The Yugoslav order of battle before the invasion of Yugoslavia includes a listing (or order of battle) of all operational formations of the Royal Yugoslav Army (Serbo-Croatian Latin : Vojska Kraljevine Jugoslavije, VKJ), Royal Yugoslav Army Air Force (Serbo-Croatian Latin: Vazduhoplovstvo Vojske Kraljevine Jugoslavije, VVKJ) and Royal Yugoslav Navy (Serbo-Croatian Latin: Kraljevska Jugoslovenska Ratna Mornarica, KJRM) immediately prior to the World War II invasion of that country in April 1941.
The VKJ consisted of 33 divisions and a significant number of smaller formations, but due to tentative and incomplete mobilisation, only seven divisions and four smaller formations are known to have been at close to fighting strength and in their planned deployment locations when the German-led Axis assault commenced on 6 April 1941. The Yugoslav defence plan involved placing the bulk of its land forces close to its borders, with very limited strategic reserves in depth. Almost all of the divisions that had been effectively mobilised were concentrated in the 3rd Army Group deployed in the east of the country along the Romanian and Bulgarian borders between the Iron Gates and the Greek border. Most of the heavy weapons and armoured vehicles available to the VKJ were obsolete, most formations were heavily reliant on animal-powered transport, and the VKJ had only 50 tanks that could engage front line German tanks on an equal basis.
By 6 April 1941, the VVKJ had been almost completely mobilised, and consisted of four air brigades with more than 423 aircraft of Yugoslav, German, Italian, French, Czech and British design, including 107 modern fighter aircraft, and 100 modern medium bombers. Other than a small number of locally made Rogožarski IK-3 fighters, almost all the modern aircraft available to the VVKJ were of German, Italian or British design for which limited spares and munitions were available.
The KJRM consisted of a flotilla of river monitors based on the Danube and a small fleet based in several ports along the Adriatic coast. The blue-water navy centred on a flotilla leader, three smaller destroyers, four obsolescent submarines and a gunboat, supplemented by minelayers and torpedo boats. Some of the smaller vessels in the Yugoslav fleet had been inherited from the defeated Austro-Hungarian Empire following World War I and were obsolete.
At the time of the invasion, the Royal Yugoslav Army (Serbo-Croatian Latin: Vojska Kraljevine Jugoslavije, VKJ) consisted of 29 infantry divisions, three horse cavalry divisions, and a divisional-sized mountain detachment. There were also a significant number of independent infantry, cavalry, mountain, and combined arms brigades, infantry and cavalry regiments and fortress troops, as well as 17 border guard battalions. The Commander-in-chief of the VKJ was the 17-year-old King Peter II, and the Chief of the General Staff was the Prime Minister, Armijski đeneral [lower-alpha 1] Dušan Simović. [2] The Yugoslav defence plan positioned almost all land forces close to its borders, with very limited strategic reserves in depth. [3] The VKJ was heavily reliant on animal-powered transport, mainly oxen, and had only 50 relatively modern Renault R35 tanks that could fight German tanks on an equal footing, [4] [5] although these were only just being formed into a unit at the time of the invasion. [6] The VKJ was organised into the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Army Groups, the independent 5th and 6th Armies and the Coastal Defence Command. [2] The General Headquarters of the VKJ maintained command over five infantry divisions and a large number of smaller infantry, engineer and artillery units, as well as the only operational tank battalion. Each Army Group and independent Army was supported by an air reconnaissance group attached from the Royal Yugoslav Army Air Force (VVKJ). [2] As mobilisation had been tentative and partial, many divisions were still in the process of mobilisation on 6 April 1941. [7] The VKJ order of battle on 6 April 1941 is detailed below as provided by Niehorster. [2] [lower-alpha 2]
mobilised Mobilised less staff and rear units.
in part Partly mobilised and moving to concentration area or assigned frontier.
commenced In process of mobilisation.
unknown Mobilisation status unknown.
