Humulus japonicus

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Humulus japonicus
Humulus japonicus kz02.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Cannabaceae
Genus: Humulus
Species:
H. japonicus
Binomial name
Humulus japonicus

Humulus japonicus, known as Japanese hops, is an ornamental plant in the family Cannabaceae. Some authorities have it as a synonym of Humulus scandens. [1]

Contents

Originally native to East Asian countries such as China, Japan, Korea, and extending its habitat to Vietnam, it was imported to North America in the late 19th century as an ornamental. Since its arrival in North America, it has spread widely. It can be found throughout the Northeastern U.S. and eastern Canada, and considered an invasive species in North America. It also features on the list of invasive alien species of Union Concern since 2019. This means it can no longer be imported in the European Union. [2] Additionally, it has become illegal to plant it, breed it, transport it, or bring it into the wild in all Member States. [3]

Nomenclature

Humulus japonicus (syn. H. scandens, Antidesma scandens) is known by the common name of "Asian hop","Japanese hop", [4] [5] or "wild hop". [6]

The plant is called lü cao (葎草) in Mandarin Chinese, and kanamugura (カナムグラ) in Japanese. [7]

Description

Humulus Japonicus 14OCT2007.jpg
Leaves hwansamdeonggul ip.JPG
Leaves
Flower Humulus japonicus flower.jpg
Flower

Well-developed leaves with 5-9 lobes; abaxial surfaces of leaves pubescent, but not densely so; infructescence rarely longer than 2 cm, with bracts and bracteoles less than 1 cm long, and notable spinulose-ciliate [8] Inflorescences: staminate inflorescences erect, 15–25 cm, flower anthers without glands such as; pistillate inflorescences spikes, conelike, ovoid; bracteole ovate-orbiculate, 7–10 mm, pilose, margins densely ciliate-hairy. Infructescences pendulous, green, conelike, ovoid to oblong, (1–)1.5–3(–4) cm; bracteoles without yellow glands. [9]

Dispersal

Seeds germinate in early spring, but plants may continue to emerge if conditions are favorable. Seeds can be dispersed by number of agents including humans, animals, machines, and flood waters. [10]

Distribution and habitat

Humulus japonicus is native to temperate parts of Asia (China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan and the Russian Far East) and the tropical environment of Vietnam and Laos, [10] [4] but has become an invasive species in North America since it was imported in the late 19th century. [11]

The plant has been immensely successful in North America, and is found throughout eastern Canada and the eastern half of the United States, and considered a invasive species. [12] In the United States Humulus japonicus has a lateral range from Nebraska/North Dakota to Maine and a vertical range from Minnesota to Georgia. [10] [13]

Japanese hops grow well given plentiful sunlight, moisture, and nutrient rich soil, and are most commonly found along stream banks and floodplains. [10] Japanese hops do not grow as well in shaded areas and drier soils. [10] In milder climates, it can survive the winter. [10]

Economic uses

The plant was introduced into America in the 19th century both as an ornamental and raw ingredient for the Asian tonic. [10] In traditional Chinese medicine this herb known as lü cao is used rather uncommonly, with supposed diuretic and heat-cooling effects. [14] [15]

Although related to the common hop Humulus lupulus , whose cultivars are the brewer's hop used in beer production, the Japanese hop is found to be deficient in the bitter acids and essential oils used for flavoring beer, being devoid of lupulin glands (or producing very few resin glands [16] ); hence the Japanese hop is not considered viable for use in brewing. [10] [17] [11]

Natural enemies

This species is a host plant for the butterfly Polygonia c-aureum , the Asian comma, hence in China the butterfly is considered a major pest affecting the cash crop used in medicine. [18]

Ecological threat

The Japanese hop can adapt well to new environments. Its range and distribution in North America prove that it can thrive in a wide range of environments, from the southern regions of the U.S. to the far reaches of Northern Canada. It can grow and cover any area quickly. Thousands of hop plants can grow in one acre, and they can blanket a majority of the local vegetation. [10] The vines grow rapidly during the summer, climbing up and over everything in their path, and can form dense mats several feet deep, blocking light to whatever plants are underneath. [10]

Related Research Articles

<i>Humulus</i> Genus of flowering plants belonging to the hemp and hackberry family

Humulus, or hop, is a small genus of flowering plants in the family Cannabaceae. The hop is native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Hops are the female flowers of the hop species H. lupulus; as a main flavor and aroma ingredient in many beer styles, H. lupulus is widely cultivated for use by the brewing industry.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vine</span> Plant with a growth habit of trailing or scandent stems or runners

A vine is any plant with a growth habit of trailing or scandent stems, lianas, or runners. The word vine can also refer to such stems or runners themselves, for instance, when used in wicker work.

