Blue-water navy

Last updated
USS Abraham Lincoln leads a formation of ships from eight countries during the Exercise RIMPAC in July 2006. Rimpac battlegroup 2006.jpg
USS Abraham Lincoln leads a formation of ships from eight countries during the Exercise RIMPAC in July 2006.

A blue-water navy is a maritime force capable of operating globally, essentially across the deep waters of open oceans. [1] While definitions of what actually constitutes such a force vary, there is a requirement for the ability to exercise sea control at long range.

Contents

The term "blue-water navy" is a maritime geographical term in contrast with "brown-water navy" (littoral waters and near to shore) and "green-water navy" (near to shore and open oceans).

The Defense Counterintelligence and Security Agency of the United States has defined the blue-water navy as "a maritime force capable of sustained operation across the deep waters of open oceans. A blue-water navy allows a country to project power far from the home country and usually includes one or more aircraft carriers. Smaller blue-water navies are able to dispatch fewer vessels abroad for shorter periods of time." [2]

Attributes

A blue-water navy still remains susceptible to asymmetric threats, an example being the USS Cole bombing in October 2000. Defense.gov News Photo 001012-N-0000N-001.jpg
A blue-water navy still remains susceptible to asymmetric threats, an example being the USS Cole bombing in October 2000.

In public discourse, blue-water capability is identified with the operation of capital ships such as battleships, battlecruisers, aircraft carriers, and nuclear submarines. For instance, during the debate in the 1970s whether Australia should replace HMAS Melbourne, a former chief of navy claimed that if Australia did not replace her last aircraft carrier, she "would no longer have a blue-water navy". [3] In the end Australia did not buy a new carrier, but former Parliamentary defence advisor Gary Brown could still claim in 2004 that her navy remained "an effective blue-water force". [3] The Soviet Navy towards the end of the Cold War is another example of a blue-water navy that had minimal carrier aviation, relying instead on submarines, missile-carrying surface ships, and long-range bombers based on land. [4]

A blue-water navy implies force protection from underwater warfare, surface warfare, and aerial warfare threats and a sustainable logistic reach, allowing a persistent presence at long range. A hallmark of a true blue-water navy is the ability to conduct replenishment at sea (RAS), [5] and the commissioning of underway replenishment ships is a strong sign of a navy's blue-water ambitions. [6] While a blue-water navy can project sea control power into another nation's littoral waters, it remains susceptible to threats from less capable forces (asymmetric warfare). Maintenance and logistics at range have high costs, and there might be a saturation advantage over a deployed force through the use of land-based air or surface-to-surface missile assets, diesel-electric submarines, or asymmetric tactics with fast attack craft (FAC). An example of this vulnerability was the October 2000 USS Cole bombing in Aden. [7] [8]

The term 'blue-water navy' should not be confused with the capability of an individual ship. For example, vessels of a green-water navy can often operate in blue water for short periods of time. A number of nations have extensive maritime assets but lack the capability to maintain the required sustainable logistic reach. [9] Some of them join coalition task groups in blue-water deployments such as anti-piracy patrols off Somalia.

Definitions

According to a dictionary definition, blue-water capability refers to an oceangoing fleet able to operate on the high seas far from its nation's home ports. Some operate throughout the world. [10]

In their 2012 publication, "Sea Power and the Asia-Pacific", professors Geoffrey Till and Patrick C. Bratton outlined what they termed as "concise criteria" with regard to the definitions of brown-, green- and blue-water navies. Quote; "...a brown-water navy standing for a navy capable of defending its coastal zones, a green-water navy for a navy competent to operate in regional sea and finally [a] blue-water navy described as a navy with capability to operate across the deep waters." [11] They go on to say that even with such a definition and understanding of naval hierarchy, it is still "ambiguous". For example, while France and the United States may be considered blue-water navies, he states that the "operational capability and geographic reach of both navies are definitely different." [11]

Another definition states that 'brown-water' refers to the littoral areas within 100 nautical miles of the coastline. 'Green-water' begins from 100 nautical miles out to the next major land formation, while 'blue-water' is the ability to project force out to at least 1,500 nautical miles beyond the coast. [12] Traditionally a distinction used to be made between a coastal brown-water navy operating in the littoral zone to 200 nautical miles (or 370 kilometres) and an oceangoing blue-water navy. However, the United States Navy created a new term, green-water navy, to replace the term 'brown-water navy' in US Navy parlance. [13] [14] Today, a brown-water navy has come to be known as a predominantly riverine and littoral force.

Despite the above, however, there is no agreed definition of the term. [15]

Classification and naval hierarchy

Indian Navy flotilla of Western Fleet escort INS Vikramaditya (R33) and INS Viraat (R22) in the Arabian Sea; according to the Todd & Lindberg classification system, six navies are considered to be ranks 1-3 blue-water "multi-regional power projection" navies, capable of operating in multiple regions adjacent its own. Indian Navy flotilla of Western Fleet escort INS Vikramaditya (R33) and INS Viraat (R22) in the Arabian Sea.jpg
Indian Navy flotilla of Western Fleet escort INS Vikramaditya (R33) and INS Viraat (R22) in the Arabian Sea; according to the Todd & Lindberg classification system, six navies are considered to be ranks 1-3 blue-water "multi-regional power projection" navies, capable of operating in multiple regions adjacent its own.

