Hypnales

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Hypnales
Hypnum plumaeforme.jpg
Thuidium tamariscinum
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Bryophyta
Class: Bryopsida
Subclass: Bryidae
Superorder: Hypnanae
Order: Hypnales
W.R. Buck & Vitt, 1986
Families

See Classification

Hypnales is the botanical name of an order of Bryophyta or leafy mosses. This group is sometimes called feather mosses, referring to their freely branched stems. [1] The order includes more than 40 families and more than 4,000 species, making them the largest order of mosses. [2] [3]

Contents

Description

Hypnum lindbergii, cross section of the stem with the central vascular bundle Hypnum lindbergii Stammchenquerschnitt IMG 6954.JPG
Hypnum lindbergii , cross section of the stem with the central vascular bundle
River feather-moss, Brachythecium rivulare, prosenchymatic leaf blade cells Brachythecium rivulare Blattzellen IMG 0929.JPG
River feather-moss, Brachythecium rivulare , prosenchymatic leaf blade cells
Detail of a sporangium with a beak-shaped operculum Moss spores.jpg
Detail of a sporangium with a beak-shaped operculum

Hypnales are mosses with pinnately or irregularly branched, reclining stems, with varying appearances. The stem contains only a reduced central vascular bundle, which is seen as a recent derived trait in mosses. The stems are covered with paraphyllia or pseudoparaphyllia, reduced filamentous or scaly leaves.

The ordinary stem leaves are ovate to lanceolate, often with leaf wing cells. The midvein is often limited to the lower half of the leaf blade, or has completely disappeared. The cells of the leaf blade are prosenchymatic, many times longer than wide, with pointed ends interlocking.

The sporophyte consists of a regularly shaped sporangium on a long stalk or seta. The spores are distributed via a ring-shaped opening with two rows of teeth, the peristome, which before ripeness is closed by a beak-shaped operculum. The enlarged venter or calyptra is cap-shaped and smooth. [4]

Habitat, distribution and paleobiology

Hypnales are terrestrial, epiphytic or lithophytic plants that occur in the most diverse biotopes and are distributed worldwide. Many species of this family are not picky concerning their substrate and habitat. The earliest fossils of representatives of the Hypnales are known only from the Tertiary, [5] indicating that this group is young compared to other groups of mosses.

'Feathermoss' is a term used in classifying and describing certain boreal forests. An example of this occurrence is within the Black Spruce/Feathermoss climax forest, often having moderately dense canopy and featuring a forest floor of feathermosses including Hylocomium splendens , Pleurozium schreberi and Ptilium crista-castrensis . [6] These weft-form mosses [7] are shaped to allow the needles to fall into them rather than covering them, so they grow over the needles. [8]

Classification

In 2010, genetic research suggests that the Fabroniaceae are the sistergroup of all other Hypnales. Next to branch-off are the Catagoniaceae. According to this analysis, some of the remaining taxa may be polyphyletic (Lembophyllaceae, Neckeraceae, Brachytheciaceae), others paraphyletic (Lepyrodontaceae enclose Stereophyllaceae, part of the Brachytheciaceae enclose Symphyodontaceae and two separate parts of the Lembophyllaceae, part of the Neckeraceae enclose the remaining Brachytheciaceae, another part of the Lembophyllaceae enclose Rigodiaceae and Pterigynandraceae and a second part of the Neckeraceae). The rest of the families, the third part of the Neckeraceae and the fourth part of the Lembophyllaceae could be monophyletic. [9]

Originally, the Leucodontales were treated as a separate order, which were defined by a reduced peristome. However, molecular analyses rejected separation of the Leucodontales and the Hypnales. The former was absorbed into the latter. [10] [11]

Familia

As of 2024, GBIF accepts the following species: [5]

Immediate children

Figures in brackets are approx. how many species per genus. [5]

Former familia (with new orders); Climaciaceae (-> Leucodontales), Cryphaeaceae (-> Leucodontales), Echinodiaceae (-> Hypnobryales), Fontinalaceae (-> Isobryales), Lembophyllaceae (-> Bryales), Leptodontaceae (-> Leucodontales), Lepyrodontaceae (-> Isobryales), Leucodontaceae (-> Leucodontales), Meteoriaceae (-> Leucodontales), Microtheciellaceae (-> Orthotrichales), Neckeraceae (-> Leucodontales), Prionodontaceae (-> Isobryales), Pterobryaceae (-> Leucodontales), Regmatodontaceae (-> Isobryales), Rutenbergiaceae (-> Isobryales) and Sorapillaceae (-> Dicranales)

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Andreaeaceae</span> Family of mosses

Andreaeaceae is a family of mosses which includes two genera, Andreaea, containing about 100 species, and the genus Acroschisma. The Andreaeaceae prefer rocky habitats ranging from tropical to arctic climates, on which they form tufted colonies, typically with reddish to blackish shoots. The capsules lack the peristome mechanism and dehisce longitudinally to release the spores, resulting in a paper-lantern appearance.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bryopsida</span> Class of mosses

The Bryopsida constitute the largest class of mosses, containing 95% of all moss species. It consists of approximately 11,500 species, common throughout the whole world.

