Pholiota squarrosoides

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Pholiota squarrosoides
Pholiota squarrosoides (4501590245).jpg
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Strophariaceae
Genus: Pholiota
Species:
P. squarrosoides
Binomial name
Pholiota squarrosoides
(Peck) Sacc.
Synonyms
  • Agaricus squarrosoides
    Peck, 1878
  • Hypodendrum squarrosoides(Peck) Overh., 1932

Pholiota squarrosoides is a species of mushroom in the family Strophariaceae. It is similar to the species Pholiota squarrosa . There are differing accounts on whether the mushroom is edible.

Contents

Description

This mushroom grows in crowded clusters, with caps up to 10 cm (4 in) in diameter and stems up to 14 cm (5.5 in) in length. The caps are convex at first, becoming flattened with age, and are sticky when wet. They are yellowish-brown with prominent cone-shaped, tawny scales which are crowded together near the centre. The gills are closely packed, yellow at first becoming rusty-brown later. The stem is the same colour as the cap and is covered with small scales. Near the top it bears a cottony yellowish ring which flares out. The spores are brown. [1] It is difficult to distinguish this species from Pholiota squarrosa , but that mushroom has a greenish tinge to the gills and is never sticky. [2] [3]

Edibility

The species was reported as edible "with caution" by Kent and Vera McKnight, but that it can be confused with the poisonous P. squarrosa . [2] Mycologist Alexander H. Smith wrote that it is the best edible species in its genus. [1] Orson K. Miller Jr. and Roger Phillips regard it as edible, [4] [5] but a description provided by the University of Arkansas states that it is not. [3]

Habitat

The species can commonly be found in late summer in the Great Lakes states, the Pacific Northwest, and eastern North America. Its habitat is on the bark of hardwood trees. [1] It is rarely found in Europe, but the first specimen in Poland was discovered in 2010 in the southwestern part of the country. [6] The Poland discovery happened at the Łężczok Nature Reserve near the town of Racibórz. The mushroom might also be found in the temperate regions of Asia. [6] Although the mushroom is considered a saprophyte, rather than a parasite, it can cause the wood to degrade rapidly. In the Great Lakes region, it decays logs of the trees Acer saccharum and Tilia glabra . [6]

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<i>Leucopholiota decorosa</i> Species of fungus

Leucopholiota decorosa is a species of fungus in the mushroom family Tricholomataceae. Commonly known as the decorated pholiota, it is distinguished by its fruit body which is covered with pointed brown, curved scales on the cap and stem, and by its white gills. Found in the eastern United States, France, and Pakistan, it is saprobic, growing on the decaying wood of hardwood trees. L. decorosa was first described by American mycologist Charles Horton Peck as Agaricus decorosus in 1873, and the species has been transferred to several genera in its history, including Tricholoma, Tricholomopsis, Armillaria, and Floccularia. Three American mycologists considered the species unique enough to warrant its own genus, and transferred it into the new genus Leucopholiota in a 1996 publication. Lookalike species with similar colors and scaly fruit bodies include Pholiota squarrosoides, Phaeomarasmius erinaceellus, and Leucopholiota lignicola. L. decorosa is considered an edible mushroom.

<i>Hygrophorus subalpinus</i> Species of fungus

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<i>Pholiota flammans</i> Species of fungus

Pholiota flammans, commonly known as the yellow pholiota, the flaming Pholiota, or the flame scalecap, is a basidiomycete agaric mushroom of the genus Pholiota. Its fruit body is golden-yellow in color throughout, while its cap and stem are covered in sharp scales. As it is a saprobic fungus, the fruit bodies typically appear in clusters on the stumps of dead coniferous trees. P. flammans is distributed throughout Europe, North America, and Asia in boreal and temperate regions. Its edibility has not been clarified.

<i>Amanita atkinsoniana</i> Species of fungus

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<i>Amanita ravenelii</i> Species of fungus

Amanita ravenelii, commonly known as the pinecone lepidella, is a species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae. The fruit bodies are medium to large, with caps up to 17 cm (6.7 in) wide, and a stem up to 25 cm (9.8 in) long and 3 cm (1.2 in) thick. The warts on the whitish cap surface are large—up to 6 mm (0.24 in) wide and 4 mm (0.16 in) high. The stem has a large bulb at its base, covered with whitish to brownish scales, that may root several centimeters into the soil. The ring on the stem is thick and cotton- or felt-like. It is widely distributed in mixed and deciduous forests of the southeastern United States, where it grows solitarily or in groups on the ground in late summer and autumn. The mushrooms have a unique odor resembling bleaching powder.

