Hebeloma radicosum

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Hebeloma radicosum
Hebeloma radicosum 2.jpg
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Division:
Basidiomycota
Class:
Agaricomycetes
Order:
Agaricales
Family:
Hymenogastraceae
Genus:
Hebeloma
Species:
H. radicosum
Binomial name
Hebeloma radicosum
(Bull.) Ricken (1915)
Synonyms [1]
  • Agaricus radicosusBull. (1784)
  • Agaricus radicatus Pers. (1801)
  • Pholiota radicosa(Bull.) P.Kumm. (1871)
  • Dryophila radicosa(Bull.) Quél. (1886)
  • Myxocybe radicosa(Bull.) Fayod (1889)
  • Roumeguerites radicosus(Bull.) Locq. (1979)

Hebeloma radicosum, commonly known as the rooting poison pie, is a species of agaric fungus in the family Hymenogastraceae. Fruit bodies (mushrooms) can be identified by the tapering root-like stipe base, as well as the almond-like odor. Found in Japan, Europe, and North America, it is an ammonia fungus, and fruits on mole, mouse, or shrew middens.

Contents

Taxonomy

The species was first described scientifically by Jean Baptiste François Pierre Bulliard in 1784 as Agaricus radicosus. [2] Adalbert Ricken transferred it to Hebeloma in 1915. [3] Historical synonyms have resulted from the transfer of the fungus to the genera Pholiota by Paul Kummer in 1871, [4] Dryophila by Lucien Quélet in 1886, [5] Myxocybe by Victor Fayod in 1889, [6] and Roumeguerites by Marcel Locquin in 1979. [7]

Molecular analysis places the species in a basal position of the Myxocybe clade. This grouping of phylogenetically related species contains members that form a pseudorrhiza, such as H. danicum , H. senescens , H. calyptrosporum , H. birrus , H. pumilium , and H. cylindrosporum . [8]

The mushroom is commonly known as the "rooting poison pie". [9]

Description

The fruit bodies have caps 5–10 cm (2.0–3.9 in) in diameter that are initially convex before flattening out in age. The surface of fresh caps is sticky; the color, which ranges from yellowish tan to golden brown to ochre, or pale cinnamon, is lighter towards the margin. The margins of young caps are curled inward, and often have adherent hanging remnants of the partial veil. The gills are notched to nearly free from attachment to the stipe, and have scalloped or fringed edges, especially in maturity. Initially white, the gills change from ochre to reddish brown as the spores mature. The stipe measures 7.5–18 cm (3.0–7.1 in) long by 1.3–2.5 cm (0.5–1.0 in) thick, and is usually swollen in the middle and tapered on each end. The stipe base is covered with pale brownish fibers and cottony scales over a cream ground color. The stipe is solid (i.e., not hollow) and firm, with a ring on the upper portion. [10] The flesh has a mild taste, and an odor of almonds or marzipan. [11] Several aromatic compound are responsible for the mushroom's odor, including benzaldehyde, 2-phenylethanal, 2-phenylethanol, phenylacetic acid, N-formylaniline, and 1-octen-3-ol. [12]

Hebeloma radicosum produces a rusty brown to cinnamon-brown spore print. Spores are almond-shaped, covered in small warts, and measure 8–10 by 5–6  μm. [10] The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are four-spored. [11]

The mushroom is poisonous, and can cause gastrointestinal distress in those who consume it. [10]

Similar species

The Japanese species Hebeloma radicosoides resembles H. radicosum in appearance and habitat, but can be distinguished by its yellower cap and lack of odor. Additionally, H. radicosoides fruits after experimental application of urea to soil, while H. radicosum does not. [13] Another lookalike, Hypholoma radicosum , has a rooting stipe, but it is more slender and smells strongly of the compound iodoform."

Ecology and distribution

Hebeloma radicosum is an ammonia fungus, and associates with the latrines of moles, wood mice, [14] and shrews. [15] The mushroom has been used to study the nesting ecology of moles. [16] [17] Fruit bodies occur on the ground scattered or in groups on soil or grassy areas, and are also associated with bushes and hedges in residential areas. [10] A Japanese field study demonstrated that male flies of the genus Suillia rest on the mushrooms and actively defend their territory from others of the same species while waiting to mate with oviparous females. [18] Hebeloma radicosum fruit bodies can be grown in pure culture conditions in the laboratory. [19] The fruit bodies are negatively gravitropic and not phototropic. Although they do not require light to form primordia, light is needed for differention and maturation. The sensitivity to gravity and light may be related to the growth habits of the fungus, which colonizes deep in the ground where it forms primordia, and develops mature fruit bodies on the ground. [20]

The species is found in Japan, [13] Europe [11] and North America. [10]

See also

Related Research Articles

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<i>Hypholoma</i> Genus of fungi

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<i>Chalciporus piperatus</i> Species of fungus in the family Boletaceae found in mixed woodland in Europe and North America

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<i>Hydnellum aurantiacum</i>

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<i>Lysurus periphragmoides</i>