There have been many attempts by naval scholars and other authorities to classify world navies, including; Michael Morris, [17] British naval historians Eric Grove [17] and Professor Geoffrey Till, [17] [18] French strategist Hervé Coutau-Bégarie [17] [19] and professors Daniel Todd and Michael Lindberg. [17] [20] [16] All identify basic common criteria for gauging the capability of navies, such as; total displacement and number of ships; modernity and power of weapons and systems; logistical and geographic reach with capacity for sustained operations; and the professional qualifications/disposition of sailors. [17]

Cavour (foreground) operating with Harry S. Truman (middle) and Charles de Gaulle (background) in the Gulf of Oman, 2013 Carriers Cavour (550) - Harry S. Truman (CVN-75) and Charles de Gaulle (R91) underway in 2013.JPG
Cavour (foreground) operating with Harry S. Truman (middle) and Charles de Gaulle (background) in the Gulf of Oman, 2013

The table below shows the world naval hierarchy according to the classification system by professors Daniel Todd and Michael Lindberg. [16] Their system originates from 1996 [20] and outlines ten ranks, distinguished by capability. Since then it has been used by various other experts to illustrate the subject. [16] [21] According to Todd and Lindberg, a "blue-water navy" is one that can project any sort of power beyond its own territorial waters. [16] [21] However they used the principle of loss of strength gradient and other criteria to distinguish navies by capability under the four "blue-water" ranks. [16] [21] The six ranks of "Non blue-water navies" can be further broken down into "green-water" and "brown-water navies", and according to Todd and Lindberg, these are navies only capable of operating as coastal defence forces, coast guards or riverine forces. [16] [21]

World Naval Hierarchy, according to the Todd & Lindberg classification system (c.2015) [11] [16]
RankDesignationCapabilitiesNavies
Blue-water navies1Global-reach
power projection		Multiple and sustained power projection missions globally United States
2Limited global-reach
power projection		At least one major power projection operation globally United Kingdom , France, Italy
3Multi-regional
power projection		Power projection to regions adjacent to its own Russia, India, China
4Regional
power projection		Limited range power projection beyond exclusive economic zone (EEZ) Spain, Brazil, Japan, Australia, South Korea, Germany, Egypt, Netherlands
Non blue-water: green-water navies5Regional offshore
coastal defence		Coastal defence within and slightly beyond EEZCanada, [22] Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Israel, Singapore, Pakistan and others
6Inshore
coastal defence		Coastal defence confined to inner EEZNorth Korea, Myanmar, Brunei, Sri Lanka, Sweden [23] and others
Non blue-water: brown-water navies7Regional offshore
constabulary		Maritime policing within and slightly beyond EEZIceland, Ireland, Tunisia, Estonia, Iraq, and others
8Inshore
constabulary		Maritime policing confined well within EEZCambodia, Cyprus, the Philippines, and others
9Inland waterway
riverine		Riverine defence of landlocked statesBolivia, Paraguay, Burundi, and many others
10Token navy
riverine		Very basic constabulary if at allMany examples worldwide

Overseas basing

Historically, and to present day, blue-water navies have tended to establish overseas bases to extend the reach of supply lines, provide repair facilities and enhance the "effective striking power" of a fleet beyond the capabilities provided by the nation's homeports. [24] Generally, these overseas bases are located within areas where potential conflicts or threats to the nation's interests may arise. For example, since World War II the Royal Navy and later the United States Navy have continued to base forces in Bahrain for operations in the Persian Gulf. [24] The military importance and value of overseas basing is primarily dependent on geographical location. A base located at choke points in narrow or enclosed seas can be of high value, especially if positioned near, or within striking distance of an enemy's sea lines of communications. [24] However advanced operating bases (or forward operating bases) can be equally as valuable. Naval Station Pearl Harbor acts as a "gateway" for the US Navy to "operate forward" in the Pacific Ocean. [25]

Examples

These are examples of navies that have been described by various defense experts or academics as being blue-water navies. Some have successfully used their blue-water capabilities to exercise control on the high seas and from there have projected power into other nations' littoral waters. [26] [27] However, there is no agreed upon definition among authorities as to what constitutes a blue-water navy. [15]

China

Chinese aircraft carrier Liaoning Aircraft Carrier Liaoning CV-16.jpg
Chinese aircraft carrier Liaoning

The People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) is subject to a variety of assessments regarding its capabilities. China's ambition towards blue-water capability received much attention, particularly from the United States Congress [28] and Department of Defense, [29] with both acknowledging that China's primary aim was to project power in the First and Second island chains. [29] [30] In a 2013 report to Congress, defense experts also asserted that over the coming decades, China would gain the capability to project power across the globe – similar to Britain's 1982 Falklands War. [29] According to Todd and Lindberg's classification system, the PLAN was a rank four "regional power projection navy". [20] [16]

Since 2008, the PLAN has conducted anti-piracy missions in the Gulf of Aden on a continuous basis. [31]

France

French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle Charles De Gaulle (R91) underway 2009.jpg
French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle

The French Navy is recognised as being a blue-water navy by various experts and academics. [A] [11] [26] [27] According to professors Daniel Todd and Michael Lindberg, the French Navy is a rank two "limited global-reach power projection navy". [20] [16]

