Iguanodectes geisleri

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Iguanodectes geisleri
Iguanodectes geisleri - AquaPorteDoree.JPG
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Characiformes
Family: Iguanodectidae
Genus: Iguanodectes
Species:
I. geisleri
Binomial name
Iguanodectes geisleri
Géry, 1970

Iguanodectes geisleri, the red-line lizard tetra, is a species of freshwater fish from South America. It is a small species, largely herbivorous with some omnivorous traits, that prefers to live in schools and is partial to shallow waters, especially in blackwater habitats. Some aspects of its body plan are unique amongst its genus, including the position and length of the anal fin.

Contents

Much of I. geisleri's behavior is known from observation in aquaria, but the middlingly-limited research in wild settings lines up with what fish keepers have noted. Though taken from the wild for export to various countries, I. geisleri - and members of Iguanodectes as a whole - are not sought out often enough for excessive capture to be of any concern.

Description

Iguanodectes geisleri is a small fish, reaching a maximum of 5.5 cm (2.2 in) standard length (SL). [1] It has a lateral stripe that is divided horizontally into three colors - red at the top, then yellow-green, then black - and the base scale color is yellowish. [2] The three colors of the lateral stripe can be used to differentiate it from similar congener Iguanodectes adujai , whose lateral stripe is only composed of red and yellow-green, lacking the black underline. [3]

Iguanodectes geisleri has several other identifying features. There are 20-25 anal-fin rays, fewer than other species, and the dorsal-fin origin is located in the middle of the body, which is unique to I. geisleri within Iguanodectes as a genus. The relatively short anal fin is also unique. [4] [5]

Sexual dimorphism

Male and female specimens of I. geisleri show no morphometric differences (differences in size and shape). The main way to tell males and females apart is by the presence of red markings on the pelvic, anal, and caudal fins, particular to male specimens. These fins are clear in females. [6] [7]

There are also behavioral differences, especially observed by aquarists. Females tend to be more placid and get along more readily with conspecifics, but males may get combative amongst themselves in order to show off. They also display brighter colors to impress females. [4]

Taxonomy

Iguanodectes geisleri is a relatively recent addition to the genus Iguanodectes , named in 1970. The earliest member of the genus, Iguanodectes spilurus , was named in 1864 by Albert Günther, though under a different name at the time. [8] I. geisleri has retained its original name since description, [9] but has nonetheless changed taxonomic status; in 2011, researchers determined that the genus Iguanodectes, alongside Bryconops and Piabucus , belonged to a new family, Iguanodectidae, as opposed to their previous placement incertae sedis in Characidae. [10] Iguanodectes and Piabucus make up the subfamily Iguanodectinae. [11]

Etymology and nomenclature

The specific name "geisleri" is an homage to German biologist Rolf Geisler, who collected the type specimen. The generic name "iguanodectes", though without a definite origin, is likely from "iguana", the lizard, and "dectes", meaning "bite" or "tooth"; its meaning was not made clear in the original text. [12]

Though the scientific community has not accepted a name for I. geisleri at large, [13] hobbyists know it as the red-line lizard tetra. [2] [14] This originates from its lateral stripe, which is in three colors: red at the top, yellow in the middle, and black at the bottom. Red is the most conspicuous color therein. Congener I. adujai is also sometimes sold as the red-line lizard tetra, or rust-striped tetra. The two are rather easy for laypeople to confuse, and are sometimes sold as a part of the same stock, labeled as the same species. [3]

Distribution and habitat

Iguanodectes geisleri is known from the basins of the Madeira, Negro, and Orinoco rivers; the former two are located in Brazil, and the latter in Venezuela. [1] [4] The type locality is in Brazil, a small stream known as the Igarapé de Paricá, a tributary of the Rio Jufari. [15] I. geisleri is largely seen in blackwater habitats, a similarity it shares with other members of Iguanodectes. This is also seen in various members of related genus Bryconops.

