Indoplanorbis exustus

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Indoplanorbis exustus
Indoplanorbis exustus.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Superorder: Hygrophila
Family: Bulinidae
Genus: Indoplanorbis
Species:
I. exustus
Binomial name
Indoplanorbis exustus
(Deshayes, 1834) [2]
Synonyms [3] [4]
List
  • Planorbis (Helisoma) pelseneeriDupuis, 1931
  • Planorbis (Indoplanorbis) exustus(Deshayes, 1833)
  • Planorbis brunneusH. Adams & A. Adams, 1855
  • Planorbis circumspissusMorelet, 1863
  • Planorbis coromandelicusDunker, 1850
  • Planorbis eburneusG. B. Sowerby II, 1877
  • Planorbis exustusDeshayes, 1833
  • Planorbis hinduClessin, 1885
  • Planorbis indicusW. H. Benson, 1836
  • Planorbis indicus var. zonatusClessin, 1886
  • Planorbis merguiensisHanley & Theobald, 1876
  • Planorbis modicusH. Adams & A. Adams, 1855
  • Planorbis orientalisDeshayes, 1838
  • Planorbis zebrinusDunker, 1856
  • Planorbis zonatusClessin, 1884

Indoplanorbisexustus is a species of air-breathing freshwater snail, an aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the ram's horn snail family Bulinidae. The species is widely distributed across the tropics. It serves as an important intermediate host for several trematode parasites. [5] The invasive nature and ecological tolerance of Indoplanorbis exustus add to its importance in veterinary and medical science. [5]

Contents

Taxonomy

Indoplanorbis exustus is the only extant species in the genus Indoplanorbis.

Description

Part of the reproductive system of Indoplanorbis exustus: v.d. = vas deferens, p.s. = penis heath, sp. = sperm duct, p. = penis, e.p. = external opening. Indoplanorbis exustus reproductive system part.png
Part of the reproductive system of Indoplanorbis exustus:
v.d. = vas deferens,
p.s. = penis heath,
sp. = sperm duct,
p. = penis,
e.p. = external opening.

The shell of this species, like all planorbids is sinistral in coiling, but is carried upside down and thus appears to be dextral. The shell of Indoplanorbis exustus is discoid with rapidly increasing whorls. [3] Each whorl is higher than it is wide. [3] The width of the shell is 5 [6] –25 mm. [3] The height of the shell is 4.5 [6] –13 mm. [3]

Distribution map of Indoplanorbis exustus Indoplanorbis exustus map.png
Distribution map of Indoplanorbis exustus

Distribution

The freshwater snail Indoplanorbis exustus is found across Iran, [7] Nepal, [7] India, Sri Lanka, [8] Southeast Asia (for example Thailand), [5] central Asia (Afghanistan), [9] Arabia and Africa. [5]

The type locality of Indoplanorbis exustus is marshes on the coast of Malabar in south-western India. [3]

Indoplanorbis exustus is a common snail across Southeast Asia and the Indian sub-continent. [5] The snail is also found in the Middle East (Oman [10] and Socotra [3] ) and Nigeria and the Ivory Coast; [5] these findings were attributed by Brandt (1974) [11] to recent introductions by human activities (Brandt's view has been frequently cited in the literature on Indoplanorbis). [3] [5] [10] [12] In contrast to Asia, the well documented appearance of the snail in Africa (e.g., Nigeria [6] and Ivory Coast [13] ) and more recently (2002) in the Lesser Antilles, [12] is almost certainly the result of introductions through human activities over the last 50–100 years. [5]

This species is already established in the US, and is considered to represent a potentially serious threat as a pest, an invasive species which could negatively affect agriculture, natural ecosystems, human health or commerce. Therefore, it has been suggested that this species be given top national quarantine significance in the US. [14]

Five views of a shell. Indoplanorbis exustus 01.JPG
Five views of a shell.

Planorbella duryi and Biomphalaria pfeifferi have similar shells. [6]

Because of its wide distribution, various aspects of Indoplanorbis exustus have been studied, such as its calcium regulation [15] and its hemocytes. [16]

Ecology

In captivity Indoplanorbis exustus can be reared on lettuce [17] and spinach. [18] Its diet is sometimes supplemented with sheep's liver [18] and it can be given rat food to prepare for breeding. [18]

Habitat

The snail is found in small ponds, pools, and less commonly in rice paddy fields. [5] The snail may also occur in semi-permanent pools formed in flooded areas of fields, where it can survive the dry season buried in mud. [5] The desiccation tolerance of adult snails is high, while the resistance of juvenile snails is very low. [19] Consequently, dispersal may occur in clumps of mud adhered to the bodies of cattle or across water in vegetation mats. It is possible it could be transported by birds. [5]

Life cycle

Indoplanorbis exustus is a hermaphroditic invasive snail species with high fecundity. [5] Within one year of introduction the snail is able to colonize habitats with well established populations of other pulmonate and prosobranch snails. [5] The snail requires a water temperature in excess of 15 °C for maturation. [5] At the optimum temperature of 30 °C each snail can lay up to 800 eggs. [5] There is from 2 to 43 eggs in one cluster with an average 20 eggs in one cluster. [20] The capacity for self-fertilization and high fecundity probably underlies the invasive potential of the species. [5] The average life span of Indoplanorbis exustus is 4 months [20] and during this time it lays about 60 egg clusters. [20]