Lysurus periphragmoides, commonly known as the stalked lattice stinkhorn or chambered stinkhorn, is a species of fungus in the stinkhorn family. It was originally described as Simblum periphragmoides in 1831, and has been known as many different names before being transferred to Lysurus in 1980. The saprobic fungus has a pantropical distribution, and has been found in Africa, Asia, Australasia, and the Americas, where it grows on fertile ground and on mulch. The fruit body, which can extend up to 15 cm (5.9 in) tall, consists of a reddish latticed head placed on top of a long stalk. A dark olive-green spore mass, the gleba, fills the interior of the lattice and extends outwards between the arms. Like other members of the family Phallaceae, the gleba has a fetid odor that attracts flies and other insects to help disperse its spores. The immature "egg" form of the fungus is considered edible.

Hebeloma aminophilum, commonly known as the ghoul fungus, is a species of mushroom in the family Hymenogastraceae. Found in Western Australia, it gets its common name from the propensity of the fruiting bodies to spring out of decomposing animal remains. Its edibility is unknown.

<i>Hebeloma sinapizans</i>

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Mycena aurantiomarginata, commonly known as the golden-edge bonnet, is a species of agaric fungus in the family Mycenaceae. First formally described in 1803, it was given its current name in 1872. Widely distributed, it is common in Europe and North America, and has also been collected in North Africa, Central America, and Japan. The fungus is saprobic, and produces fruit bodies (mushrooms) that grow on the floor of coniferous forests. The mushrooms have a bell-shaped to conical cap up to 2 cm (0.8 in) in diameter, set atop a slender stipe up to 6 cm (2.4 in) long with yellow to orange hairs at the base. The fungus is named after its characteristic bright orange gill edges. A microscopic characteristic is the club-shaped cystidia that are covered with numerous spiky projections, resembling a mace. The edibility of the mushroom has not been determined. M. aurantiomarginata can be distinguished from similar Mycena species by differences in size, color, and substrate. A 2010 publication reported the discovery and characterization of a novel pigment named mycenaaurin A, isolated from the mushroom. The pigment is responsible for its color, and it has antibiotic activity that may function to prevent certain bacteria from growing on the mushroom.

<i>Hygrophorus marzuolus</i> Species of fungus

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<i>Tricholoma vaccinum</i> Fungus of the agaric genus Tricholoma

Tricholoma vaccinum, commonly known as the russet scaly tricholoma, the scaly knight, or the fuzztop, is a fungus of the agaric genus Tricholoma. It produces medium-sized fruit bodies (mushrooms) that have a distinctive hairy reddish-brown cap with a shaggy margin when young. The cap, which can reach a diameter of up to 6.5 cm (2.6 in) wide, breaks up into flattened scales in maturity. It has cream-buff to pinkish gills with brown spots. Its fibrous, hollow stipe is white above and reddish brown below, and measures 4 to 7.5 cm long. Although young fruit bodies have a partial veil, it does not leave a ring on the stipe.

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<i>Hapalopilus nidulans</i>

Hapalopilus nidulans is a species of polypore fungus in the family Polyporaceae. Officially described in 1821, it was transferred to its current genus Hapalopilus six decades later. It is commonly known as the tender nesting polypore, purple dye polypore, or the cinnamon bracket. This widely distributed species is found on five continents. It grows on the fallen or standing dead wood of deciduous trees, in which it fruits singly, in groups, fused, or in overlapping clusters. Fruit bodies are in the form of kidney-shaped to semicircular, cinnamon-orange-brown brackets. The underside of the fruit body features a yellowish to brownish pore surface with tiny angular pores, from which spores are released.

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Tricholoma vernaticum is an agaric fungus of the genus Tricholoma native to the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. The fungus was originally described in 1976 as a species of Armillaria when that genus was more inclusive; it received its current name twenty years later. The stout fruit bodies (mushrooms) have moist white to grayish caps, a membranous ring on the stipe, and an odor resembling cucumbers. Mycorrhizal with conifers, the fungus fruits in the spring or early summer, with its mushrooms appearing on the ground singly or in groups at high elevations, often at the edge of melting snowbanks. The edibility of the mushroom is unknown, but it has a strong unpleasant odor and a mealy taste.

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Pholiota nubigena, commonly known as the gastroid pholiota or the bubble gum fungus, is a species of secotioid fungus in the family Strophariaceae. It is found in mountainous areas of the western United States, where it grows on rotting conifer wood, often fir logs. It fruits in spring, often under snow, and early summer toward the end of the snowmelt period in high mountain forests. Fruit bodies appear similar to unopened mushrooms, measuring 1–4 cm (0.4–1.6 in) tall with 1–2.4-centimeter (0.4–0.9 in) diameter caps that are whitish to brownish. They have a short but distinct whitish stipe that extend through the internal spore mass (gleba) of the fruit body into the cap. The gleba consists of irregular chambers made of contorted gills that are brownish in color. A whitish, cottony partial veil is present in young specimens, but it often disappears in age and does not leave a ring on the stipe.