The 1st Army Group was commanded by Armijski đeneral Milorad Petrović. [8] It consisted of the 4th Army of Armijski đeneral Petar Nedeljković, [9] responsible for the Yugoslav-Hungarian border and deployed behind the Drava between Varaždin and Slatina, [10] and the 7th Army of Divizijski đeneral (Major General) Dušan Trifunović, [11] [12] which was responsible for the defence of the northwestern border with Italy and the Third Reich. [13] [lower-alpha 3]
Army | Formation | Mobilisation status [15] | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
27th Infantry Division Savska | commenced | — | |
40th Infantry Division Slavonska | in part | — | |
42nd Infantry Division Murska | commenced | — | |
Detachment Ormozki | unknown | brigade strength | |
127th Infantry Regiment | unknown | — | |
81st Cavalry Regiment | unknown | horse cavalry | |
7th [12] | 32nd Infantry Division Triglavski | commenced | — |
38th Infantry Division Dravska | commenced | — | |
Mountain Detachment Triglavski | mobilised | brigade strength [lower-alpha 4] | |
Mountain Detachment Rišnajaski | mobilised | brigade strength [lower-alpha 5] | |
Detachment Lika | mobilised | brigade strength | |
1st Army Group [2] | 1st Cavalry Division | commenced | horse cavalry |
4th Army support units included one motorised heavy artillery regiment, one artillery regiment, a motorised anti-aircraft battalion, six border guard battalions, and the 4th Air Reconnaissance Group comprising eighteen Breguet 19s was attached from the VVKJ and was based at Velika Gorica just south of Zagreb. [9] The 7th Army was supported by one artillery regiment and the 6th Air Reconnaissance Group consisting of sixteen Breguet 19s based at Brežice, northwest of Zagreb. [12]
The 2nd Army Group was commanded by Armijski đeneral Milutin Nedić, [2] and consisted of Armijski đeneral Milan Rađenković's 1st Army, [17] responsible for the area between the Danube and the Tisza, [10] and the 2nd Army of Armijski đeneral Dragoslav Miljković, [18] responsible for the border from Slatina to the Danube. There was no Army Group reserve, but the 2nd Army was to constitute a reserve consisting of the 10th Infantry Division Bosanska deployed south of Brod. [10]
Army | Formation | Mobilisation status [14] | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
1st [17] | 7th Infantry Division Potiska | commenced | — |
3rd Cavalry Division | commenced | horse cavalry | |
Infantry Detachment Senta | commenced | brigade strength | |
Infantry Detachment Sombor | commenced | brigade strength | |
2nd [18] | 10th Infantry Division Bosanska | in part | in reserve |
17th Infantry Division Vrbaska | in part | — | |
30th Infantry Division Osiječka | commenced | — | |
76th Cavalry Regiment | unknown | horse cavalry | |
The 1st Army was supported by one artillery regiment, one anti-aircraft battalion, and the 1st Air Reconnaissance Group consisting of fifteen Breguet 19s based at Ruma, just west of Sremska Mitrovica. [17] 2nd Army support units comprised one artillery regiment, one anti-aircraft battalion, one border guard battalion, and the 3rd Air Reconnaissance Group consisting of sixteen Breguet 19s based at Staro Topolje just east of Brod. [18]
The 3rd Army Group was commanded by Armijski đeneral Milan Nedić. [2] It consisted of Armijski đeneral Ilija Brašić's 3rd Army, [19] responsible for the border with Albania between Lake Ohrid to Lake Skadar, [10] and the 3rd Territorial Army of Armijski đeneral Jovan Naumović, [20] which was responsible for the eastern sector of the Greek border and a sector along the Bulgarian border. [21] The Army Group reserve consisted of the 22nd Infantry Division Ibarska, [22] deployed around Skopje. [10]
Army | Formation | Mobilisation status [23] | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
3rd [19] | 13th Infantry Division Hercegovačka | in part | — |
15th Infantry Division Zetska | commenced | — | |
25th Infantry Division Vardarska | commenced | reinforced | |
31st Infantry Division Kosovska | mobilised | reinforced | |
Cavalry Detachment Komski | mobilised | brigade strength horse cavalry | |
3rd Territorial [20] | 5th Infantry Division Šumadijska | mobilised | — |
20th Infantry Division Bregalnička | mobilised | reinforced | |
46th Infantry Division Moravska | mobilised | — | |
Infantry Detachment Strumički | unknown | brigade strength | |
21st Infantry Regiment | unknown | — | |
3rd Army Group [2] | 22nd Infantry Division Ibarska | in part | — |
3rd Army support units included one artillery regiment, one anti-aircraft battalion, eight border guard battalions, and the 5th Air Reconnaissance Group consisting of fourteen Breguet 19s based at Tetovo west of Skopje. [19] The 3rd Territorial Army was supported by one motorised heavy artillery regiment. [20]
The 5th Independent Army was commanded by Armijski đeneral Vladimir Cukavac, [24] and had responsibility for the Romanian and Bulgarian borders between the Iron Gates and the Greek border. [10]
Army | Formation | Mobilisation status [23] | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