<i>Buxbaumia</i> Genus of mosses

Buxbaumia is a genus of twelve species of moss (Bryophyta). It was first named in 1742 by Albrecht von Haller and later brought into modern botanical nomenclature in 1801 by Johann Hedwig to commemorate Johann Christian Buxbaum, a German physician and botanist who discovered the moss in 1712 at the mouth of the Volga River. The moss is microscopic for most of its existence, and plants are noticeable only after they begin to produce their reproductive structures. The asymmetrical spore capsule has a distinctive shape and structure, some features of which appear to be transitional from those in primitive mosses to most modern mosses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bryidae</span> Subclass of mosses

Bryidae is an important subclass of Bryopsida. It is common throughout the whole world. Members have a double peristome with alternating tooth segments.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grimmiales</span> Order of mosses

Grimmiales is an order of mosses in the subclass Dicranidae. It comprises four families: Grimmiaceae, Ptychomitriaceae, Seligeriaceae, and Saelaniaceae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sphagnopsida</span> Subclass of mosses

Sphagnopsida is a class of mosses that includes a single subclass Sphagnidae, with two orders. It is estimated it originated about 465 million years ago, along with Takakia. The order Sphagnales contains four living genera: Ambuchanania, Eosphagnum, and Flatbergium, which counts four species in total, and Sphagnum which contains the rest of the species. The extinct Protosphagnales contains a single fossil species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polytrichaceae</span> Family of mosses

Polytrichaceae is a common family of mosses. Members of this family tend to be larger than other mosses with a thickened central stem and a rhizome. The leaves have a midrib that bears photosynthetic lamellae on the upper surface. Species in this group are dioicous. Another characteristic that identifies them is that they have from 32 to 64 peristome teeth in their sporangium.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Funariidae</span> Subclass of mosses

The Funariidae are a widespread group of mosses in class Bryopsida. The majority of species belong to the genera Funaria and Physcomitrium.

Renauldia lycopodioides is a species of moss in the family Pterobryaceae. It is endemic to Tanzania, where it is known from only two locations and is considered an endangered species. It grows on tree branches in forested habitat. It is threatened by deforestation.

Andreaeobryum is a genus of moss with a single species Andreaeobryum macrosporum, endemic to Alaska and western Canada. The genus is placed as a separate family, order and class among the mosses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tetraphidaceae</span> Family of mosses

Tetraphidaceae is a family of mosses. It includes only the two genera Tetraphis and Tetrodontium, each with two species. The defining feature of the family is the 4-toothed peristome.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bryales</span> Order of mosses

Bryales is an order of mosses.

<i>Timmia</i> Genus of mosses

Timmia is a genus of moss. It is the only genus in the family Timmiaceae and order Timmiales. The genus is named in honor of the 18th-century German botanist Joachim Christian Timm.

<i>Ptilium</i> (plant) Genus of mosses

Ptilium is a genus of mosses with very broad worldwide occurrence. This genus is within the family Hypnaceae, in the class Bryopsida, subclass Bryidae and order Hypnales.

<i>Ptilium crista-castrensis</i> Species of moss

Ptilium crista-castrensis, the knights plume moss or ostrich-plume feathermoss, is a moss species within the family Pylaisiaceae, in the class Bryopsida, subclass Bryidae and order Hypnales.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Leucobryaceae</span> Family of haplolepideous mosses

Leucobryaceae is a family of haplolepideous mosses (Dicranidae) in the order Dicranales.

Symphyodontaceae is a moss family in the order Hypnales.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brachytheciaceae</span> Family of mosses

Brachytheciaceae is a family of mosses from the order Hypnales. The family includes over 40 genera and 250 species.

William Russel Buck is an American bryologist.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fabroniaceae</span> Family of plants

Fabroniaceae is a family of mosses belonging to the order Hypnales. It has a worldwide distribution, in temperate and tropical regions.

References

  1. ↑ Sci-Tech Encyclopedia (2005). "Hypnales". McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Archived from the original on 2008-04-16. Retrieved 1 December 2012– via Answers.com.
  2. ↑ Buck, W. & Shaw, A. (2008). "Morphology, anatomy, and classification of the Bryophyta". In B. Goffinet & A. Shaw (eds.). Bryophyte Biology (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.  55–138. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511754807.003. ISBN   978-0-521-87225-6.
  3. ↑ Goffinet, Bernard; William R. Buck (2004). "Systematics of the Bryophyta (Mosses): From molecules to a revised classification". Monographs in Systematic Botany. Molecular Systematics of Bryophytes. 98. Missouri Botanical Garden Press: 205–239. ISBN   1-930723-38-5.
  4. ↑ Christopher Taylor (April 12, 2011). "Hypnales". Variety of Life. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
  5. 1 2 3 "Hypnales". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 17 May 2024.
  6. ↑ C. Michael Hogan, 2008. Black Spruce: Picea mariana, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. Nicklas Stromberg
  7. ↑ Poller, Sonya (22 January 2015). "Alberta's Wonderful World of Bryophytes". Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Institute Blog. Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Institute.
  8. ↑ Cullina, William. "Gardening With Moss". Horticulture.
  9. ↑ Merget, Benjamin; Wolf, Matthias (2010). "A molecular phylogeny of Hypnales (Bryophyta) inferred from ITS2 sequence-structure data". BMC Research Notes. 3: 320. doi: 10.1186/1756-0500-3-320 . PMC   2998521 . PMID   21108782.
  10. ↑ TSUBOTA, H., ARIKAWA, T., AKIYAMA, H., DE LUNA, E., GONZALES, D., HIGUCHI, M. & DEGUCHI, H. 2002. Molecular phylogeny of hypnobryalean mosses as inferred from a large-scale dataset of chloroplast rbcL, with special reference to the Hypnaceae and possibly related families. Hikobia 13, 645–665.
  11. ↑ BUCK, W.R., GOFFINET, B. & SHAW, A.J. 2000. Testing morphological concepts of orders of pleurocarpous mosses (Bryophyta) using phylogenetic reconstructions based on trnL-trnF and rps4 sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 16, 180–198.
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