The navy operates a single nuclear-powered aircraft carrier (Charles de Gaulle) which forms the centrepiece of the Navy's principal expeditionary task group (known as the Aeronaval Group). In addition to this, the navy maintains a secondary Amphibious Group (known as Le Groupe Amphibie) based around the Mistral-class amphibious assault ships. Both these formations are part of the Force d'action navale (or Naval Action Force). The 'Forces sous-marines' operates four nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines and six nuclear-powered fleet submarines. France retains a network of overseas naval facilities around the world; from Fort de France in the Caribbean, to Le Port, Réunion in the Indian Ocean, Papeete in the Pacific and in several other parts of the world too, including the Gulf, South Atlantic and the Western Pacific. [32]

The navy's operational duties include the protection of French interests abroad and the security of the nation's many overseas departments and territories, as such the Navy undertakes a number of standing commitments worldwide. [33]

India

Indian aircraft carriers INS Vikramaditya and INS Vikrant with the carrier battle group sailing together INS Vikrant (R11) and INS Vikramaditya (R33) with the carrier battle group.jpg
Indian aircraft carriers INS Vikramaditya and INS Vikrant with the carrier battle group sailing together

The Indian Navy is unique among Asian navies due to its long experience in carrier power projection since 1961. [34] [35] This, according to Dr. George J. Gilboy and political scientist Eric Heginbotham, gives the Indian Navy the "leading power projection capability in the region". [34] The Indian Navy is also the only Asian navy considered to be a rank three "multi-regional power projection navy" per Todd and Lindberg's classification system. [20] [16] In his discussion paper for Consultancy Africa Intelligence, Greg Ryan asserts that in recent years, the Indian Navy has emerged as a "global power in the blue water sense". [36]

India initially outlined its intentions of developing blue-water capabilities under the 2007 Maritime Capabilities Perspective Plan, [37] [38] with the navy's priority being the projection of "power in India's area of strategic interest", the Indian Ocean Region. [39] [40] Since 2007 the navy has increased its presence in the Persian Gulf and the Horn of Africa to the Strait of Malacca, and routinely conducts anti-piracy operations and partnership building with other navies in the region. [41] [42] It also conducts routine two to three month-long deployments in the South and East China seas as well as the western Mediterranean simultaneously. [43] [44] The navy has a listening post in Madagascar. [45]

India inducted its first aircraft carrier in 1961, and the navy has ever since operated two independent carrier task forces. After INS Viraat and INS Vikrant were decommissioned, the country's strike force currently centers on the two carrier battle groups: INS Vikramaditya, and a new indigenous aircraft carrier, INS Vikrant commissioned in September 2022, restoring India's two-carrier capability. The Indian Navy also possesses an amphibious transport dock, INS Jalashwa, and currently operates 2 Arihant-class indigenously developed nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine with two more under construction, along with leasing one Akula-class nuclear-powered attack submarine and has many more ships of different types planned or under construction.

Italy

Italian aircraft carrier Cavour Cavour Napoli 2010.jpg
Italian aircraft carrier Cavour

The Italian Navy was categorised as a "regional blue-water navy" in Liu Huaqing's Memoirs (1994), [46] and as a rank three "multi regional power projection navy" by Professors Daniel Todd and Michael Lindberg in 1996. [20] In the former 1989 publication "The Atlantic Alliance and the Middle East", Joseph I. Coffey asserted that Italy's blue-water capabilities didn't extend beyond the Mediterranean sea. [47] Today the navy possesses three aircraft carriers (Cavour, Trieste and Garibaldi).

Italian LHD Trieste LHD Trieste - Ivan Guida.jpg
Italian LHD Trieste

The Marina Militare routinely deploys to the Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf as part of multinational anti-piracy missions such as Operation Ocean Shield and Operation Atalanta, [48] and is capable of deploying a carrier battle group in support of NATO or EU operations such as during Operation Enduring Freedom (2001) and EU Navfor Med (European migrant crisis). In 2015 scholar Sarah Kirchberger mentioned Italy as a blue-water navy capable of operating in the high seas far from its home. [49]

As of June 2024 the Italian Navy has deployed a Carrier Strike Group, based on the Cavour (CVH 550) STOVL aircraft carrier (with F-35B on board), for a five-months deployment to the Indo-Pacific region, reaching Singapore, Australia, Japan and the Philippines. Italian Navy will also participate to the Exercise RIMPAC, the world's largest international maritime warfare exercise. This is an indisputable evidence of the top level capabilities reached by the Italian Navy, which place the same at the level of the Royal Navy. [50] [51] [52]

Russia

Russian aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov Russian aircraft carrier Kuznetsov.jpg
Russian aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov

The Soviet Navy maintained naval forces able to rival those of the United States; however, following the end of the Cold War and dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Russian Navy experienced a severe decline due to lack of funding. [53] By the late 1990s, there was little tangible evidence of Russian blue-water capability. [53] It wasn't until 2007, under President Vladimir Putin, that "naval ambition broadened in scope and aimed at re-creating a large blue-water navy". [54] Today, the Russian Navy is considered to be a rank 3 "multi-regional power projection navy" by Todd and Lindberg's classification system. [20] [16] The Russian Navy has also been described as a blue-water navy by British naval historian Professor Geoffrey Till. [9]

United Kingdom

Aircraft carrier HMS Queen Elizabeth and her Carrier Strike Group during Exercise Westlant 19 HMS Queen Elizabeth Carrier Strike Group during Westlant 19.jpg
Aircraft carrier HMS Queen Elizabeth and her Carrier Strike Group during Exercise Westlant 19