5th Independent [24] | 8th Infantry Division Krajinska | in part | in reserve |
9th Infantry Division Timočka | commenced | — | |
34th Infantry Division Toplička | mobilised | — | |
50th Infantry Division Drinska | mobilised | — | |
2nd Cavalry Division | in part | horse cavalry |
The support units of the 5th Independent Army were two motorised heavy artillery regiments, an anti-aircraft battalion, two border guard battalions, and the 2nd Air Reconnaissance Group consisting of sixteen Breguet 19s based at Šarlince south of Niš. [24]
The 6th Independent Army was commanded by Armijski đeneral Dimitrije Živković, [25] and was originally intended to form the strategic reserve for the VKJ. It was deployed around Belgrade and in the Banat region east of the Tisza. It held two infantry divisions in reserve in the lower Morava valley. [10]
Army | Formation | Mobilisation status [14] | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
6th Independent [25] | 3rd Infantry Division Dunavska | commenced | — |
49th Infantry Division Sremska | in part | understrength | |
Infantry Detachment Požarevački | unknown | brigade strength | |
Infantry Detachment Smederevski | unknown | brigade strength | |
Detachment Savski | unknown | brigade strength [lower-alpha 6] | |
Detachment Banatski | mobilised | brigade strength [lower-alpha 7] | |
Infantry Detachment Braničevski | unknown | regimental strength | |
5th Cavalry Regiment | unknown | horse cavalry | |
71st Cavalry Regiment | unknown | horse cavalry |
The 6th Independent Army was supported by an anti-aircraft battalion and the 7th Air Reconnaissance Group consisting of eighteen Breguet 19s based at Smederevska Palanka. [25]
Coastal Defence Command was commanded by Armijski đeneral Živko Stanisaviljević, [26] and was responsible for the defence of the Adriatic coast from the Bay of Kotor to Gospić. [10]
Army | Formation | Mobilisation status [22] | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Coastal Defence Command | 12th Infantry Division Jadranska | commenced | — |
Boka Kotorska Command | commenced | ||
Šibenik Command | commenced | ||
Čapljinski Command | unknown | infantry brigade strength | |
Trebinjski Command | unknown | infantry regiment strength | |
Coastal Defence Command was supported by a heavy artillery regiment and an anti-aircraft battalion, and a coastal reconnaissance squadron of four aircraft based near Mostar. [26]
General Headquarters of the VKJ maintained direct command of five infantry divisions, four independent infantry regiments, two motorised engineer regiments and one tank battalion. [lower-alpha 10] A further tank battalion was being formed at the time of the invasion. [lower-alpha 11] It also had at its disposal two motorised heavy artillery regiments, fifteen artillery battalions, two anti-aircraft battalions and five independent anti-aircraft companies. [6]
Formation | Mobilisation status [22] | Notes |
---|---|---|
Guards Infantry Division | unknown | understrength |
1st Infantry Division Cerska | in part | — |
33rd Infantry Division Lička | commenced | — |
44th Infantry Division Unska | in part | — |
47th Infantry Division Dinarska | commenced | — |
22nd Infantry Regiment | unknown | — |
37th Infantry Regiment | unknown | — |
47th Infantry Regiment | unknown | — |
48th Infantry Regiment | unknown | — |
In April 1941, a significant amount of obsolete equipment was in service with the VKJ, much of which was of World War I vintage. For example, of the 7,000 artillery pieces, less than 60 per cent were relatively modern, and only 50 of the tanks on hand were of comparable quality to front line German tanks. [27] The army inventory included the following major items of equipment: [4]
Equipment | Number |
---|---|
Mortars | 1,900 |
Light anti-tank guns | 800 |
75mm field guns | 823 |
105mm field howitzers | 180 |
World War I-vintage howitzers | 3,000 |
Anti-aircraft guns | 250 |
Renault R35 light tanks | 50 |
Škoda S-1d light tanks | 50 |
Renault NC27 light tanks | 50 |
Renault FT and M26/27 light tanks | 50 |
By April 1941, due to the difficulties Yugoslavia had faced in sourcing aircraft, the Royal Yugoslav Army Air Force (Serbo-Croatian Latin: Vazduhoplovstvo Vojske Kraljevine Jugoslavije, VVKJ) was equipped with 11 different types of operational aircraft, 14 types of training aircraft, and five types of auxiliary aircraft. These aircraft used 22 different engines, four different machine guns and two models of aircraft cannon. This made the training, supply and maintenance of the VVKJ quite problematic. [28] The VVKJ was organised into a headquarters, four air brigades and one naval brigade. Its order of battle on 6 April 1941 is detailed below as provided by Shores, Cull and Malizia, the most detailed work available on the subject. [29] [lower-alpha 12]
The VVKJ was commanded by Brigadni General (Brigadier) Borivoje Mirković, from his headquarters at Lješnica, and had two air groups and one independent squadron under its direct command. [30] Niehorster includes the VVKJ transport group and the air training school as under the direct command of Army Air Force Headquarters, and they have been shown here for completeness. [31]
