Related Research Articles
Pseudomonadota is a major phylum of Gram-negative bacteria. Currently, they are considered the predominant phylum within the realm of bacteria. They are naturally found as pathogenic and free-living (non-parasitic) genera. The phylum comprises six classes Acidithiobacilia, Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Hydrogenophilia, and Zetaproteobacteria. The Pseudomonadota are widely diverse, with differences in morphology, metabolic processes, relevance to humans, and ecological influence.
The Aquificota phylum is a diverse collection of bacteria that live in harsh environmental settings. The name Aquificota was given to this phylum based on an early genus identified within this group, Aquifex, which is able to produce water by oxidizing hydrogen. They have been found in springs, pools, and oceans. They are autotrophs, and are the primary carbon fixers in their environments. These bacteria are Gram-negative, non-spore-forming rods. They are true bacteria as opposed to the other inhabitants of extreme environments, the Archaea.
The Nitrosomonadales are an order of the class Betaproteobacteria in the phylum Pseudomonadota. Like all members of their class, they are Gram-negative.
The Rhodocyclaceae are a family of gram-negative bacteria. They are given their own order in the beta subgroup of Pseudomonadota, and include many genera previously assigned to the family Pseudomonadaceae.
The Rhodocyclales are an order of the class Betaproteobacteria in the phylum Pseudomonadota ("Proteobacteria"). Following a major reclassification of the class in 2017, the previously monofamilial order was split into three families:
Thiobacillus is a genus of Gram-negative Betaproteobacteria. Thiobacillus thioparus is the type species of the genus, and the type strain thereof is the StarkeyT strain, isolated by Robert Starkey in the 1930s from a field at Rutgers University in the United States of America. While over 30 "species" have been named in this genus since it was defined by Martinus Beijerinck in 1904,, most names were never validly or effectively published. The remainder were either reclassified into Paracoccus, Starkeya ; Sulfuriferula, Annwoodia, Thiomonas ; Halothiobacillus, Guyparkeria, or Thermithiobacillus or Acidithiobacillus. The very loosely defined "species" Thiobacillus trautweinii was where sulfur oxidising heterotrophs and chemolithoheterotrophs were assigned in the 1910-1960s era, most of which were probably Pseudomonas species. Many species named in this genus were never deposited in service collections and have been lost.
The Acidithiobacillales are an order of bacteria within the class Acidithiobacillia and comprises the genera Acidithiobacillus and Thermithiobacillus. Originally, both were included in the genus Thiobacillus, but they are not related to the type species, which belongs to the Betaproteobacteria.
Acidithiobacillus is a genus of the Acidithiobacillia in the phylum "Pseudomonadota". This genus includes ten species of acidophilic microorganisms capable of sulfur and/or iron oxidation: Acidithiobacillus albertensis, Acidithiobacillus caldus, Acidithiobacillus cuprithermicus, Acidithiobacillus ferrianus, Acidithiobacillus ferridurans, Acidithiobacillus ferriphilus, Acidithiobacillus ferrivorans, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Acidithiobacillus sulfuriphilus, and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans.A. ferooxidans is the most widely studied of the genus, but A. caldus and A. thiooxidans are also significant in research. Like all "Pseudomonadota", Acidithiobacillus spp. are Gram-negative and non-spore forming. They also play a significant role in the generation of acid mine drainage; a major global environmental challenge within the mining industry. Some species of Acidithiobacillus are utilized in bioleaching and biomining. A portion of the genes that support the survival of these bacteria in acidic environments are presumed to have been obtained by horizontal gene transfer.
Sulfur-reducing bacteria are microorganisms able to reduce elemental sulfur (S0) to hydrogen sulfide (H2S). These microbes use inorganic sulfur compounds as electron acceptors to sustain several activities such as respiration, conserving energy and growth, in absence of oxygen. The final product of these processes, sulfide, has a considerable influence on the chemistry of the environment and, in addition, is used as electron donor for a large variety of microbial metabolisms. Several types of bacteria and many non-methanogenic archaea can reduce sulfur. Microbial sulfur reduction was already shown in early studies, which highlighted the first proof of S0 reduction in a vibrioid bacterium from mud, with sulfur as electron acceptor and H
2 as electron donor. The first pure cultured species of sulfur-reducing bacteria, Desulfuromonas acetoxidans, was discovered in 1976 and described by Pfennig Norbert and Biebel Hanno as an anaerobic sulfur-reducing and acetate-oxidizing bacterium, not able to reduce sulfate. Only few taxa are true sulfur-reducing bacteria, using sulfur reduction as the only or main catabolic reaction. Normally, they couple this reaction with the oxidation of acetate, succinate or other organic compounds. In general, sulfate-reducing bacteria are able to use both sulfate and elemental sulfur as electron acceptors. Thanks to its abundancy and thermodynamic stability, sulfate is the most studied electron acceptor for anaerobic respiration that involves sulfur compounds. Elemental sulfur, however, is very abundant and important, especially in deep-sea hydrothermal vents, hot springs and other extreme environments, making its isolation more difficult. Some bacteria – such as Proteus, Campylobacter, Pseudomonas and Salmonella – have the ability to reduce sulfur, but can also use oxygen and other terminal electron acceptors.