The Royal Navy is considered to be a blue-water navy by naval experts and academics. This position is likely to be further cemented with the introduction of two new Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carriers, eighteen new frigates (8 Type 26, 5 Type 31, and 5 Type 32), and other warships currently being procured. [26] [27] [A] [B] A term used commonly in the United Kingdom is that the Royal Navy maintains a maritime expeditionary capability. [55] According to Todd and Lindberg's classification system, the Royal Navy is a rank two "limited global-reach power projection navy". [20] [16]

The Royal Navy supports a number of standing commitments worldwide on a continuous basis and maintains an expeditionary task force known as the Joint Expeditionary Force (Maritime) (JEF (M)). [56] The Royal Navy Submarine Service operates four Vanguard-class nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines and seven nuclear-powered Astute and Trafalgar class fleet submarines which operate globally. [57] The Royal Fleet Auxiliary (RFA) maintains a number of ships which support Royal Navy operations globally by resupplying personnel, food, water, armament and fuel to their ships. The RFA also augment the Royal Navy's amphibious landing capabilities by operating the Bay class. [58] [59] The United Kingdom maintains five overseas naval facilities, including a naval support facility, named the British Defence Singapore Support Unit, in Sembawang, Singapore in the Far East. [60] [61] [62]

The U.S. Naval War College identifies the Royal Navy's tasks as fighting wars, conducting distant expeditions, maintaining good order at sea and preventing and deterring conflict. [63] As such, the Navy views the retention of its "world-class" high-end disciplines in anti-air and anti-submarine warfare as strategically important. [63] The Royal Navy has shown many examples of its expeditionary capabilities [C] since World War II, such as the Korean War, the 1982 Falklands War, the 1990–91 Gulf War, Sierra Leone, the War in Afghanistan, the 2003 invasion of Iraq, [63] and during the 2011 military intervention in Libya.

United States

United States Navy supercarrier USS Nimitz USS Nimitz in Victoria Canada 036.jpg
United States Navy supercarrier USS Nimitz
United States Navy amphibious assault ship, USS America USS America (LHA-6) off Rio de Janeiro in August 2014.JPG
United States Navy amphibious assault ship, USS America

The United States Navy is considered a blue-water navy by experts and academics. [11] [26] [27] It is distinguished from other power projection navies in that it is considered a global blue-water navy, able to operate in the deep waters of every ocean simultaneously. [9] According to Todd and Lindberg's classification system, the United States Navy is a rank one "global-reach power projection navy", and the only navy to occupy this rank. [20] [16]

The USN maintains eleven carrier strike groups [64] (centered on the Nimitz-class aircraft carrier and Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carriers), of which six are deployed or ready for deployment within 30 days, and two ready for deployment within 90 days under the Fleet Response Plan (FRP). The USN also maintains a continuous deployment of nine expeditionary strike groups that embark a Marine Expeditionary Unit with an Aviation Combat Element on amphibious warfare ships. [65] The US Military Sealift Command is the largest of its kind in the world and is responsible for delivering military transport and ship replenishment around the globe. [66]

The US Navy has shown countless examples of its blue-water combat capabilities and has the ability to project force onto the littoral regions of the world, engage in forward areas during peacetime, and rapidly respond to regional crises. Some examples of such are World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the Persian Gulf War, the War in Afghanistan and the Iraq War.

The United States Coast Guard, while not technically a navy, is also a blue-water naval force capable of deploying to waters throughout the world.

From green-water to blue-water

Some green-water navies have ambitions towards the development of blue-water capabilities. [15] [67]

An F-35B conducting a vertical landing aboard JS Izumo USMC F-35B conducting a vertical landing aboard the JS Izumo.jpg
An F-35B conducting a vertical landing aboard JS Izumo
TCG Anadolu (L-400) and the TF2000-class destroyers will provide blue-water operational capabilities for the Turkish Navy. Baykar MIUS Kizilelma is a jet-engined UCAV designed to operate on TCG Anadolu. Its maiden flight took place on December 14, 2022. Bayraktar Kizilelma on the deck of TCG Anadolu (L-400) - 1.jpg
TCG Anadolu (L-400) and the TF2000-class destroyers will provide blue-water operational capabilities for the Turkish Navy. Baykar MIUS Kızılelma is a jet-engined UCAV designed to operate on TCG Anadolu. Its maiden flight took place on December 14, 2022.

While considered to be a green-water navy, [9] the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force is undergoing transition to develop blue-water capabilities. [76] [77] It began in 1981 when Prime Minister Zenkō Suzuki put forward a new doctrine requiring the JMSDF to expand its operations by 1,000 miles for defense of the nation's sea lines of communication. [76] [77] To respond to the growing blue-water requirements, the JMSDF has been developing impressive capabilities, most notably the creation of destroyer flotillas centered on large helicopter destroyers (such as the Hyūga-class helicopter carrier) and large Aegis-equipped destroyers. [78] [79] The first Japanese post-WWII overseas naval air facility was established next to Djibouti-Ambouli International Airport; it supports a number of Lockheed P-3 Orion maritime patrol aircraft. [80] It was then decided to operate F-35B fighters on board the Izumo-class, a development of the Hyūga-class, and by July 2021 JS Izumo had completed modifications for this purpose, [81] followed by an operational test using the U.S. Marine Corps F-35B in October. [82]