Animal latrines are places where wildlife animals habitually defecate and urinate. Many kinds of animals are highly specific in this respect and have stereotyped routines, including approach and departure. Many of them have communal, i.e., shared, latrines.

Hebeloma radicosoides is a species of agaric fungus in the family Hymenogastraceae. Found in Japan, it was described as new to science in 2000. The mushroom's long rooting stipe and membranous ring give it an appearance similar to H. radicosum. Like that species, it is also an ammonia fungus, growing on soil containing urea.

<i>Stropharia caerulea</i>

Stropharia caerulea, commonly known as the blue roundhead, is an inedible species of agaric fungus in the family Strophariaceae. It is a common species found in Europe and North America, where it grows as a saprophyte in meadows, roadsides, hedgerows, gardens, and woodchip mulch. S. caerulea was officially described to science in 1979, although it was known to be a distinct species for about two centuries before that. The taxon Stropharia cyanea, as defined by Risto Tuomikoski in 1953, and used by several later authors, is a synonym of S. caerulea.

References

  1. ↑ "Hebeloma radicosum (Bull.) Ricken 1915". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2012-09-01.
  2. ↑ Bulliard JBF. (1784). Herbier de la France (in French). 4. pp. 145–92 [160].
  3. ↑ Ricken A. (1915). Die Blätterpilze (in German). 1. Leipzig, Germany: Weigel. p. 115.
  4. ↑ Kummer P. (1871). Der Führer in die Pilzkunde (in German). Zerbst, Germany: C. Luppe. p. 84.
  5. ↑ Quélet, L. (1886). Enchiridion Fungorum in Europa media et praesertim in Gallia Vigentium (in Latin). Paris, France: Octave Dion. p. 67.
  6. ↑ Fayod V. (1889). "Prodrome d'une histoire naturelle des Agaricinés". Annales des Sciences Naturelles Botanique. VII (in French). 9: 361.
  7. ↑ Locquin MV. (1977). Flore mycologique (in French). 3. Paris, France: Guyot. p. 146.
  8. ↑ Boyle H, Zimdars B, Renker C, Buscot F (2006). "A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe". Mycological Research. 110 (4): 369–80. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2005.11.015. PMID   16546367.
  9. ↑ Roberts P, Evans S (2011). The Book of Fungi. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. p. 148. ISBN   978-0226721170.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Bessette A, Bessette AR, Fischer DW (1997). Mushrooms of Northeastern North America. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. p. 124. ISBN   978-0815603887.
  11. 1 2 3 Jordan M. (2004). The Encyclopedia of Fungi of Britain and Europe. London, UK: Frances Lincoln. p. 253. ISBN   978-0-7112-2378-3.
  12. ↑ Fons F, Rapior S, Fruchier A, Saviuc P, Besseire JM (2006). "Volatile composition of Clitocybe amoenolens, Tricholoma caligatum and Hebeloma radicosum". Cryptogamie Mycologie. 27 (1): 45–55.
  13. 1 2 Sagara N, Hongo T, Murakami Y, Hashimoto T, Nagamasu H, Fukiharu T, Asakawa Y (2000). "Hebeloma radicosoides sp nov., an agaric belonging to the chemoecological group ammonia fungi". Mycological Research. 104 (8): 1017–24. doi:10.1017/S0953756299002439.
  14. ↑ Sagara N, Senn-Irlet B, Marstad P (2006). "Establishment of the case of Hebeloma radicosum growth on the latrine of the wood mouse". Mycoscience. 47 (5): 263–8. doi:10.1007/s10267-006-0303-y.
  15. ↑ Sagara N, Ooyama J, Koyama M (2008). "New causal animal for the growth of Hebeloma radicosum (Agaricales): shrew, Sorex sp (Mammalia, Insectivora)". Mycoscience. 49 (3): 207–10. doi:10.1007/s10267-008-0407-7.
  16. ↑ Sagara N, Abe H, Okabe H (1993). "The persistence of moles in nesting at the same site as indicated by mushroom fruiting and nest reconstruction". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 71 (8): 1690–3. doi:10.1139/z93-237.
  17. ↑ Sagara N. (1998). "Methods for studying the nesting ecology of moles through observation of mushroom fruiting". Honyurui Kagaku. 38 (2): 271–92. ISSN   0385-437X.
  18. ↑ Tuno N, Sagara N, Okadome T (2003). "Territorial behaviour of Suillia males on basidiocarps of Hebeloma radicosum in central Japan". Mycologist. 17 (3): 122–5. doi:10.1017/S0269915X03002143.
  19. ↑ Ohta A. (1998). "Fruit-body production of two ectomycorrhizal fungi in the genus Hebeloma in pure culture". Mycoscience. 39 (1): 15–9. doi:10.1007/BF02461573.
  20. ↑ Kaneko A, Sagara N (2002). "Responses of Hebeloma radicosum fruit-bodies to light and gravity: negatively gravitropic and nonphototropic growth". Mycoscience. 43 (1): 7–13. doi:10.1007/s102670200002.
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