<i>Rosa rugosa</i> Species of flowering plant

Rosa rugosa is a species of rose native to eastern Asia, in northeastern China, Japan, Korea and southeastern Siberia, where it grows on beach coasts, often on sand dunes. It is naturalized in much of Europe and parts of the United States and Canada. It should not be confused with Rosa multiflora, which is also known as "Japanese rose". The Latin word "rugosa" means "wrinkled", referring to the wrinkled leaves. Often used as an ornamental plant, it has become invasive in parts of Europe, North America and South America.

<i>Rosa multiflora</i> Species of flowering plant in the rose family Rosaceae

Rosa multiflora is a species of rose known commonly as multiflora rose, baby rose, Japanese rose, many-flowered rose, seven-sisters rose, Eijitsu rose and rambler rose. It is native to eastern Asia, in China, Japan, and Korea. It should not be confused with Rosa rugosa, which is also known as "Japanese rose", or with polyantha roses which are garden cultivars derived from hybrids of R. multiflora. It was introduced to North America, where it is regarded as an invasive species.

<i>Koelreuteria paniculata</i> Species of flowering plant

Koelreuteria paniculata is a species of flowering plant in the family Sapindaceae, native to China. Naturalized in Korea and Japan since at least the 1200s, it was introduced in Europe in 1747, and to America in 1763, and has become a popular landscape tree worldwide. Common names include goldenrain tree, pride of India, China tree, and the varnish tree.

<i>Humulus lupulus</i> Species of flowering plant

Humulus lupulus, the common hop or hops, is a species of flowering plant in the hemp family, Cannabaceae. It is a perennial, herbaceous climbing plant which sends up new shoots in early spring and dies back to a cold-hardy rhizome in autumn. It is dioecious and native to West Asia, Europe and North America.

<i>Dianthus chinensis</i> Species of flower, "rainbow pink"

Dianthus chinensis, commonly known as rainbow pink or China pink is a species of Dianthus native to northern China, Korea, Mongolia, and southeastern Russia. It is a herbaceous perennial plant growing to 30–50 cm tall.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paper mulberry</span> Species of plant

The paper mulberry is a species of flowering plant in the family Moraceae. It is native to Asia, where its range includes mainland China, Taiwan, Japan, Korea, Southeast Asia, Myanmar, and India. It is widely cultivated elsewhere and it grows as an introduced species in New Zealand, parts of Europe, the United States, and Africa. Other common names include tapa cloth tree.

<i>Euonymus japonicus</i> Species of flowering plant

Euonymus japonicus is a species of flowering plant in the family Celastraceae, native to Japan and Korea.

<i>Rhodotypos</i> Family of shrubs

Rhodotypos scandens, the sole species of the genus Rhodotypos, is a deciduous shrub in the family Rosaceae, closely related to Kerria and included in that genus by some botanists. It is native to China, Korea, possibly also Japan.

<i>Polygonia interrogationis</i> Species of butterfly

Polygonia interrogationis, commonly called the question mark butterfly, is a North American nymphalid butterfly. It lives in wooded areas, city parks, generally in areas with a combination of trees and open space. The color and textured appearance of the underside of its wings combine to provide camouflage that resembles a dead leaf. The adult butterfly has a wingspan of 4.5–7.6 cm (1.8–3.0 in). Its flight period is from May to September. "The silver mark on the underside of the hindwing is broken into two parts, a curved line and a dot, creating a ?-shaped mark that gives the species its common name."

<i>Firmiana simplex</i> Species of tree

Firmiana simplex, commonly known as the Chinese parasol tree, Chinese parasoltree, or wutong, is an ornamental plant of tree size assigned to the family Malvaceae that was formerly in the family Sterculiaceae in the order Malvales, and is native to Asia. It grows up to 16 m (52 ft) tall.

<i>Euonymus fortunei</i> Species of flowering plant

Euonymus fortunei, the spindle, Fortune's spindle, winter creeper or wintercreeper, is a species of flowering plant in the family Celastraceae, native to east Asia, including China, Korea, the Philippines and Japan. E. fortunei is highly invasive and damaging in the United States, causing the death of trees and forest in urban areas.

<i>Ligustrum japonicum</i> Species of flowering plant

Ligustrum japonicum, known as wax-leaf privet or Japanese privet is a species of Ligustrum (privet) native to central and southern Japan and Korea. It is widely cultivated in other regions, and is naturalized in California and in the southeastern United States from Texas to Virginia.

<i>Polygonia c-aureum</i> Species of butterfly

Polygonia c-aureum, the Asian comma, is a middle-size butterfly found in Japan, Korean Peninsula, China, Taiwan, and Indochina.