The Republic of Korea Navy also has ambitions to develop blue-water capabilities. [83] [84] [85] In 2001, the South Korean President, Kim Dae-jung, announced plans to build a "Strategic Mobile Fleet". [83] The plan includes the construction of up to three Dokdo-class amphibious assault ships, with a ski-jump for the operation of V/STOL jet fighters being considered for the second vessel currently under construction. [86] On 3 December 2021 the National Assembly passed the budget to fund a fixed-wing aircraft carrier tentatively named CVX-class aircraft carrier capable of operating F35B, expected to enter operations possibly as early as 2033. [87] [88] [89]

The Brazilian Navy is experiencing a "shift in maritime priorities" with ambitions of developing a blue-water navy. [90] While the navy maintains a mix of capabilities enabling it to operate in the wider South Atlantic Ocean, the Brazilian government wishes to be recognized as "the leading maritime power in the Southern Hemisphere" and is seeking to develop a modern naval shipbuilding industry. [90]

The Iranian Navy aims to develop blue-water capabilities: in July 2016, it announced plans to establish a presence in the Atlantic Ocean, [91] and as of May 2021 has sent ships into the region. [92]

See also

Footnotes

A. ^ Professor of International Politics, Adrian Hyde-Price, highlights that in the post-Cold War era both Britain and France have re-focused their attention "towards expeditionary warfare and power projection. Power projection has always been an element of British and French military thinking given their residual overseas interests, but it has now moved centre stage." [93]
B. ^ Royal United Services Institute (Occasional Paper, September 2013): "As a permanent member of the UN Security Council, the independent ability to deploy a credible and powerful conventional force that enables access to most of the globe by sea is compelling. This force offers Britain the opportunity to commit political support in emerging crises to deter, prevent, coerce or – if necessary – destroy an aggressor, as envisaged in the UK's National Security Strategy (NSS)." [94]
C. ^ The Royal Navy does not typically use the term blue-water navy, but rather the term expeditionary. "The Navy is always expeditionary and is able to deal with threats to our nation's interest at range." [95]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aircraft carrier</span> Warship that serves as a seagoing airbase

An aircraft carrier is a warship that serves as a seagoing airbase, equipped with a full-length flight deck and hangar facilities for supporting, arming, deploying and recovering shipborne aircraft. Typically it is the capital ship of a fleet, as it allows a naval force to project seaborne air power far from homeland without depending on local airfields for staging aircraft operations. Since their inception in the early 20th century, aircraft carriers have evolved from wooden vessels used to deploy individual tethered reconnaissance balloons, to nuclear-powered supercarriers that carry dozens of fighters, strike aircraft, military helicopters, AEW&Cs and other types of aircraft such as UCAVs. While heavier fixed-wing aircraft such as airlifters, gunships and bombers have been launched from aircraft carriers, these aircraft have not landed on a carrier due to flight deck limitations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carrier battle group</span> Type of naval fleet with an aircraft carrier

A carrier battle group (CVBG) is a naval fleet consisting of an aircraft carrier capital ship and its large number of escorts, together defining the group. The CV in CVBG is the United States Navy hull classification code for an aircraft carrier.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">People's Liberation Army Navy</span> Maritime service branch of the Chinese Peoples Liberation Army

The People's Liberation Army Navy, also known as the People's Navy, PLA Navy or simply Chinese Navy, is the naval warfare branch of the People's Liberation Army, the national military of the People's Republic of China. It is composed of five sub-branches: the Surface Force, the Submarine Force, the Coastal Defense Force, the Marine Corps and the Naval Air Force, with a total strength of 350,000 personnel, including 70,000 marines and 30,000 naval aviation personnel. The PLAN's combat units are deployed among three theater command fleets, namely the North Sea, East Sea and South Sea Fleet, which serve the Northern, Eastern and Southern Theater Command, respectively.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Royal Navy</span> Naval warfare force of the United Kingdom

The Royal Navy (RN) is the naval warfare force of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies, and a component of His Majesty's Naval Service. Although warships were used by English and Scottish kings from the early medieval period, the first major maritime engagements were fought in the Hundred Years' War against France. The modern Royal Navy traces its origins to the English Navy of the early 16th century; the oldest of the UK's armed services, it is consequently known as the Senior Service.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Royal Canadian Navy</span> Maritime component of the Canadian Armed Forces

The Royal Canadian Navy is the naval force of Canada. The navy is one of three environmental commands within the Canadian Armed Forces. As of February 2024, the RCN operates 12 Halifax-class frigates, 12 Kingston-class coastal defence vessels, 4 Victoria-class submarines, 4 Harry DeWolf-class offshore patrol vessels, 8 Orca-class patrol vessels, and several auxiliary vessels. The RCN consists of 8,400 Regular Force and 4,100 Primary Reserve sailors, supported by 3,800 civilians. Vice-Admiral Angus Topshee is the commander of the Royal Canadian Navy and chief of the Naval Staff.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United States Seventh Fleet</span> Numbered fleet of the United States Navy