Predators

Eggs of Indoplanorbis exustus were experimentally predated and destroyed by Pomacea bridgesii . [20] Raut & Aditya (2002) hypothetized that Pomacea bridgesii could be a potential biocontrol agent for Indoplanorbis exustus. [20]

Parasites

Indoplanorbis exustus is best known as the intermediate host responsible for the transmission of Schistosoma nasale and S. spindale , as well as other trematodes such as Echinostoma spp. and some spirorchids. [5] These species infect cattle and cause reduced livestock productivity. [5] The snail is also of medical importance as a source of cercarial dermatitis among rural workers, particularly in India. [5] A third species of Schistosoma, S. indicum (Montgomery, 1906), is also transmitted by I. exustus. [5] I. exustus is the most important host for S. nasale and S. spindale, as well as for S. indicum in certain regions. I. exustus may be the sole natural intermediate host for these three Schistosoma species on the Indian sub-continent. [5]

Indoplanorbis exustus is also an intermediate host for:

Indoplanorbis exustus has been implicated in outbreaks of cercarial dermatitis in human populations in India, Laos, Malaysia and Thailand. [5] Cercarial dermatitis results from the cutaneous allergic reaction in people exposed to larval schistosomes (cercariae) shed by infected snails into freshwater bodies such as lakes, ponds, and paddy fields. [5] The cercariae cause pruritus (itching) and papular eruptions, with often severe secondary infections, as they attempt to infect a non-permissive definitive host and die in the skin. [5]

Toxicology

Aqueous extract of a common medicinal plant of India Euphorbia tithymaloides (Euphorbiaceae) has molluscicidal activity against Indoplanorbis exustus. [22]

Ethanol extract of Solanum xanthocarpum has molluscicidal activity against Indoplanorbis exustus LC50 = 198.00 mg/L and LC90 = 236.80 mg/L. [23]

The latex of Euphorbia milii has molluscicidal activity against Indoplanorbis exustus that depends on its hybrid of the plant. [24]

The molluscicidal activity of latex of Cascabela thevetia , Alstonia scholaris and Euphorbia pulcherrima against Indoplanorbis exustus was examined by Singh & Sunil (2005). [25]

Human use

It is a part of ornamental pet trade for freshwater aquaria. [26]

References

This article incorporates CC-BY-2.0 text from the reference. [5]