Unit | Location | Aircraft |
---|---|---|
11th Independent (Long Range Reconnaissance) Group | 9 × Bristol Blenheim Mk I light bombers 2 × Hawker Hind Mk I light bombers | |
81st Bomber Group | Mostar | 14 × Savoia-Marchetti SM.79 medium bombers 3 × Messerschmitt Bf 109E-3a fighters 3 × Hawker Hurricane Mk I fighters 3 × Avia BH-33E biplane fighters [lower-alpha 13] |
710th Liaison Squadron [lower-alpha 14] | Lješnica | 2 × Messerschmitt Bf 108 liaison aircraft 1 × Fieseler Fi 156 Storch liaison aircraft |
Transport Group [lower-alpha 15] | Zemun | 10 × Lockheed Model 10 Electra airliners 2 × Spartan Cruiser transports 2 × Avia-Fokker F.39 airliners 1 × de Havilland Dragon Rapide airliner 2 × Caudron C.440 Goéland utility aircraft 1 × Aeroput MMS-3 light passenger aircraft 1 × de Havilland DH.60 Moth touring and training aircraft 1 × de Havilland Fox Moth passenger aircraft |
Air Training School [lower-alpha 16] | Mostar | 3 × Hawker Hurricane Mk I fighters 3 × Messerschmitt Bf 108 liaison aircraft 2 × Messerschmitt Bf 109E-3a fighters 3 × Avia BH-33E biplane fighters |
The 1st Fighter Brigade was commanded by Pukovnik (Colonel) Dragutin Rupčić, whose headquarters was at Zemun. It consisted of the 2nd and 6th Fighter Regiments and a liaison squadron. [33]
Formation | Unit | Location | Aircraft |
---|---|---|---|
2nd Fighter Regiment HQ: Kraljevo | 31st Fighter Group | 19 × Messerschmitt Bf 109E-3a fighters | |
52nd Fighter Group | Knić | 15 × Hawker Hurricane I fighters | |
6th Fighter Regiment HQ: Zemun | 32nd Fighter Group | 27 × Messerschmitt Bf 109E-3a fighters | |
51st Fighter Group | Zemun | 10 × Messerschmitt Bf 109E-3a fighters 6 × Rogožarski IK-3 fighters | |
— | 702nd Liaison Squadron [lower-alpha 17] | Zemun | Messerschmitt Bf 108 liaison aircraft Fieseler Fi 156 liaison aircraft |
The 2nd Mixed Air Brigade was commanded by Pukovnik Jakov Đorđević, whose headquarters was at Nova Topola. It consisted of the 4th Fighter Regiment, the 8th Bomber Regiment, and a liaison squadron. [36]
Formation | Unit | Location | Aircraft |
---|---|---|---|
4th Fighter Regiment HQ: Zagreb | 33rd Fighter Group | 13 × Hawker Hurricane Mk I fighters | |
34th Fighter Group | Bosanski Aleksandrovac | 7 × Hawker Hurricane Mk I fighters 8 ×Ikarus IK-2 fighters | |
8th Bomber Regiment HQ: Zagreb | 68th Bomber Group | 12 × Bristol Blenheim Mk I light bombers | |
69th Bomber Group | Rovine | 12 × Bristol Blenheim Mk I light bombers | |
— | 703rd Liaison Squadron [lower-alpha 18] | Nova Topola | Messerschmitt Bf 108 liaison aircraft Fieseler Fi 156 liaison aircraft |
The 3rd Mixed Air Brigade was commanded by Pukovnik Nikola Obuljen, whose headquarters was at Stubol. It consisted of the 3rd Bomber Regiment, 5th Fighter Regiment, and a liaison squadron. [38]
Formation | Unit | Location | Aircraft |
---|---|---|---|
3rd Bomber Regiment HQ: Skopje | 63rd Bomber Group | 30 × Dornier Do 17K light bombers | |
64th Bomber Group | Petrovec | 30 × Dornier Do 17K light bombers | |
5th Fighter Regiment HQ: Niš | 35th Fighter Group | 15 × Hawker Fury Mk II biplane fighters | |
36th Fighter Group | 15 × Hawker Fury Mk II biplane fighters | ||
— | 704th Liaison Squadron [lower-alpha 19] | Stubol | Messerschmitt Bf 108 liaison aircraft Fieseler Fi 156 liaison aircraft |
The 4th Bomber Brigade was commanded by Pukovnik Petar Vukčević, whose headquarters was at Ljubić. It consisted of the 1st and 7th Bomber Regiments and a liaison squadron. [40]
Formation | Unit | Location | Aircraft |
---|---|---|---|
1st Bomber Regiment HQ: Novi Sad | 61st Bomber Group [lower-alpha 20] | 11 × Bristol Blenheim Mk I light bombers | |
62nd Bomber Group [lower-alpha 21] | Bijeljina | 12 × Bristol Blenheim Mk I light bombers | |
7th Bomber Regiment HQ: Mostar | 66th Bomber Group | 13 × Savoia-Marchetti SM.79 medium bombers | |
67th Bomber Group | 13 × Savoia-Marchetti SM.79 medium bombers | ||
— | 705th Liaison Squadron [lower-alpha 22] | Ljubić | Messerschmitt Bf 108 liaison aircraft Fieseler Fi 156 liaison aircraft |
The Royal Yugoslav Army Air Force inventory in April 1941 included more than 423 aircraft of Yugoslav, German, Italian, French, Czech and British design, in addition to 20 largely civilian transport aircraft which had been pressed into military service. Of these, 107 of the fighter aircraft were of modern design, the remainder were not capable of meeting front line Axis aircraft on close to equal terms, and were therefore considered obsolete. Some bomber and reconnaissance aircraft were also considered obsolete for the same reason. [28]
Aircraft type | Model | Class | Number | Origin/notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fighter aircraft | Messerschmitt Bf 109E-3 | — | 61 | Germany |
Hawker Hurricane Mk I | — | 41 | United Kingdom | |
Hawker Fury Mk II biplane | — | 30 | United Kingdom (obsolete) | |
