Thiobacillus

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Thiobacillus
Scientific classification
Domain:
Bacteria
Phylum:
Pseudomonadota
Class:
Betaproteobacteria
Order:
Nitrosomonadales
Family:
Thiobacillacaeae
Genus:
Thiobacillus
Species

Thiobacillus thioparus
Thiobacillus denitrificans
Thiobacillus thiophilus

Thiobacillus is a genus of Gram-negative Betaproteobacteria. Thiobacillus thioparus is the type species of the genus, and the type strain thereof is the StarkeyT strain, isolated by Robert Starkey in the 1930s from a field at Rutgers University in the United States of America. While over 30 "species" have been named in this genus since it was defined by Martinus Beijerinck in 1904, [1] [2] (the first strain was observed by the biological oceanographer Alexander Nathansohn in 1902 - likely what we would now call Halothiobacillus neapolitanus [3] ), most names were never validly or effectively published. The remainder were either reclassified into Paracoccus , Starkeya (both in the Alphaproteobacteria); Sulfuriferula, Annwoodia , Thiomonas (in the Betaproteobacteria); Halothiobacillus , Guyparkeria (in the Gammaproteobacteria), or Thermithiobacillus or Acidithiobacillus (in the Acidithiobacillia). The very loosely defined "species" Thiobacillus trautweinii was where sulfur oxidising heterotrophs and chemolithoheterotrophs were assigned in the 1910-1960s era, most of which were probably Pseudomonas species. [4] Many species named in this genus were never deposited in service collections and have been lost. [4] [3]

All species are obligate autotrophs [1] [2] [3] (using the transaldolase form of the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle [4] ) using elementary sulfur, thiosulfate, or polythionates as energy sources - the former Thiobacillus aquaesulis can grow weakly on complex media as a heterotroph, but has been reclassified to Annwoodia aquaesulis. Some strains (E6 and Tk-m) of the type species Thiobacillus thioparus can use the sulfur from dimethylsulfide, dimethyldisulfide, or carbon disulfide to support autotrophic growth - they oxidise the carbon from these species into carbon dioxide and assimilate it. Sulfur oxidation is achieved via the Kelly-Trudinger pathway.

Reclassifications

As a result of 16S ribosomal RNA sequence analysis, many members of Thiobacillus have been reassigned. [5] [4] [6]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pseudomonadota</span> Phylum of Gram-negative bacteria

Pseudomonadota is a major phylum of Gram-negative bacteria. The renaming of several prokaryote phyla in 2021, including Pseudomonadota, remains controversial among microbiologists, many of whom continue to use the earlier name Proteobacteria, of long standing in the literature. The phylum Proteobacteria includes a wide variety of pathogenic genera, such as Escherichia, Salmonella, Vibrio, Yersinia, Legionella, and many others. Others are free-living (non-parasitic) and include many of the bacteria responsible for nitrogen fixation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nitrosomonadales</span> Order of bacteria

The Nitrosomonadales are an order of the class Betaproteobacteria in the phylum Pseudomonadota. Like all members of their class, they are Gram-negative.

The Rhodocyclaceae are a family of gram-negative bacteria. They are given their own order in the beta subgroup of Pseudomonadota, and include many genera previously assigned to the family Pseudomonadaceae.

The Hydrogenophilaceae are a family of the class Hydrogenophilalia in the phylum Pseudomonadota ("Proteobacteria"), with two genera – Hydrogenophilus and Tepidiphilus. Like all Pseudomonadota, they are Gram-negative. All known species are thermophilic, growing around 50 °C, and use molecular hydrogen or organic molecules as their source of electrons to support growth; some species are autotrophs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acidithiobacillales</span> Order of bacteria

The Acidithiobacillales are an order of bacteria within the class Acidithiobacillia and comprises the genera Acidithiobacillus and Thermithiobacillus. Originally, both were included in the genus Thiobacillus, but they are not related to the type species, which belongs to the Betaproteobacteria.