The rio Negro specifically gets its name because it is a blackwater river, in which microbial decay releases tannins from leaf litter into the water. (This results in a low amount of available dissolved oxygen, as the microbes use a good deal of oxygen present.) [16] A large portion of rivers in the Orinoco basin are blackwater as well. The Madeira main is whitewater, but its tributaries are both clearwater and blackwater. Blackwater rivers are characterized by plentiful riparian vegetation, which serves as shelter for the river and a food source for the fauna therein. [4]

Diet and ecology

Many members of Iguanodectes are herbivorous. [17] I. geisleri is largely in line with this pattern, including leaf litter, fallen fruit, and filamentous algae in its diet, [4] but aquarists have reported omnivorous habits in captive specimens. [2] [7] Aquarists also note that a captive I. geisleri does best if kept in a school ranging from 5 to 10 fish, which remains true of wild counterparts. [4] Wild fish are further known to peacefully coexist with species from related genera, including Hyphessobrycon melazonatus, Bryconops giacopinii , and Bryconops inpai , though a wider variety of species in one area does result in dietary shifts to maintain a specific ecological niche. [18]

Presence and behavior in aquaria

Hobbyists report that species from the genus Iguanodectes as a whole are an uncommon sight in the industry. Nonetheless, they are exported from their natural habitat, including to locations such as Germany and Poland, and are known to be peaceful fish, which makes them ideal members of a community tank. [2] [6] [7]

Conservation status

Iguanodectes geisleri has not been evaluated by the IUCN. Its wide range offers it an advantage in terms of population survivability. Nonetheless, the freshwater inland habitats of South America are under constant pressure from anthropogenic sources, including infrastructure development like hydroelectric dams and chemical disruption from illegal mining operations. Specifically, wetlands like the ones I. geisleri prefers are known for their fragility. [19]

Related Research Articles

<i>Bryconops</i> Genus of fishes

Bryconops is a genus of freshwater fish in the family Iguanodectidae from South America. It consists of small fish, all under half-a-foot long, with slender bodies and silvery scales, though there is some mild color variation. Several species can be identified by way of a humeral patch, and others have a reddish ocellus, or eyespot, on one or both lobes of the dorsal fin.

<i>Iguanodectes</i> Genus of fishes

Iguanodectes is a genus of freshwater fish found in tropical South America, with eight currently described species. They are all small tetras, none longer than 5 inches, and often have attractive silvery or striped scales, which makes them a target for the ornamental fish industry. Alongside the genus Piabucus, it is in the subfamily Iguanodectinae, which in turn is in the family Iguanodectidae. The genus Bryconops, which is also in Iguanodectidae, makes up a sister clade to Iguanodectinae.

<i>Piabucus</i> Genus of fishes

Piabucus is a genus of freshwater tetras in the family Iguanodectidae. All three species are found in South America, largely the Amazon and its major tributaries. None of them are longer than half a foot long, with the largest reaching a maximum size of 12.9 cm (5.1 in), and they are slender, with relatively deep chests and long pectoral fins. Their scales are pale or silvery, with lateral lines that stand out.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iguanodectidae</span> Family of fish

Iguanodectidae is a family of freshwater fish in the order Characiformes that lives in South America. It is home to the subfamily Iguanodectinae and the monotypic Bryconops clade. Several species in the family, such as the green line lizard tetra, the tailspot tetra, and the orangefin tetra, are sometimes taken as aquarium fish.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iguanodectinae</span> Family of fish

Iguanodectinae is a subfamily of small freshwater fish in the family Iguanodectidae. They are most prominently found in the Amazon river basin and its major tributaries, but they are also known from the Tocantins, Orinoco, and Paraguay rivers. It has two genera, Piabucus and Iguanodectes. Some species in the subfamily are taken from the wild for aquariums, like the red- and green-line lizard tetras. There is minor, but ongoing, debate regarding its taxonomy.

<i>Bryconops alburnoides</i> Species of fish

Bryconops alburnoides is a small freshwater fish, approximately 6 inches long at its largest, that lives in the rivers of South America. It has a slender body, with a yellowish dorsal fin and yellow-tinged back scales that fade into silver on its belly. It is largely an insectivore that picks land-dwelling insects from the riverbanks, though it eats much more whenever rain washes prey into the water.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tailspot tetra</span> Species of fish

The tailspot tetra is a freshwater fish that lives in the coastal river regions of upper South America. Both its common and scientific names reference the distinct spot of color present on the tail fin, which is one of its defining characteristics. It is a small fish, reaching 4.8 in at its longest. Despite its small size, it is an active swimmer, with a preference for fast-flowing waters.