The Seventh Fleet is a numbered fleet of the United States Navy. It is headquartered at U.S. Fleet Activities Yokosuka, in Yokosuka, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. It is part of the United States Pacific Fleet. At present, it is the largest of the forward-deployed U.S. fleets, with 50 to 70 ships, 150 aircraft and 27,000 sailors and marines. Its principal responsibilities are to provide joint command in natural disaster or military operations and operational command of all U.S. naval forces in the region.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">French Navy</span> Maritime arm of the French Armed Forces

The French Navy, informally La Royale, is the maritime arm of the French Armed Forces and one of the four military service branches of France. It is among the largest and most powerful naval forces in the world recognised as being a blue-water navy. The French Navy is capable of operating globally and conducting expeditionary missions, maintaining a significant overseas presence. The French Navy is one of eight naval forces currently operating fixed-wing aircraft carriers, with its flagship Charles de Gaulle being the only nuclear-powered aircraft carrier outside the United States Navy, and one of two non-American vessels to use catapults to launch aircraft.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United States Third Fleet</span> Numbered fleet of the United States Navy

The United States Third Fleet is one of the numbered fleets in the United States Navy. Third Fleet's area of responsibility includes approximately fifty million square miles of the eastern and northern Pacific Ocean areas including the Bering Sea, Alaska, the Aleutian Islands, and a sector of the Arctic. Major oil and trade sea lines of communication within this area are critically important to the economic health of the United States and friendly nations throughout the Pacific Rim region.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Naval aviation</span> Air warfare conducted by forces under naval authority, or in direct support of naval operations

Naval aviation / Aeronaval is the application of military air power by navies, whether from warships that embark aircraft, or land bases. It often involves navalised aircraft, specifically designed for naval use. Seaborne aviation encompasses similar activities not restricted to navies, including marines and coast guards, such as in U.S. naval aviators.

The names of commissioned ships of the United States Navy all start with USS, for United States Ship. Non-commissioned, primarily civilian-crewed vessels of the U.S. Navy under the Military Sealift Command have names that begin with USNS, standing for United States Naval Ship. A letter-based hull classification symbol is used to designate a vessel's type. The names of ships are selected by the Secretary of the Navy. The names are those of states, cities, towns, important persons, important locations, famous battles, fish, and ideals. Usually, different types of ships have names originated from different types of sources.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Command of the sea</span> Complete control of naval warfare

Command of the sea is a naval military concept regarding the strength of a particular navy to a specific naval area it controls. A navy has command of the sea when it is so strong that its rivals cannot attack it directly. This dominance may apply to its surrounding waters or may extend far into the oceans, meaning the country has a blue-water navy. It is the naval equivalent of air supremacy.

The Force d'action navale is the 9,600-man and about 100-ship force of surface warships of the French Navy. As of August 2023, it is commanded by L’amiral Nicolas Vaujour.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force</span> Maritime warfare branch of Japans military

The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force, abbreviated JMSDF, also simply known as the Japanese Navy, is the maritime warfare branch of the Japan Self-Defense Forces, tasked with the naval defense of Japan. The JMSDF was formed following the dissolution of the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) after World War II. The JMSDF has a fleet of 154 ships, 346 aircraft and 50,800 personnel.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Naval tactics</span> Methods of engaging and defeating an enemy ship or fleet during naval warfare

Naval tactics and doctrine is the collective name for methods of engaging and defeating an enemy ship or fleet in battle at sea during naval warfare, the naval equivalent of military tactics on land.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Green-water navy</span> Naval force capable of operating in both littoral waters and open oceans

A green-water navy is a maritime force that is capable of operating in its state's littoral zones and has limited competency to operate in the surrounding marginal seas. It is a relatively new term, and has been created to better distinguish, and add nuance, between two long-standing descriptors: blue-water navy and brown-water navy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Expeditionary strike group</span> Organizational unit within the US Navy

In the United States Navy, the expeditionary strike group (ESG) is a coordinated group of surface ships, aircraft, submarines, and other naval assets. In contrast to carrier strike groups (CSGs), which emphasize air power and are led by a supercarrier, ESGs are strongly suited for amphibious warfare and are led by an amphibious assault ship. The ESG concept was introduced in the early 1990s, based on the Naval Expeditionary Task Force. The U.S. Navy fields nine expeditionary strike groups.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United States Navy</span> Maritime warfare service branch of the U.S. military

The United States Navy (USN) is the maritime service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States. It is the world's most powerful navy and the largest by displacement, at 4.5 million tons in 2021 and in 2009 an estimated battle fleet tonnage that exceeded the next 13 navies combined. It has the world's largest aircraft carrier fleet, with 11 in service, one undergoing trials, two new carriers under construction, and six other carriers planned as of 2024. With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve, the U.S. Navy is the third largest of the United States military service branches in terms of personnel. It has 299 deployable combat vessels and about 4,012 operational aircraft as of July 18, 2023.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">HSM-77 Saberhawks</span> Military unit

Helicopter Maritime Strike Squadron Seven Seven (HSM-77) "Saberhawks" is a United States Navy helicopter squadron based at Naval Air Facility, Atsugi, Japan. HSM-77 is attached to Carrier Air Wing Five and deploys aboard USS Ronald Reagan and air capable ships attached to Carrier Strike Group Five (CSG-5). The squadron was established as Helicopter Antisubmarine Squadron (Light) Forty Seven (HSL-47) on 25 September 1987 and was redesignated HSM-77 on 2 Apr 2009.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Joint Expeditionary Force (Maritime)</span> Royal Navys contribution to the UK-led Joint Expeditionary Force