<i>Acidithiobacillus</i> Genus of bacteria

Acidithiobacillus is a genus of the Acidithiobacillia in the phylum "Pseudomonadota". This genus includes ten species of acidophilic microorganisms capable of sulfur and/or iron oxidation: Acidithiobacillus albertensis, Acidithiobacillus caldus, Acidithiobacillus cuprithermicus, Acidithiobacillus ferrianus, Acidithiobacillus ferridurans, Acidithiobacillus ferriphilus, Acidithiobacillus ferrivorans, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Acidithiobacillus sulfuriphilus, and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans.A. ferooxidans is the most widely studied of the genus, but A. caldus and A. thiooxidans are also significant in research. Like all "Pseudomonadota", Acidithiobacillus spp. are Gram-negative and non-spore forming. They also play a significant role in the generation of acid mine drainage; a major global environmental challenge within the mining industry. Some species of Acidithiobacillus are utilized in bioleaching and biomining. A portion of the genes that support the survival of these bacteria in acidic environments are presumed to have been obtained by horizontal gene transfer.

<i>Halothiobacillus</i> Genus of bacteria

Halothiobacillus is a genus in the Gammaproteobacteria. Both species are obligate aerobic bacteria; they require oxygen to grow. They are also halotolerant; they live in environments with high concentrations of salt or other solutes, but don't require them in order to grow.

Thermithiobacillus is a genus of nonsporeforming, rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria. The name derives from the Latin thermae, for warm baths, and the Classical Greek θείος, theios for sulfur. The type species of this genus was previously assigned to the genus Thiobacillus, but it was reclassified on the basis of 16S rRNA analysis in 2000, creating this genus.

The Halothiobacillaceae are a family of halotolerant, mesophilic, and obligate chemolithoautotrophic organisms in the Chromatiales comprising the genus Halothiobacillus. It is closely related to the family Thioalkalibacteraceae of halophilic obligate autotrophs with distinct morphological and genomic features.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Betaproteobacteria</span> Class of bacteria

Betaproteobacteria are a class of Gram-negative bacteria, and one of the eight classes of the phylum Pseudomonadota.

Thermithiobacillus tepidarius is a member of the Acidithiobacillia isolated from the thermal groundwaters of the Roman Baths at Bath, Somerset, United Kingdom. It was previously placed in the genus Thiobacillus. The organism is a moderate thermophile, 43–45 °C (109–113 °F), and an obligate aerobic chemolithotrophic autotroph. Despite having an optimum pH of 6.0–7.5, growth can continue to an acid medium of pH 4.8. Growth can only occur on reduced inorganic sulfur compounds and elementary sulfur, but unlike some species in other genus of the same family, Acidithiobacillus, Thermithiobacillus spp. are unable to oxidise ferrous iron or iron-containing minerals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spirillaceae</span> Family of bacteria

Spirillaceae is a family in the order Nitrosomonadales in the class Betaproteobacteria of the bacteria.

Dechloromonas is a genus in the phylum Pseudomonadota (Bacteria).

Azonexus is a genus of gram-negative, non-spore-forming, highly motile bacteria that is the type genus of the family Azonexaceae which is in the order Rhodocyclales of the class Betaproteobacteria.

Azovibrio is a genus of bacteria from the order Rhodocyclales which belongs to the class of Betaproteobacteria, but the family to which it belongs is uncertain since it falls in between the Zoogloeaceae and the Rhodocyclaceae. Up to now there is only on species known.

Ferribacterium is a genus of bacteria from the family of Rhodocyclaceae which belongs to the class of Betaproteobacteria. Up to now there is only one species of this genus known.