Ikarus IK-2 | — | 8 | Yugoslavia (obsolete) | |
Rogožarski IK-3 | — | 6 | Yugoslavia | |
Avia BH-33E | — | 6 | Czechoslovakia (obsolete) | |
Bomber aircraft | Dornier Do 17Ka | medium | 60 | Germany |
Savoia-Marchetti SM 79-I | medium | 40 | Italy | |
Bristol Blenheim Mk I | light | 56 | United Kingdom | |
Hawker Hind Mk I biplane | light | 2 | United Kingdom (obsolete) | |
Reconnaissance aircraft | Caproni Ca.310 | — | unknown | Italy |
Breguet 19 | — | 113 | France (obsolete) | |
Liaison aircraft | Messerschmitt Bf 108 | — | unknown | Germany |
Fieseler Fi 156 | — | unknown | Germany | |
Between 6 and 17 April 1941, the VVKJ took receipt of additional aircraft, including eight Hawker Hurricane Mk Is, six Dornier Do 17Ks, four Bristol Blenheim Mk Is, two Icarus IK-2s, one Messerschmitt Bf 109E-3 and one Rogožarski IK-3. [42]
The Royal Yugoslav Navy (Serbo-Croatian Latin: Kraljevska Jugoslovenska Ratna Mornarica, KJRM) was small, with its largest ships being an obsolete former German light cruiser (used as a gunnery training ship), [43] one flotilla leader, and three smaller Beograd-class destroyers. [44] The Chief of the Naval Staff was Rear-Admiral M.L. Polić, and the personnel of the KJRM comprised about 611 officers and 8,562 men. [45] [lower-alpha 23] The KJRM was organised into Riverine and Lake Forces, the Maritime Air Force, Naval Coastal Command, three torpedo divisions, the Submarine Division, and a grouping of miscellaneous and training vessels. [46]
The Riverine and Lake Forces of the KJRM were headquartered on the Danube river in Novi Sad, and were organised into the River Flotilla and three Lake Detachments. [47] Each division of the River Flotilla except the Monitor Division included one or more mobilised customs motorboats. [48]
Division | Ship/vessel name | Type | Origin/notes |
---|---|---|---|
Monitor Division HQ: Dubovac | Austria-Hungary former Austro-Hungarian Navy river monitor Bosna [49] [50] | ||
river monitor | Austria-Hungary former Austro-Hungarian Navy river monitor Bodrog [49] [51] | ||
1st Mine Barrage Division HQ: Bezdan | river monitor | Austria-Hungary former Austro-Hungarian Navy river monitor Enns [49] [51] | |
Šabac | — | ||
— | — | ||
— | river minelayer | — | |
— | river transport | — | |
2nd Mine Barrage Division HQ: Stara Kanjiža | river monitor | Austria-Hungary former Austro-Hungarian Navy river monitor Körös [49] [50] | |
R-XXI | river tugboat | — | |
Senta | river transport | — | |
3rd Mine Barrage Division HQ: Sremski Karlovci | Sisak | river tugboat | — |
— | river mine-layer | — | |
— | river mine-layer | — | |
— | river transport | — | |
4th Mine Barrage Division HQ: Smederevo | Raška | river tugboat | — |
— | river mine-layer | — | |
— | river mine-layer | — | |
— | river transport | — | |
5th Mine Barrage Division HQ: Erdut | Tanasko Rajić | river tugboat | — |
— | river mine-layer | — | |
— | river mine-layer | — | |
— | river transport | — | |
Iron Gates Division HQ: Donji Milanovac | Kumanovo [lower-alpha 24] | river tugboat | — |
Vitez [lower-alpha 25] | river tugboat | — | |
— | river transport | — | |
— | river transport | — | |
— | river transport | — | |
— | river transport | — | |
The Lake Ohrid Detachment was based at Ohrid and consisted of two river gunboats, Graničar and Stražar, and one or more mobilised customs motorboats. The Lake Prespa Detachment was based at Asamati, and it is unclear where the Lake Skadar Detachment was based. Both of the latter detachments consisted of one or more mobilised customs motorboats. [47]
The Maritime Air Force was headquartered at Kaštel Lukšić near Split, and consisted of three Hydroplane Commands each of regimental strength. [52] [53] [lower-alpha 26]
Command | Group | Squadron | Location | Aircraft |
---|---|---|---|---|
1st Hydroplane Command HQ: Vodice | 12th Hydroplane Group | unknown | — | 12 × Ikarus IO biplane flying boats |
2nd Hydroplane Command HQ: Divulje | 3rd Hydroplane Group | 5th Hydroplane Squadron | 5 × Rogožarski SIM-XIV-H reconnaissance floatplanes 1 × Ikarus ŠM biplane floatplane | |
25th Hydroplane Squadron | 6 × Dornier Do 22Kj reconnaissance floatplanes 1 × Rogožarski PVT floatplane | |||
4th Hydroplane Group | 26th Hydroplane Squadron | 5 × Dornier Do J flying boats 1 × Ikarus ŠM biplane floatplane 1 × Rogožarski PVT floatplane | ||
15th Hydroplane Squadron | 2 × Rogožarski SIM-XIV-H reconnaissance floatplanes 6–7 × Ikarus IO biplane flying boats 1 × Rogožarski SIM-XH trainer | |||
3rd Hydroplane Command HQ: Boka Kotorska | 1st Hydroplane Group | 1st Hydroplane Squadron | Krtole | 5 × Rogožarski SIM-XIV-H reconnaissance floatplanes 1 × Ikarus ŠM biplane floatplane |
11th Hydroplane Squadron [lower-alpha 27] | 2–3 × Rogožarski SIM-XIV-H reconnaissance floatplanes 1 × Heinkel HE 8 reconnaissance floatplane | |||
2nd Hydroplane Group | 20th Hydroplane Squadron | 6 × Dornier Do 22Kj reconnaissance floatplanes | ||
21st Hydroplane Squadron [lower-alpha 28] | 5 × Dornier Do J flying boats 1 × Dornier D floatplane torpedo bomber 2 × Rogožarski PVT floatplanes | |||