Bryconops colanegra is a small, slender-bodied species of freshwater fish from South America, about 3.5 in long. It has a black tail fin that bears hints of red, and its scales are dark along the back, transitioning to a silver belly. It is endemic to a single river system in Venezuela, the Rio Caroní.

<i>Bryconops colaroja</i> Species of fish

Bryconops colaroja is a small species of fish endemic to tributaries and creeks of the Cuyuni River basin in Venezuela. The specific epithet "colaroja" means "red tailed", and it gets this name from its most distinctive feature - a deep red caudal fin, largely unique amongst members of its genus.

<i>Bryconops collettei</i> Species of fish

Bryconops collettei is a small freshwater fish from the rivers of South America. It is mostly silvery, with notable green iridescence on its sides, and a diffuse ocellus (eyespot) on the upper lobe of the caudal fin. Before its distinction as a separate species, specimens of B. collettei were misidentified as specimens of Bryconops caudomaculatus due to several morphological similarities, including a caudal ocellus and generally similar fin coloration.

Bryconops durbinae, sometimes listed under the name Bryconops durbini, is a small species of freshwater fish in the family Iguanodectidae. It is the smallest species of the genus Bryconops, and is endemic to the Tapajós river basin in Brazil.

<i>Bryconops magoi</i> Species of fish

Bryconops magoi is a small species of fish from South America. It is only found in Venezuela, along with sister species Bryconops collettei. Its tail-fin markings help to differentiate it from various congeners, as does its fairly restricted range. It is most closely related to B. collettei and Bryconops caudomaculatus, and it was once considered synonymous with the latter; specimens of B. magoi and B. collettei both were routinely misidentified as B. caudomaculatus before being given species distinction.

Bryconops hexalepis is a small iguanodectid fish from the rivers of Brazil. It is solely found in the drainage of the Rio Tocantins. Rather elongate and quite slender, it is considered one of the smaller species of its genus, with tall scales and large eyes.

Iguanodectes adujai is a species of freshwater fish that inhabits the rivers of South America. It largely prefers slow-moving blackwater habitats, though it has a slender body that suggests a further affinity for flowing water. It has a distinct lateral stripe in two horizontal sections, with bright-red at the top and yellow at the bottom.

Iguanodectes gracilis is a small species of freshwater fish from South America. It is known solely from the Rio Negro river system, which restricts its range only to Brazil. The name "gracilis" is in reference to a slender body shape, alongside the diminutive nature of I. gracilis - it is the smallest member of the genus Iguanodectes.

Iguanodectes polylepis is a species of freshwater fish from the rivers of South America. Its range is restricted to Brazil, where it inhabits the Madeira and Purus river basins. It is one of the larger members of the genus, but remains generally small, only a little over a quarter-foot long.

Iguanodectes purusii is a small freshwater fish from the rivers of South America. It is largely herbivorous, and prefers to live in schools. The name "purusii" originates from the species' type locality, the Purus river basin of Brazil, with a range that also extends into Peru. Furthermore, it has been documented from the Amazon, Madeira, Guaporé, and Pastaza rivers, but specific study of its ecology is otherwise lacking.

Iguanodectes spilurus, the green-line lizard tetra, is a small characiform fish from the rivers of South America. It is not a well-studied species, but research is available, including data from hobbyists that keep it as an ornamental fish. It has a distinct lateral stripe of reflective-green scales, and lacks any red markings therein; red is common in congeners' lateral stripes.

Iguanodectes variatus is a small freshwater fish, described from the rivers of South America in 1993. It has a minor presence in the aquarium trade, but lacks the popularity that would make excessive wild capture a legitimate threat. That being said, the threats facing South American aquatic environments are of ongoing concern for the associated biodiversity. Still, I. variatus has been recorded from various rivers and has shown general adaptability to its environment, which speaks to a high survivability.

