| Hemicidaridae Temporal range: | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Fossil of Asterocidaris species | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Echinodermata |
| Class: | Echinoidea |
| Infraclass: | Carinacea |
| Family: | † Hemicidaridae Wright, 1857 |
Hemicidaridae is a family of extinct sea urchins characterized by large, massive, club-shaped spines.
These epifaunal grazer-deposit feeders lived in Jurassic and Cretaceous ages (from 189.6 to 112.6 Ma). [1]
List of genera and subfamilies: [2] [3]
Fossils of species within this genus have been found in the Jurassic and Cretaceous sediments in Europe, Africa, North America and China. [1]
The Amiiformes order of fish has only one extant species, the bowfin. These Amiiformes are found in the freshwater systems of North America, in the United States and parts of southern Canada. They live in freshwater streams, rivers, and swamps.
The Lamniformes are an order of sharks commonly known as mackerel sharks. It includes some of the most familiar species of sharks, such as the great white, as well as more unusual representatives, such as the goblin shark and megamouth shark.
Sand sharks, also known as sand tiger sharks, grey nurse sharks or ragged tooth sharks, are mackerel sharks of the family Odontaspididae. They are found worldwide in temperate and tropical waters. The three species are in two genera.
The Halisaurinae are a subfamily of mosasaurs, a group of Late Cretaceous marine lizards. They were small to medium-sized, ranging from just under 3 meters in Eonatator sternbergi to as much as 8 or 9 meters in Pluridens serpentis. They tended to have relatively slender jaws and small, numerous teeth, suggesting a diet of small fish and other prey. Although the skeleton is primitive compared to other Mosasauridae in many respects, halisaurines had the distinctive hypocercal tail of other mosasaurids suggesting good swimming ability, and they persisted alongside other mosasaurs until the end of the Cretaceous. The earliest known remains of halisaurines occur in rocks of Santonian age and the subfamily persists until the latest Maastrichtian. Halisaurines are known from North and South America, Europe, Asia and Africa, indicating a more or less global distribution in the Late Cretaceous. Four genera are currently recognized: Eonatator, Halisaurus, Phosphorosaurus and Pluridens.
Leptolepis is an extinct genus of teleost fish that lived in freshwater and marine environments from the Middle Triassic period until the Early Cretaceous. The genus is one of the earliest recognized teleost genera.
Berriasella is a discoidal evolute perisphinctacean ammonite, and type genus for the neocomitid subfamily Berriasellinae. Its ribbing is distinct, consisting of both simple and bifurcated ribs that extend from the umbilical seam across the venter; its whorl section generally compressed, the venter more or less narrowly rounded. The species Berriasella jacobi traditionally has been regarded an index fossil defining the base of the Cretaceous, however since 2016 this had been replaced by the first occurrence of Calpionella alpina.
Ceratodus was a wide-ranging genus of extinct lungfish. Fossil evidence dates back to the Early Triassic. A wide range of fossil species from different time periods have been found around the world in places such as the United States, Argentina, Greenland, England, Germany, Egypt, Madagascar, China, and Australia. Ceratodus is believed to have become extinct sometime around the beginning of the Eocene Epoch. The closest living relative of Ceratodus is thought to be the Queensland lungfish, Neoceratodus forsteri, which means "new Ceratodus" in Greek.
Carcharias is a genus of sand tiger sharks belonging to the family Odontaspididae. Once bearing many prehistoric species, all have gone extinct with the exception of the critically endangered sand tiger shark.
Naticidae, common name moon snails or necklace shells, is a family of medium to large-sized predatory sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha. The shells of the species in this family are mostly globular in shape.
Goniasteridae constitute the largest family of sea stars, included in the order Valvatida. They are mostly deep-dwelling species, but the family also include several colorful shallow tropical species.
Odontaspis is a genus of sand shark with two extant species.
Vinctifer is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish erected by David Starr Jordan in 1919.
Ptychoceratodus is an extinct genus of prehistoric sarcopterygians or lobe-finned fish originally named as a species of Ceratodus in 1837. It was a lungfish from the Mesozoic era (Triassic-Cretaceous), and the only members of the family Ptychoceratodontidae. One species, P. oldhami, was named in 2018 based on remains from the Carnian-aged Tiki Formation (India). The first named species, which is also the type species, is P. phillipsi, which was named in 1837 by Louis Agassiz as a species of Ceratodus and moved to a separate genus in 1926.
Diplocidaris is an extinct genus of sea urchins belonging to the family Diplocidaridae. The type species of this genus is Cidaris gigantea Agassiz, 1840.
Asterocidaris is a genus of fossils sea urchins in the family Hemicidaridae. These epifaunal grazer-deposit feeders lived in the Middle and Upper Jurassic age.
Serratolamna is an extinct genus of mackerel sharks belonging to the family Cretoxyrhinidae.
Asteracanthus is an extinct genus of hybodontiform, known from the Triassic-Cretaceous of Europe, North America, Asia and Africa.
Kalligrammatidae, sometimes known as kalligrammatids or kalligrammatid lacewings, is a family of extinct insects in the order Neuroptera (lacewings) that contains twenty genera and a number of species. The family lived from the Middle Jurassic to the early Late Cretaceous before going extinct. Species of the family are known from Europe, Asia, and South America. The family has been occasionally described as "butterflies of the Jurassic" based on their resemblance to modern butterflies in morphology and ecological niche.
Tetragramma is a genus of fossil sea urchins known from the Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian) to the Upper Cretaceous (Turonian).
Echinolampas is a genus of echinoderms belonging to the family Echinolampadidae.
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