The genus Annwoodia was named in 2017 to circumscribe an organism previously described as a member of the genus Thiobacillus, Thiobacillus aquaesulis - the type and only species is Annwoodia aquaesulis, which was isolated from the geothermal waters of the Roman Baths in the city of Bath in the United Kingdom by Ann P. Wood and Donovan P. Kelly of the University of Warwick - the genus was subsequently named to honour Wood's contribution to microbiology. The genus falls within the family Thiobacillaceae along with Thiobacillus and Sulfuritortus, both of which comprise autotrophic organisms dependent on thiosulfate, other sulfur oxyanions and sulfide as electron donors for chemolithoheterotrophic growth. Whilst Annwoodia spp. and Sulfuritortus spp. are thermophilic, Thiobacillus spp. are mesophilic.

The Thioalkalibacteraceae are a family of extremophiles, namely halophilic, alkaliphilic or alkalitolerant, mesophilic to thermophilic obligately chemolithoautotrophic organisms in the Chromatiales comprising the genus Thioalkalibacter and Guyparkeria. The family is closely related to the family Halothiobacillaceae of halotolerant, mesophilic obligate autotrophs.

Guyparkeria is a genus in the Gammaproteobacteria. Both species are obligate aerobic bacteria; they require oxygen to grow. They are also halophilic and have varying degrees of thermophilicity. They live in environments with high concentrations of salt or other solutes, such as in hydrothermal vent plumes or in hypersaline playas, and do require high sodium ion concentrations in order to grow, as is also the case in the other genus of the same family, Thioalkalibacter

Ann Patricia Wood is a retired British biochemist and bacteriologist who specialized in the ecology, taxonomy and physiology of sulfur-oxidizing chemolithoautotrophic bacteria and how methylotrophic bacteria play a role in the degradation of odour causing compounds in the human mouth, vagina and skin. The bacterial genus Annwoodia was named to honor her contributions to microbial research in 2017.

References

  1. 1 2 Beijerinck MW (1904). "Phénomènes de réduction produits par les microbes". Arch Neel Sci Exact Nat (Section 2). 9: 131–157.
  2. 1 2 Beijerinck MW (1904). "Ueber die Bakterien, welche sich im Dunkeln mit Kohlensäure als Kohlenstoffquelle ernähren können". Centralbl Bakteriol Parasitenkd Infektionskr Hyg Abt II. 11: 592–599.
  3. 1 2 3 Boden R (2017). "115 years of sulfur metabolism". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 364 (6): fnx043. doi: 10.1093/femsle/fnx043 . PMID   28333223.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Boden R, Hutt LP, Rae AW (2017). "Reclassification of Thiobacillus aquaesulis (Wood & Kelly, 1995) as Annwoodia aquaesulis gen. nov., comb. nov., transfer of Thiobacillus (Beijerinck, 1904) from the Hydrogenophilales to the Nitrosomonadales, proposal of Hydrogenophilalia class. nov. within the Proteobacteria, and four new families within the orders Nitrosomonadales and Rhodocyclales". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 67 (5): 1191–1205. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.001927 . hdl: 10026.1/8740 . PMID   28581923.
  5. 1 2 Kelly DP; Wood AP (2000). "Reclassification of some species of Thiobacillus to the newly designated genera Acidithiobacillus gen. nov., Halothiobacillus gen. nov. and Thermithiobacillus gen. nov". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 50 (2): 511–516. doi: 10.1099/00207713-50-2-511 . PMID   10758854.
  6. 1 2 Boden R (2017). "Reclassification of Halothiobacillus hydrothermalis and Halothiobacillus halophilus to Guyparkeria gen. nov. in the Thioalkalibacteraceae fam. nov., with emended descriptions of the genus Halothiobacillus and family Halothiobacillaceae". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 67 (10): 3919–3928. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.002222 . hdl: 10026.1/9982 . PMID   28884673.
  7. ↑ Kelly DP; WoodAP (1993). "Reclassification of Thiobacillus thyasiris as Thiomicrospira thyasirae, new combination, an organism exhibiting pleomorphism in response to environmental conditions". Archives of Microbiology. 159: 45–47. doi:10.1007/BF00244262. S2CID   23406498.
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