Training Squadron [lower-alpha 29] | 1 × Rogožarski SIM-XIV-H reconnaissance floatplane 1 × Rogožarski PVT floatplanes 2 × Ikarus IO biplane flying boats 1–2 × Rogožarski SIM-XI trainers 1 × de Havilland DH.60 Moth trainer several Ikarus ŠM biplane floatplanes | |||
Model | Number | Origin/notes |
---|---|---|
Rogožarski SIM-XIV-H | 15–16 | Kingdom of Yugoslavia |
Ikarus ŠM | 3 | Kingdom of Yugoslavia |
Dornier Do 22kJ | 12 | Nazi Germany |
Rogožarski PVT | 5 | Kingdom of Yugoslavia |
Dornier Do J | 10 | Nazi Germany |
Ikarus IO | 20–21 | Kingdom of Yugoslavia |
Rogožarski SIM-XH | 1 | Kingdom of Yugoslavia |
Heinkel HE 8 | 1 | Nazi Germany |
Dornier D | 1 | Nazi Germany |
Rogožarski SIM-XI | 1–2 | Kingdom of Yugoslavia |
de Havilland DH.60 Moth | 1 | United Kingdom |
The Naval Coastal Command of the KJRM was organised into three sectors along the Adriatic coast of Yugoslavia. [54]
Sector | Ship/vessel name | Type | Origin/notes |
---|---|---|---|
Northern HQ: Selce | Malinska | minelayer | Austria-Hungary Malinska-class minelayer [55] [56] |
Silni | patrol craft tender | unknown | |
Central HQ: Šibenik | Spasilac | salvage ship | German Weimar Republic [57] |
Lovćen | water tanker | unknown | |
Labud | minelayer | German Empire Galeb-class minelayer [58] | |
Kobac | minelayer | German Empire Galeb-class minelayer [49] [55] | |
Mosor | minelayer | Austria-Hungary Malinska-class minelayer [55] [56] | |
Marjan | minelayer | Austria-Hungary Malinska-class minelayer [55] [56] | |
Southern HQ: Kotor | Austria-Hungary former Austro-Hungarian Navy 250t-class T-group torpedo boat 76T [49] [55] | ||
torpedo boat | Austria-Hungary former Austro-Hungarian Navy 250t-class T-group torpedo boat 78T [49] [55] | ||
Jastreb | minelayer | German Empire Galeb-class minelayer [49] [55] | |
Galeb | minelayer | German Empire Galeb-class minelayer [49] [55] | |
Mljet | minelayer | Austria-Hungary Malinska-class minelayer [55] [56] | |
Meljine | minelayer | Austria-Hungary Malinska-class minelayer [55] [56] | |
D2 | training boat | Austria-Hungary former Austro-Hungarian Schichau-class minesweeper Uhu, later Tb36 [59] | |
sail training ship | German Weimar Republic | ||
Jaki | miscellaneous auxiliary | unknown | |
Vila | small converted yacht | unknown | |
The 1st Torpedo Division consisted of the flotilla leader Dubrovnik and two of the three Beograd-class destroyers, and was based at Kotor. The remaining Beograd-class destroyer, Ljubljana, was under repair at Šibenik at the time of the invasion. The 2nd and 3rd Torpedo Division consisted of torpedo boats, and were both based at Šibenik. [46] [60]
Division | Ship/vessel name | Type | Origin/notes |
---|---|---|---|
1st HQ: Kotor | UK [44] | ||
France Beograd-class destroyer [49] [60] | |||
destroyer | Kingdom of Yugoslavia Beograd-class destroyer [49] [60] | ||
2nd HQ: Šibenik | Velebit | torpedo boat | Nazi Germany Orjen-class torpedo boat [61] |
Rudnik | torpedo boat | Nazi Germany Orjen-class torpedo boat [61] | |
Kajmakčalan | torpedo boat | Nazi Germany Orjen-class torpedo boat [61] | |
Durmitor | torpedo boat | Nazi Germany Orjen-class torpedo boat [61] | |
Dinara | torpedo boat | Nazi Germany Orjen-class torpedo boat [61] | |
Triglav | torpedo boat | Nazi Germany Orjen-class torpedo boat [61] | |
Suvobor | torpedo boat | Nazi Germany Orjen-class torpedo boat [61] | |
Orjen | torpedo boat | Nazi Germany Orjen-class torpedo boat [61] | |
Četnik | torpedo boat | UK Četnik-class torpedo boat [62] | |
Uskok | torpedo boat | UK Četnik-class torpedo boat [62] | |
3rd HQ: Šibenik | torpedo boat | former Austro-Hungarian Navy 250t-class F-group torpedo boat 87F [49] [55] | |
torpedo boat | former Austro-Hungarian Navy 250t-class F-group torpedo boat 93F [49] [55] | ||
torpedo boat | former Austro-Hungarian Navy 250t-class F-group torpedo boat 96F [49] [55] | ||
torpedo boat | former Austro-Hungarian Navy 250t-class F-group torpedo boat 97F [49] [55] | ||
The Submarine Division was based in Kotor, and consisted of the submarine tender Hvar and four ageing submarines of British or French manufacture. [46] [55] [56] [63]
Ship/vessel | Type | Origin/notes |
---|---|---|
Hvar | submarine tender | United Kingdom [64] |
Hrabri-class submarine | United Kingdom, 1928 based on unbuilt British L-class submarine | |
Hrabri-class submarine | United Kingdom, 1928 based on unbuilt British L-class submarine | |
Osvetnik-class submarine | France, 1929 | |
Osvetnik-class submarine | France, 1929 | |
The KJRM included several miscellaneous vessels that were not allocated to a particular division. They included the gunnery training ship Dalmacija, the gunboat Beli Orao and the converted seaplane tender/minelayer Zmaj. [46] [lower-alpha 30]
Ship/vessel | Type | Location | Origin/notes |
---|---|---|---|
Dalmacija | Gazelle-class cruiser | Kotor | former German Empire SMS Niobe, Dalmacija was obsolete and being used as a gunnery training ship [55] |
Beli Orao | gunboat | Kotor | Kingdom of Italy Royal yacht/escort [55] [56] |
