted for quality. The main handcraft tradition is ceramics, which has produced a number of known ceramicists, including Jorge Wilmot, who introduced high fire work into the state. In addition to ceramics, the state also makes blown glass, textiles, wood furniture including the equipal chair, baskets, metal items, piteado and Huichol art.
References
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Porfirio Martinez Peñaloza (1982). Artesanía Mexicana. Biblioteca de México/Galeria de Arte Misrachi. pp.93–95.
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