<i>Cuscuta europaea</i> Species of flowering plant

Cuscuta europaea, the greater dodder or European dodder, is a parasitic plant native to Europe, which belongs to the family Convolvulaceae, but was formerly classified in the family Cuscutaceae. It grows on Asteraceae, Cannabaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Fabaceae, Urticaceae and other herbaceous plants, including garden plants such as Coleus and Impatiens, and more occasionally on Humulus. It is a notable parasite of lucerne. In many regions, including the Nepal Eastern Himalayas, this species are used as traditional medicine to treat hepatic diseases.

<i>Celtis sinensis</i> Species of tree

Celtis sinensis is a species of flowering plant in the hemp family, Cannabaceae, that is native to slopes in East Asia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cannabaceae</span> Family of flowering plants comprising hops, hemps, and hackberries

Cannabaceae is a small family of flowering plants, known as the hemp family. As now circumscribed, the family includes about 170 species grouped in about 11 genera, including Cannabis (hemp), Humulus (hops) and Celtis (hackberries). Celtis is by far the largest genus, containing about 100 species.

H. japonicus may refer to:

<i>Oplopanax japonicus</i> Species of shrub

Oplopanax japonicus is species of deciduous shrub that can grow as high as 3 m (9.8 ft) tall. The plant is densely packed with spikes and those spikes are irritant. This species belongs to a genus that is rich in calcium oxalate, which is toxic to the digestive system.

References

Citations
  1. ↑ "Humulus scandens (Lour.) Merr". Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2017. Retrieved 14 October 2020.
  2. ↑ "Union list". June 2021.
  3. ↑ "European Regulation on IAS". June 2021.
  4. 1 2 Zeng, Xianfeng; Ma, Jinshuang (November 2009), "(1914) Proposal to Reject the Name Antidesma scandens (Humulus scandens) (Cannabaceae)", Taxon, 58 (4): 1372–1373, doi:10.1002/tax.584029, JSTOR   27757029
  5. ↑ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  6. ↑ English Names for Korean Native Plants (PDF). Pocheon: Korea National Arboretum. 2015. p. 491. ISBN   978-89-97450-98-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 4 January 2017– via Korea Forest Service.
  7. ↑ Wiersema, John H.; León, Blanca (2016). Humulus japonicus Siebold & Zucc (2nd ed.). CRC Press. p. 355. ISBN   1466576812.{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  8. ↑ Small, Ernest (Spring 1978). "A Numerical and Nomenclatural Analysis of Morpho-geographic Taxa of Humulus". Systematic Botany. 3 (1): 37–76. doi:10.2307/2418532. JSTOR   2418532.
  9. ↑ "Humulus japonicus in Flora of North America @ efloras.org". www.efloras.org. Retrieved 2015-12-07.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Japanese Hop (Humulus japonicus)". www.nps.gov. Archived from the original on 2013-07-31. Retrieved 2015-12-07.
  11. 1 2 Balogh, Lajos; Dancza, István (2008), "Humulus japonicus, an emerging invader in Hungary", Plant invasions: human perceptions, ecological impacts and management, Leiden: Backhuys, p. 73
  12. ↑ "Humulus scandens (Humulus japonicus) Japanese hop" (PDF). Center for Invasive Species and Ecological Health. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
  13. ↑ "Plants Profile for Humulus japonicus (Japanese hop)". plants.usda.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-07.
  14. ↑ Neeb, Gunter R. (2007). Blood Stasis: China's Classical Concept in Modern Medicine. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 162. ISBN   044310185X.
  15. ↑ Yang, Xinrong; Chen, Anmin; Ma, Yingfu; Gao, Yuan; Wan, Shuqian, eds. (2013). Japanese Hop Herb. Fu Bingyi; Sun Fang; Qiao Jinlin; Li Quan; Wan Shuqian; Hermut Werner; Chuang Yinfu; Zhu Xinsheng (revised ed.). Springer Science & Business Media. p. 324. ISBN   366205177X.{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  16. ↑ Verzele, M.; De Keukeleire, D. (2013). Chemistry and Analysis of Hop and Beer Bitter Acids (revised ed.). Elsevier. p. 2. ISBN   1483290867.
  17. ↑ Alfred, Haunold (1980). "27 Hop". In Fehr, Walter R.; Hadley, Henry H. (eds.). Hybridization of Crop Plants. Wiley. pp. 393–406. doi:10.2135/1980.hybridizationofcrops.c27. ISBN   9780891185666.
  18. ↑ Shen, Rongwu; Wang, Jianguo; Zhan, Ganxiang (1991). "Studies on the Biology of Polygonia c-aurem Linnaeus". Acta Agriculturae Universitis Jiangxiensis. 1: 3.
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