Betaproteobacteria are a class of Gram-negative bacteria, and one of the eight classes of the phylum Pseudomonadota.
Thauera is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria in the family Zoogloeaceae of the order Rhodocyclales of the Betaproteobacteria. The genus is named for the German microbiologist Rudolf Thauer. Most species of this genus are motile by flagella and are mostly rod-shaped. The species occur in wet soil and polluted freshwater.
Spirillaceae is a family in the order Nitrosomonadales in the class Betaproteobacteria of the bacteria.
Dechloromonas is a genus in the phylum Pseudomonadota (Bacteria).
Azoarcus is a genus of nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Species in this genus are usually found in contaminated water, as they are involved in the degradation of some contaminants, commonly inhabiting soil. These bacteria have also been found growing in the endophytic compartment of some rice species and other grasses. The genus is within the family Zoogloeaceae in the Rhodocyclales of the Betaproteobacteria.
Azonexus is a genus of gram-negative, non-spore-forming, highly motile bacteria that is the type genus of the family Azonexaceae which is in the order Rhodocyclales of the class Betaproteobacteria.
Azovibrio is a genus of bacteria from the order Rhodocyclales which belongs to the class of Betaproteobacteria, but the family to which it belongs is uncertain since it falls in between the Zoogloeaceae and the Rhodocyclaceae. Up to now there is only on species known.
Ferribacterium is a genus of bacteria from the family of Rhodocyclaceae which belongs to the class of Betaproteobacteria. Up to now there is only one species of this genus known.
Zoogloea, also known as zoöglœa, is a genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria from the family of Zoogloeaceae in the Rhodocyclales of the class Betaproteobacteria.
The genus Annwoodia was named in 2017 to circumscribe an organism previously described as a member of the genus Thiobacillus, Thiobacillus aquaesulis - the type and only species is Annwoodia aquaesulis, which was isolated from the geothermal waters of the Roman Baths in the city of Bath in the United Kingdom by Ann P. Wood and Donovan P. Kelly of the University of Warwick - the genus was subsequently named to honour Wood's contribution to microbiology. The genus falls within the family Thiobacillaceae along with Thiobacillus and Sulfuritortus, both of which comprise autotrophic organisms dependent on thiosulfate, other sulfur oxyanions and sulfide as electron donors for chemolithoheterotrophic growth. Whilst Annwoodia spp. and Sulfuritortus spp. are thermophilic, Thiobacillus spp. are mesophilic.
Ann Patricia Wood is a retired British biochemist and bacteriologist who specialized in the ecology, taxonomy and physiology of sulfur-oxidizing chemolithoautotrophic bacteria and how methylotrophic bacteria play a role in the degradation of odour causing compounds in the human mouth, vagina and skin. The bacterial genus Annwoodia was named to honor her contributions to microbial research in 2017.
References
- 1 2 Parker, Charles Thomas; Wigley, Sarah; Garrity, George M (11 May 2009). Parker, Charles Thomas; Garrity, George M (eds.). "Taxonomic Abstract for the families". NamesforLife, LLC. doi:10.1601/tx.1868 (inactive 2024-04-17).
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help)CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (link) - 1 2 3 4 Boden R, Hutt LP, Rae AW (2017). "Reclassification of Thiobacillus aquaesulis (Wood & Kelly, 1995) as Annwoodia aquaesulis gen. nov., comb. nov., transfer of Thiobacillus (Beijerinck, 1904) from the Hydrogenophilales to the Nitrosomonadales, proposal of Hydrogenophilalia class. nov. within the "Proteobacteria", and four new families within the orders Nitrosomonadales and Rhodocyclales". Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 67 (5): 1191–1205. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.001927 . hdl: 10026.1/8740 . PMID 28581923.
- ↑ Sergey A. Bulat; Irina A. Alekhina; Michel Blot; Jean-Robert Petit; Martine de Angelis; Dietmar Wagenbach; Vladimir Ya. Lipenkov; Lada P. Vasilyeva; Dominika M. Wloch; Dominique Raynaud; Valery V. Lukin (August 2004). "DNA signature of thermophilic bacteria from the aged accretion ice of Lake Vostok, Antarctica: implications for searching for life in extreme icy environments". International Journal of Astrobiology. 3 (1): 1–12. Bibcode:2004IJAsB...3....1B. doi: 10.1017/S1473550404001879 .