Pholiota

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Pholiota
Pholiota squarrosa2.jpg
Pholiota squarrosa
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Strophariaceae
Genus: Pholiota
(Fr.) P.Kumm. (1871)
Type species
Pholiota squarrosa
(Bull.) P.Kumm. (1871)
Synonyms [1]

Agaricus "trib." PholiotaFr. (1821)
Agaricus ser. DerminusFr. (1821)
Derminus(Fr.) Staude (1857) nom. rej.
Gymnocybe P.Karst. (1879)
Dryophila Quél. (1886)
Flammopsis Fayod (1889)
RyssosporaFayod (1889)
HypodendrumPaulet ex Earle (1909)
VisculusEarle (1909)

Contents

Pholiota is a genus of small to medium-sized, fleshy mushrooms in the family Strophariaceae. They are saprobes that typically live on wood. [2] The genus has a widespread distribution, especially in temperate regions, and contains about 150 species.

Taxonomy

The genus contains about 150 species. [3]

There have been several varying concepts of the genus, ranging from a pre-molecular era very broad concept [4] that nowadays would include the genera Phaeolepiota , Phaeonematoloma , Flammula , Meottomyces , some Stropharia species, some Hypholoma species, Hemipholiota , Hemistropharia , some Kuehneromyces and some Phaeomarasmius , etc. Currently the genus is restricted to a smaller but still large group of species [5] [6] [7] [8] that primarily grow on wood, causing a white rot; other taxa occur on burnt ground following fires on peaty or forest soil, but none are known to be mycorrhizal.[ clarification needed ][ verification needed ]

Selected species

Etymology

Pholiota is derived from the Greek word pholis, meaning "scale". [9]

Description

The mushrooms have scaly and glutinous to dry cap surfaces. Many species have prominent partial veils and form an annulus or annular ring on their stipes. None of the species have purplish or purplish-brown spore prints. None form acanthocytes on their mycelia.

Usually the species have pleurocystidia that include a type called chrysocystidia. The spores are brown, light brown, or yellowish brown in deposit. They are smooth with a germ pore, although the germ pore can be quite narrow in species

Distribution and habitat

The genus has a widespread distribution, especially in temperate regions. [3]

The species frequently grow on wood or at the bases of trees or on decaying tree roots.

References

  1. ↑ "Pholiota (Fr.) P. Kumm. 1871". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2011-12-23.
  2. ↑ "The genus Pholiota". The Mushroom Expert.
  3. 1 2 Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. p. 524. ISBN   978-0-85199-826-8.
  4. ↑ Smith AH, Hesler LR (1968), The North American Species of Pholiota, New York: Hafner
  5. ↑ Moncalvo JM, Vilgalys R, Redhead SA, Johnson JE, James TY, Catherine Aime M, Hofstetter V, Verduin SJ, Larsson E, Baroni TJ, Greg Thorn R, Jacobsson S, Clémençon H, Miller OK Jr (2002). "One hundred and seventeen clades of euagarics". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 23 (3): 357–400. Bibcode:2002MolPE..23..357M. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00027-1. PMID   12099793.
  6. ↑ Walther G, Garnica S, Weiß M (2005). "The systematic relevance of conidiogenesis modes in the gilled Agaricales". Mycological Research. 109 (5): 525–44. doi:10.1017/S0953756205002868. PMID   16018308.
  7. ↑ Matheny PB, Curtis JM, Hofstetter V, Aime MC, Moncalvo JM, Ge ZW, Slot JC, Ammirati JF, Baroni TJ, Bougher NL, Hughes KW, Lodge DJ, Kerrigan RW, Seidl MT, Aanen DK, DeNitis M, Daniele GM, Desjardin DE, Kropp BR, Norvell LL, Parker A, Vellinga EC, Vilgalys R, Hibbett DS (2006). "Major clades of Agaricales: a multilocus phylogenetic overview" (PDF). Mycologia. 98 (6): 982–95. doi:10.3852/mycologia.98.6.982. PMID   17486974.
  8. ↑ Redhead SA. (2013). "(2128) Proposal to conserve the name Flammula (Fr.) P. Kumm.(Fungi: Agaricales) against Flammula (Webb ex Spach) Fourr. (Spermatophyta: Ranunculaceae)". Taxon. 62 (2): 401–2. doi:10.12705/622.16.
  9. ↑ Rea, Carleton (1922). British Basidiomycetaceae: a Handbook to the Larger British Fungi. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 61.
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