Zmaj | minelayer | Šibenik | Weimar Republic, converted seaplane tender [55] |
Perun | oil tanker | Kotor | Belgium [65] |
Gavran | minelayer | unknown | ex German Empire, Galeb-class minelayer [49] [55] |
Orao | minelayer | unknown | ex German Empire, Galeb-class minelayer [49] [55] |
Sokol | minelayer | unknown | ex German Empire, Galeb-class minelayer [49] [55] [66] |
The 1st Army was a Royal Yugoslav Army formation commanded by Armijski đeneral Milan Rađenković during the German-led Axis invasion of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in April 1941 during World War II. It consisted of one infantry division, one horsed cavalry division, and two brigade-strength infantry detachments. It formed part of the 2nd Army Group, and was responsible for the defence of the section of the Yugoslav-Hungarian border between the Danube and the Tisza rivers.
Operation Retribution, also known as Operation Punishment, was the April 1941 German bombing of Belgrade, the capital of Yugoslavia, in retaliation for the coup d'état that overthrew the government that had signed the Tripartite Pact. The bombing occurred in the first days of the German-led Axis invasion of Yugoslavia during World War II. The Royal Yugoslav Army Air Force (VVKJ) had only 77 modern fighter aircraft available to defend Belgrade against the hundreds of German fighters and bombers that struck in the first wave early on 6 April. Three days prior, VVKJ Major Vladimir Kren had defected to the Germans, disclosing the locations of multiple military assets and divulging the VVKJ's codes.
The invasion of Yugoslavia, also known as the April War or Operation 25, was a German-led attack on the Kingdom of Yugoslavia by the Axis powers which began on 6 April 1941 during World War II. The order for the invasion was put forward in "Führer Directive No. 25", which Adolf Hitler issued on 27 March 1941, following a Yugoslav coup d'état that overthrew the pro-Axis government.
The Axis order of battle for the invasion of Yugoslavia was made up of the various operational formations of the German Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS, Italian Armed Forces and Hungarian Armed Forces that participated in the invasion of Yugoslavia during World War II, commencing on 6 April 1941. It involved the German 2nd Army, with elements of the 12th Army and a panzer group combined with overwhelming Luftwaffe support. The eighteen German divisions included five panzer divisions, two motorised infantry divisions and two mountain divisions. The German force also included two well-equipped independent motorised regiments and was supported by over 800 aircraft. The Italian 2nd Army and 9th Army committed a total of 22 divisions, and the Royal Italian Air Force had over 650 aircraft available to support the invasion. The Hungarian 3rd Army also participated, with support from the Royal Hungarian Air Force.
The 1st Army Group was a Royal Yugoslav Army formation mobilised prior to the German-led Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941 during World War II. It consisted of the 4th Army, 7th Army, and the 1st Cavalry Division, which was the army group reserve. It was responsible for the defence of northwestern Yugoslavia, with the 4th Army defending the eastern sector along the Yugoslav–Hungarian border, and the 7th Army defending the western sector along the borders with Germany and Italy. Like all Yugoslav formations at the time, the 1st Army Group had serious deficiencies in both mobility and firepower as well as internal friction among the different ethnic groups, particularly between Serbs and Croats.
The 2nd Army Group was a Royal Yugoslav Army formation commanded by Armijski đeneral Milutin Nedić during the German-led Axis invasion of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in April 1941 during World War II. It consisted of the 1st and 2nd Armies, comprising four infantry divisions, one horsed cavalry division, two brigade-strength infantry detachments, and one horsed cavalry regiment. It was responsible for the defence of the border with Hungary from Slatina to the Tisza river.
The 2nd Army was a Royal Yugoslav Army formation commanded by Armijski đeneral Dragoslav Miljković that opposed the German-led Axis invasion of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in April 1941 during World War II. It consisted of three infantry divisions and one horsed cavalry regiment along with supporting units. It formed part of the 2nd Army Group, and was responsible for the defence of the Yugoslav–Hungarian border along the Drava river from Slatina to the Danube.
The 3rd Army was a Royal Yugoslav Army formation commanded by Armijski đeneral Ilija Brašić during the German-led Axis invasion of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in April 1941 during World War II. It consisted of two reinforced infantry divisions, two infantry divisions, and a brigade-strength horsed cavalry detachment. It formed part of the 3rd Army Group, and was responsible for the Yugoslav-Albania border between Lake Ohrid and Lake Skadar.