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Budha, P.B., et al. 2012. Indoplanorbis exustus. In: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1. Downloaded on 04 July 2013.
  2. ↑ Deshayes G. P. (1834). in: Bélanger C. Voyage aux Indes-Orientales, Zool. 3: 417. plate 1, figures 11-13.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Brown D. S. (1994). Freshwater snails of Africa and their medical importance. London: Taylor & Francis. 207-208.
  4. ↑ Preston, H. B. (1915). Mollusca. Freshwater Gastropoda & Pelecypoda. The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma . Taylor & Francis, London, 244 pp., 29 figs. 115-116.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Liu, L.; Mondal, M. M.; Idris, M. A.; Lokman, H. S.; Rajapakse, P. V. J.; Satrija, F.; Diaz, J. L.; Upatham, E. S.; Attwood, S. W. (2010). "The phylogeography of Indoplanorbis exustus (Gastropoda: Planorbidae) in Asia". Parasites & Vectors. 3: 57. doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-3-57 . PMC   2914737 . PMID   20602771..
  6. 1 2 3 4 Kristensen, T. K.; Ogunnowof, O. (1987). "Indoplanorbis exustus (Deshayes, 1834), a freshwater snail new for Africa, found in Nigeria (Pulmonata: Planorbidae)". Journal of Molluscan Studies. 53 (2): 245. doi:10.1093/mollus/53.2.245., abstract.
  7. 1 2 Glöer, P.; Pešić, V. (2012). "The freshwater snails (Gastropoda) of Iran, with descriptions of two new genera and eight new species". ZooKeys (219): 11–61. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.219.3406 . PMC   3433696 . PMID   22977349.
  8. ↑ Brant, S. V.; Morgan, J. A. T.; Mkoji, G. M.; Snyder, S. D.; Rajapakse, R. P. V. J.; Loker, E. S. (2006). "An Approach to Revealing Blood Fluke Life Cycles, Taxonomy, and Diversity: Provision of Key Reference Data Including Dna Sequence from Single Life Cycle Stages". Journal of Parasitology. 92 (1): 77–88. doi:10.1645/GE-3515.1. PMC   2519025 . PMID   16629320.
  9. ↑ PD-icon.svg Solem A. (1979) "Some mollusks from Afghanistan". Fieldiana Zoology new series 1: 1-89. cited pages 11-12.
  10. 1 2 Brown, D. S.; Gallagher, M. D. (1985). "Freshwater snails of Oman, South Eastern Arabia". Hydrobiologia. 127 (2): 125. doi:10.1007/BF00004192. S2CID   7641555.
  11. ↑ Brandt, R. A. (1974). "The non-marine mollusca of Thailand". Archiv für Molluskenkunde . 105: 1–423.
  12. 1 2 Pointier, J. P.; David, P.; Jarne, P. (2005). "Biological invasions: The case of planorbid snails". Journal of Helminthology. 79 (3): 249–256. doi:10.1079/JOH2005292. PMID   16153319. S2CID   11158571..
  13. ↑ Mouchet, F.; Rey, J. L.; Cunin, P. (1987). "Découverte d'Indoplanorbis exustus (Planorbidae, Bulininae) à Yamossoukro, Côte d'Ivoire". Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 80: 811–812.
  14. ↑ Cowie, R. H.; Dillon, R. T.; Robinson, D. G.; Smith, J. W. (2009). "Alien Non-Marine Snails and Slugs of Priority Quarantine Importance in the United States: A Preliminary Risk Assessment". American Malacological Bulletin. 27 (1–2): 113–132. doi:10.4003/006.027.0210. S2CID   54919881. PDF Archived 2016-06-16 at the Wayback Machine .
  15. ↑ Vaidya, D. P.; Nagabhushanam, R. (1980). "Calcium regulation in the freshwater snail indoplanorbis exustus during shell repair". Hydrobiologia. 69 (1–2): 29–32. doi:10.1007/BF00016532. S2CID   40007134.
  16. ↑ Mahilini, H. M.; Rajendran, A. (2008). "Categorization of hemocytes of three gastropod species Trachea vittata (Muller), Pila globosa (Swainson) and Indoplanorbis exustus (Dehays)". Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 97 (1): 20–26. doi:10.1016/j.jip.2007.07.007. PMID   17765918..
  17. ↑ Haas, W.; Granzer, M.; Brockelman, C. R. (1990). "Finding and recognition of the bovine host by the cercariae of Schistosoma spindale". Parasitology Research. 76 (4): 343–350. doi:10.1007/bf00928190. PMID   2336448. S2CID   1091345.
  18. 1 2 3 Parashar, B. D.; Kumar, A.; Rao, K. M. (1986). "Role of Food in Mass Cultivation of the Freshwater Snail Indoplanorbis Exustus, Vector of Animal Schistosomiasis". Journal of Molluscan Studies. 52 (2): 120. doi:10.1093/mollus/52.2.120., abstract.
  19. ↑ Parashar, B. D.; Rao, K. M. (1982). "Effect of desiccation on freshwater snail, Indoplanorbis exustus, intermediate host of schistosomiasis". Japanese Journal of Medical Science & Biology. 35 (5–6): 243–247. doi: 10.7883/yoken1952.35.243 . PMID   7161940.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 Raut, S. K.; Aditya, G. (2002). "Destruction of Indoplanorbis exustus (Planorbidae) eggs by Pomacea bridgesi (Ampullariidae)". Molluscan Research . 22 (1): 87–90. doi: 10.1071/MR02002 .
  21. 1 2 Chai, J. Y.; Shin, E. H.; Lee, S. H.; Rim, H. J. (2009). "Foodborne Intestinal Flukes in Southeast Asia". The Korean Journal of Parasitology. 47 (Supplement): S69–102. doi:10.3347/kjp.2009.47.S.S69. PMC   2769220 . PMID   19885337.
  22. ↑ Tiwari, S.; Singh, S. K.; Singh, A. (2005). "THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE ANTICHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY OF Pedialanthus tithymaloide TO ITS MOLLUSCICIDAL ACTIVITY". African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines. 2 (3): 326–336. doi: 10.4314/ajtcam.v2i3.31131 . Archived from the original on 2016-10-11. Retrieved 2010-07-25.
  23. ↑ Changbunjong, T.; Wongwit, W.; Leemingsawat, S.; Tongtokit, Y.; Deesin, V. (2010). "Effect of crude extract of Solanum xanthocarpum against snails and mosquito larvae". The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health. 41 (2): 320–325. PMID   20578514.
  24. ↑ Sermsart, B.; Sripochang, S.; Suvajeejarun, T.; Kiatfuengfoo, R. (2005). "The molluscicidal activities of some Euphorbia milii hybrids against the snail Indoplanorbis exustus". The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health. 36 (Suppl 4): 192–195. PMID   16438208.. PDF.
  25. ↑ Singh, A.; Singh, S. K. (2005). "Molluscicidal evaluation of three common plants from India". Fitoterapia. 76 (7–8): 747–751. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2005.08.002. PMID   16253436..
  26. ↑ Ng, T. H.; Tan, S. K.; Wong, W. H.; Meier, R.; Chan, S. Y.; Tan, H. H.; Yeo, D. C. (2016). "Molluscs for sale: assessment of freshwater gastropods and bivalves in the ornamental pet trade". PLOS ONE. 11 (8): e0161130. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1161130N. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161130 . PMC   4985174 . PMID   27525660.
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