Piabucus caudomaculatus is a small freshwater fish inhabiting the rivers of South America. It was the first member of the family Iguanodectidae to be reported from Bolivia, and it remains endemic to the region, found solely in the Mamoré river basin. It displays a preference for slow-moving waterways and has a largely insectivorous diet.

References

  1. 1 2 Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Iguanodectes geisleri". Fishbase . November 2022 version.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Drawdy, Mike. "Red Line Lizard Tetra (Iguanodectes geisleri)". imperialtropicals.com. Imperial Tropicals. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
  3. 1 2 "Iguanodectes adujai — Seriously Fish". Seriously Fish. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Iguanodectes geisleri (Red Line Lizard Tetra)". Seriously Fish. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  5. ↑ Check list of the freshwater fishes of South and Central America. Roberto E. Reis, Sven O. Kullander, Carl J. Ferraris, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul. Museu de Ciências e Tecnologia. Porto Alegre, Brasil: EDIPUCRS. 2003. ISBN   85-7430-361-5. OCLC   54496178.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  6. 1 2 Schäfer, Frank (6 May 2013). "Iguanodectes geisleri". aquariumglaser.de. Aquarium Glaser GmbH. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
  7. 1 2 3 "Iguanodectes geisleri". akwa-mania.mud.pl. AKWA-MANIA. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  8. ↑ "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Iguanodectes Cope, 1872". World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  9. ↑ "Iguanodectes geisleri Géry, 1970". gbif.org. Global Biodiversity Information System. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  10. ↑ Oliveira, Claudio; Avelino, Gleisy S.; Abe, Kelly T.; Mariguela, Tatiane C.; Benine, Ricardo C.; Ortí, Guillermo; Vari, Richard P.; Corrêa e Castro, Ricardo M. (December 2011). "Phylogenetic relationships within the speciose family Characidae (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes) based on multilocus analysis and extensive ingroup sampling". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 11 (1): 275. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-275 . PMC   3190395 . PMID   21943181.
  11. ↑ Bailly, Nicolas (17 April 2015). "WoRMS taxon details - Iguanodectidae Eigenmann, 1909". World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  12. ↑ Scharpf, Christopher; Lazara, Kenneth J. (15 September 2020). "Order CHARACIFORMES: Families IGUANODECTIDAE, TRIPORTHEIDAE, BRYCONIDAE, CHALCEIDAE and GASTEROPELECIDAE". The ETYFish Project. Archived from the original on 6 November 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
  13. ↑ "Iguanodectes geisleri Géry 1970 - Names". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
  14. ↑ "Red Line Lizard Tetra (Iguanodectes geisleri)". Aqua-Imports. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
  15. ↑ "South American Characiformes Inventory - Iguanodectes geisleri". ictio.saci.mz.usp.br. Museum of Zoology of the University of São Paulo. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
  16. ↑ Mehring, Andrew S.; Kuehn, Kevin A.; Tant, Cynthia J.; Pringle, Catherine M.; Lowrance, R. Richard; Vellidis, George (1 June 2014). "Contribution of surface leaf-litter breakdown and forest composition to benthic oxygen demand and ecosystem respiration in a South Georgia blackwater river". Freshwater Science. 33 (2): 377–389. doi: 10.1086/675507 .
  17. ↑ van der Sleen, Peter; Moreira, Cristiano R. (2017). van der Sleen, Peter; Albert, James S. (eds.). Field guide to the fishes of the Amazon, Orinoco, and Guianas. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. pp. 163–164. ISBN   9781400888801.
  18. ↑ Barros, G.; Zuanon, J.; Deus, C. (January 2017). "Effects of species co-occurrence on the trophic-niche breadth of characids in Amazon forest streams: trophic niches of characids". Journal of Fish Biology. 90 (1): 326–340. doi:10.1111/jfb.13183. PMID   27778359 . Retrieved 2 December 2022.
  19. ↑ Sánchez, Carolina Obregón (12 February 2021). "Challenges in the management of Brazilian wetlands: Negro and Juruá Rivers". Aguas Amazonicas. Wildlife Conservation Society. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
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