<i>Pholiota squarrosa</i> Species of fungus

Pholiota squarrosa, commonly known as the shaggy scalycap, the shaggy Pholiota, or the scaly Pholiota, is a species of mushroom in the family Strophariaceae. Common in North America and Europe, it is often an opportunistic parasite, and has a wide range of hosts among deciduous trees, although it can also infect conifers. It can also live as a saprobe, deriving nutrients from decomposing wood. The mushroom is typically found growing in clusters at the base of trees and stumps. Both the cap and the stem are covered in small, pointed scales that are pointed downward and backward. The crowded gills are yellowish, then later rust-brown. The mushroom has an odor that, depending on the author, has been described as resembling garlic, lemon, radish, onion, or skunk. It has a strong taste, resembling radishes. Though edible to some, it may be toxic, especially if consumed in combination with alcohol. The mushroom contains unique chemicals thought to help it infect plants by neutralizing defensive responses employed by them. The very similar P. squarrosoides differs in having a paler cap that is sticky between the scales, and smaller spores.

<i>Rhodocollybia maculata</i> Species of fungus

Rhodocollybia maculata, common name Spotted Toughshank, is a species of fungus in the mushroom family Marasmiaceae. It often appears around rotting conifer wood.

<i>Bolbitius titubans</i> Species of fungus

Bolbitius titubans, also known as Bolbitius vitellinus, is a widespread species of mushroom found in America and Europe. It grows chiefly on dung or heavily fertilized soil, and sometimes on grass. It is nonpoisonous.

<i>Pholiota aurivella</i> Species of fungus

Pholiota aurivella is a species of fungus in the family Strophariaceae that is found in native forest of New Zealand, southern Canada, and in the United States. It is frequently found in the American West and Southwest, especially in late summer and fall. Most field guides list it as inedible, with one reporting that it contains toxins which cause gastric upset. According to David Arora, the taste resembles "marshmallows without the sugar." It is sticky or slimy when moist and grows in clusters on live or dead trees.

<i>Pholiota iterata</i> Species of fungus

Pholiota iterata is a species of agaric fungus in the family Strophariaceae. Found in North America, it was first described formally by Alexander H. Smith and Lexemuel Ray Hesler in 1969.

<i>Pholiota nubigena</i> Species of fungus

Pholiota nubigena, commonly known as the gastroid pholiota or the bubble gum fungus, is a species of secotioid fungus in the family Strophariaceae. It is found in mountainous areas of the western United States, where it grows on rotting conifer wood, often fir logs. It fruits in spring, often under snow, and early summer toward the end of the snowmelt period in high mountain forests. Fruit bodies appear similar to unopened mushrooms, measuring 1–4 centimetres tall with 1–2.4 cm diameter caps that are whitish to brownish. They have a short but distinct whitish stipe that extend through the internal spore mass (gleba) of the fruit body into the cap. The gleba consists of irregular chambers made of contorted gills that are brownish in color. A whitish, cottony partial veil is present in young specimens, but it often disappears in age and does not leave a ring on the stipe.

<i>Pholiota astragalina</i>

Pholiota astragalina is a species of fungus in the family Strophariaceae. It was first described scientifically in 1821 by Elias Magnus Fries as a species of Agaricus. Rolf Singer transferred it to the genus Pholiota in 1951. The fruitbodies of the fungus have pinkish-orange caps measuring 2–5.5 cm in diameter. The flesh is orange, blackening in age, with a bitter taste. They produce a reddish-brown spore print, causing it to be placed in its genus rather than Hypholoma, which it resembles. The spores are oval to elliptical, smooth with thin walls, and measure 5–7 by 4–4.5 µm. In North America, the fungus is found in the United States and Canada. In Europe, it has been recorded from France, Sweden, and Switzerland. Its mushrooms usually grow singly or in small clusters, sometimes on conifer logs.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Smith, Alexander H (1974). The Mushroom Hunter's Field Guide. The University of Michigan Press. p. 207. ISBN   047285609X.
  2. 1 2 McKnight, Kent H.; McKnight, Vera B. (February 1998). A Field Guide to Mushrooms: North America. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 273. ISBN   0-395-91090-0.
  3. 1 2 "Pholiota squarrosoides". Fungi of National Capital Region Parks. University of Arkansas. Retrieved August 10, 2019.
  4. Miller Jr., Orson K.; Miller, Hope H. (2006). North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi. Guilford, CN: FalconGuide. p. 265. ISBN   978-0-7627-3109-1.
  5. Phillips, Roger (2010). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America . Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. p.  205. ISBN   978-1-55407-651-2.
  6. 1 2 3 Halama, Marek (January 2011). "First record of the rare species Pholiota squarrosoides (Agaricales, Strophariaceae) in southwestern Poland". Polish Botanical Journal. Retrieved August 10, 2019.