The Joint Expeditionary Force (Maritime) (or JEF(M)) (formerly the Response Force Task Group (RFTG), and prior to that the Joint Rapid Reaction Force (JRRF)), is the Royal Navy's contribution to the Joint Expeditionary Force (JEF) maintained at very high-readiness and available at short notice to respond to unexpected global events. In addition to the Royal Navy and the Royal Marines, the JEF(M) also includes elements of the British Army and the Royal Air Force. While it is primarily poised to conduct war-fighting or strike operations, the JEF(M) is capable of undertaking a diverse range of activities such as evacuation operations, disaster relief or humanitarian aid.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">HSM-73</span> A US Navy maritime squadron

Helicopter Maritime Strike Squadron 73 (HSM-73) is a United States Navy Maritime Strike helicopter squadron based on Naval Air Station North Island, California.

References

  1. ↑ "British Maritime Doctrine, BR 1806, Third Edition". 2004. Archived from the original on 2014-02-25. The operating areas of maritime forces range from the deep waters of the open oceans (known colloquially as blue water).
  2. ↑ "Special Focus Area: Marine Sensors". Targeting U.S. Technologies: A Trend Analysis of Reporting from Defense Industry. Defense Security Service (United States Department of Defense). 2010. Archived from the original on September 15, 2012. Retrieved July 15, 2012.
  3. 1 2 Brown, Gary (31 March 2004), "Why buy Abrams Tanks? We need to look at more appropriate options", On Line Opinion, The National Forum
  4. ↑ Andrew Cockburn (1984). The threat: inside the Soviet military machine. Vintage Books. p. 408. ISBN   978-0-394-72379-2 . Retrieved 30 April 2012. in the past 15 years the Soviet Navy has steadily grown from a coastal defense force into a blue water navy powerful enough to challenge the US Navy in most major ocean areas of the world
  5. ↑ Winkler, David Frank (2000), Cold war at sea: high-seas confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union, Naval Institute Press, p. 32, ISBN   978-1-55750-955-0
  6. ↑ Cole, Bernard D. (2001). The Great Wall at Sea: China's Navy Enters the Twenty-First Century . Naval Institute Press. p.  104. ISBN   978-1-55750-239-1 . Retrieved 30 April 2012.
  7. ↑ Rob van Heijster (April 6, 2005). "Smart Range of Burst fuzes" (PDF). TNO. Retrieved 2009-02-23.
  8. ↑ "Protecting Naval Surface Ships from Fast Attack Boat Swarm Threats". defense-update.com. January 10, 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-01-16. Retrieved 2009-02-23.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Till, Geoffrey (15 August 2013). Naval Modernisation in South-East Asia: Nature, Causes and Consequences. London: Routledge. p. 267. ISBN   978-1135953942.
  10. ↑ Dictionary: Blue-water, dictionary.com
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 Bratton, Patrick C; Till, Geoffrey (2012). Sea Power and the Asia-Pacific. London, United Kingdom: Routledge. ISBN   978-1136627248.
  12. ↑ Athwal, Amardeep (10 Oct 2007). China-India Relations: Contemporary Dynamics. London: Routledge. p. 131, note 12. ISBN   9781134074662.
  13. ↑ "Q&A with Adm. Michael G. Mullen 2006 CNO's Guidance Release Media Roundtable Pentagon". Washington, DC: US Navy. 13 October 2005. Archived from the original on 15 October 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  14. ↑ U.S. Navy Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Michael Mullen pointed out in an interview with KQV (Pittsburgh): "We are looking at, in addition to the blue-water ships which I would characterize and describe as our aircraft carriers and other ships that support that kind of capability, we're also looking to develop capability in what I call the green-water and the brown-water, and the brown-water is really the rivers . . . These are challenges we all have, and we need to work together to ensure that the sea lanes are secure." FC KQV RADIO (PITTSBURGH) INTERVIEW WITH JOE FENN MAY 19, 2006
  15. 1 2 3 Phifer, Michiko (13 Jul 2012). A Handbook of Military Strategy and Tactics. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. p. 55. ISBN   9789382573289.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Kirchberger, Sarah (2015). Assessing China's Naval Power: Technological Innovation, Economic Constraints, and Strategic Implications. Heidelberg: Springer. p. 60. ISBN   9783662471272. OCLC   911616881.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Small Navies: Strategy and Policy for Small Navies in War and Peace (Dr Deborah Sanders, Dr Ian Speller, Professor Michael Mulqueen). United Kingdom: Ashgate Publishing. 28 June 2014. pp. 34–43. ISBN   9781472417619.
  18. ↑ Till, Geoffrey (2 Aug 2004). Seapower: A Guide for the Twenty-First Century. London: Routledge. pp. 113–120. ISBN   9781135756789 . Retrieved 15 December 2015.
  19. ↑ Hervé Coutau-Bégarie, Traité de stratégie, (Economica: Paris 2002). pp 617-621
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Todd, Daniel; Lindberg, Michael (1996). Navies and Shipbuilding Industries: The Strained Symbiosis. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 56–57. ISBN   9780275953102 . Retrieved 30 November 2015.
  21. 1 2 3 4 Howarth, Peter (18 April 2006). China's Rising Sea Power: The PLA Navy's Submarine Challenge. London: Routledge. p. 179. ISBN   9781134203956.