The 4th Army was a Royal Yugoslav Army formation mobilised prior to the German-led Axis invasion of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia during World War II. It was drawn from the peacetime 4th Army District. When mobilised, it consisted of three divisions, a brigade-strength detachment, one horse cavalry regiment and one independent infantry regiment. It formed part of the 1st Army Group, and was responsible for defending a large section of the Yugoslav–Hungarian border, being deployed behind the Drava river between Varaždin and Slatina. Like all Yugoslav formations at the time, the 4th Army had serious deficiencies in both mobility and firepower.
The 5th Army was a Royal Yugoslav Army formation which commanded five divisions and two independent detachments during the German-led Axis invasion of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in April 1941 during World War II. It was commanded by General Vladimir Cukavac, and was responsible for the Romanian and Bulgarian borders between the Iron Gates and the Greek border.
The 7th Army was a Royal Yugoslav Army formation raised prior to the German-led Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941, during World War II. It consisted of two divisions, two brigade-strength mountain detachments, and a brigade-strength infantry detachment. It formed part of the 1st Army Group, and was responsible for the defence of Yugoslavia's north-western frontier with Italy and Germany. Like all Yugoslav formations at the time, the 7th Army had serious deficiencies in both mobility and firepower.
Petar Nedeljković was an army general in the Royal Yugoslav Army who commanded the 4th Army during the German-led invasion of Yugoslavia of April 1941 during World War II. Nedeljković's command consisted of three divisions, a brigade-strength infantry detachment, one horsed cavalry regiment and one infantry regiment. The 4th Army was responsible for the Yugoslav-Hungarian border and was deployed behind the Drava between Varaždin and Slatina.
Jovan Naumović was an Armijski đeneral in the Royal Yugoslav Army who commanded the 3rd Territorial Army during the German-led Axis invasion of Yugoslavia of April 1941 during World War II. Naumović's command consisted of three infantry divisions and some smaller formations. The 3rd Territorial Army was part of the 3rd Army Group which was responsible for the border with Albania between Lake Ohrid to Lake Skadar, and the Romanian and Bulgarian borders between the Iron Gates and the Greek border.
The 42nd Infantry Division Murska was an infantry formation of the Royal Yugoslav Army that formed part of the 4th Army during the German-led Axis invasion of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in April 1941. It did not have a corresponding divisional district in peacetime, and was raised at the time of mobilisation. Like all Yugoslav infantry divisions of the time, it was a very large and unwieldy formation which was almost entirely reliant on animal transport for mobility, and also lacked modern arms and sufficient ammunition. Commanded by Divizijski đeneral Borisav Ristić, it was largely manned by Croat troops, many of whom saw the Germans as potential liberators from Serbian oppression.
The 40th Infantry Division Slavonska was an infantry formation of the Royal Yugoslav Army that formed part of the 4th Army during the German-led Axis invasion of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in April 1941. It was partly mobilised from the Osijecka military district, and, like all Yugoslav infantry divisions of the time, was a very large and unwieldy formation which was almost entirely reliant on animal transport for mobility. Commanded by Brigadni đeneral Ratko Raketić, it was largely manned by Croat troops, many of whom saw the Germans as potential liberators from Serbian oppression during the interwar period, and the division also lacked modern arms and sufficient ammunition.
The 27th Infantry Division Savska was an infantry formation of the Royal Yugoslav Army that formed part of the 4th Army during the German-led invasion of Yugoslavia by the Axis powers in April 1941. It was raised from the Savska divisional district, and like all Yugoslav infantry divisions of the time, was a very large and unwieldy formation almost entirely reliant on animal transport for mobility. Commanded by Divizijski đeneral August Marić, the division was largely made up of ethnic Croat troops, many of whom saw the Germans as potential liberators from Serbian oppression during the interwar period. It also lacked modern arms and sufficient ammunition.
The 32nd Infantry Division Triglavski was a short-lived Royal Yugoslav Army infantry formation raised prior to the German-led Axis invasion of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in April 1941. It was largely mobilised from the Dravska military district, and, like all Yugoslav infantry divisions of the time, was a very large and unwieldy formation which was almost entirely reliant on animal transport for mobility. Commanded by Divizijski đeneral Dragiša Pandurović and largely manned by Slovene troops, the division also lacked modern arms and sufficient ammunition.
The 1st Cavalry Division of the Royal Yugoslav Army was established in 1921, soon after the creation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, which became the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929. In peacetime it consisted of two cavalry brigade headquarters commanding a total of four regiments. It was part of the Yugoslav 1st Army Group during the German-led World War II Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941, with a wartime organisation specifying one cavalry brigade headquarters commanding two or three regiments, and divisional-level combat and support units.
In late 1937, the Royal Yugoslav Air Force placed an order with Hawker Aircraft for twelve Hawker Hurricane Mk I fighters, the first foreign purchase of the aircraft. The VVKJ operated the British Hawker Hurricane Mk I from 1938 to 1941. Between 1938 and 1940, the VVKJ obtained 24 Hurricane Mk Is from early production batches, marking the first foreign sale of the aircraft. Twenty additional aircraft were built by Zmaj under licence in Yugoslavia. When the country was drawn into World War II by the German-led Axis invasion of April 1941, a total of 41 Hurricane Mk I's were in service as fighters. They achieved some successes against Luftwaffe aircraft, but all Yugoslav Hurricanes were destroyed or captured during the 11-day invasion.
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