  22. ↑ Bringing the navy up to date. Legion magazine. October 4, 2019.
  23. ↑ Friedner Parrat, C., 2022. Swedish Coastal Defence Over Four Centuries: War as a Changing Institution of International Society. Scandinavian Journal of Military Studies, 5(1), p.350–363.DOI: https://doi.org/10.31374/sjms.156
  24. 1 2 3 Vego, Milan N. (5 Sep 2013). Naval Strategy and Operations in Narrow Seas. Routledge. pp. 61–71. ISBN   978-1136317941.
  25. ↑ CNO Sees Hawaii as 'Gateway' to Operate Forward, navy.mil, 1/20/2012
  26. 1 2 3 4 "The Royal Navy: Britain's Trident for a Global Agenda". henryjacksonsociety.org. Henry Jackson Society. Archived from the original on 11 September 2016. Retrieved 4 November 2006.
  27. 1 2 3 4 Bennett, James C (1 January 2007). The Anglosphere Challenge: Why the English-speaking Nations Will Lead the Way in the Twenty-first Century. United States: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 286. ISBN   978-0742533332. ...the United States and the United Kingdom have the world's two best world-spanning blue-water navies... with the French being the only other candidate... and China being the most likely competitor in the long term
  28. ↑ Ronald O'Rourke, "China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities—Background and Issues for Congress", December 10, 2012, page 7
  29. 1 2 3 "Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China 2013" (PDF). Dod: Annual Report to Congress: 38–39. 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-01-13. Retrieved 2014-11-10.
  30. ↑ O'Rourke, Ronald (22 January 2020). "China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities—Background and Issues for Congress" (PDF). Congressional Research Service.
  31. ↑ Peter A. Dutton & Ryan D. Martinson (13 May 2015). NWC China Maritime Studies 13: Beyond the Wall Chinese far sea operations. United States: Naval War College. p. 33. Archived from the original on 10 January 2016. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  32. ↑ The overseas military installations of the Member States of the European Union, uroparl.europa.eu, Published 2009, Retrieved 26 June 2014
  33. ↑ French Navy official website, defense.gouv.fr
  34. 1 2 Gilboy, George J.; Heginbotham, Eric (12 Mar 2012). Chinese and Indian Strategic Behavior: Growing Power and Alarm. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. pp. 175–176. ISBN   9781107661691.
  35. ↑ Freeman, Carla P (30 Apr 2015). Handbook on China and Developing Countries. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 455. ISBN   9781782544210.
  36. ↑ Ryan, Greg (8 September 2014). "The expansion of India's blue water capabilities into African maritime territories". Consultancy Africa Intelligence (Discussion paper). Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  37. ↑ Scott, David (Winter 2007–2008). "India's drive for a 'blue water' navy" (PDF). Journal of Military and Strategic Studies . 10 (2): 42. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-05-28.
  38. ↑ Sinha, Atish; Mohta, Madhup (2007). Indian Foreign Policy: Challenges and Opportunities. Academic Foundation. ISBN   978-81-7188-593-0.
  39. ↑ Preston, Antony; Jordan, John; Dent, Stephen, eds. (2007). Warship. London: Conway Maritime Press. p. 164. ISBN   978-1844860418.
  40. ↑ India's Military Modernization: Plans and Strategic Underpinnings, Gurmeet Kanwal, September 24, 2012
  41. ↑ "Indian Ocean: Reviving IOR-ARC forum". Strategic Affairs. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2013.
  42. ↑ "Indian Navy - Naval Operations". Indian Navy. Archived from the original on 25 June 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
  43. ↑ "The power of the sea". Deccan Chronicle. 23 May 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
  44. ↑ Brewster, David (2012). India as an Asia Pacific power. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. pp. 140–143. ISBN   978-1136620089.
  45. ↑ Pubby, Manu (18 July 2007). "India activates first listening post on foreign soil: radars in Madagascar". The Indian Express. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  46. ↑ The Chinese Navy: Expanding Capabilities, Evolving Roles?, 2012 (Footnote no. 16, page 139)
  47. ↑ Coffey, Joseph I. (1989). The Atlantic Alliance and the Middle East. United States: University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 89. ISBN   9780822911548 . Retrieved 30 November 2015.
  48. ↑ Marina Militaire – Operations, marina.difesa.it, (In Italian)
  49. ↑ Kirchberger, Sarah (2015). Assessing China's Naval Power: Technological Innovation, Economic Constraints, and Strategic Implications. Springer. p. 69. ISBN   9783662471272.
  50. ↑ Peruzzi, Luca (2024-06-05). "Italian Carrier Strike Group starts five-month deployment to the Indo-Pacific". Naval News. Retrieved 2024-07-17.
  51. ↑ D'Urso, Stefano (2024-06-24). "Italian Carrier Strike Group Arrives In Singapore As Part Of Indo-Pacific Operational Campaign". The Aviationist. Retrieved 2024-07-17.
  52. ↑ Lariosa, Aaron-Matthew (2024-01-10). "Italian Navy to Ramp up Indo-Pacific Engagement in 2024". Naval News. Retrieved 2024-07-17.
  53. 1 2 Austin, Greg (14 Jul 2000). The Armed Forces of Russia in Asia. I.B.Tauris. ISBN   9781860644856.
  54. ↑ Dutton, Peter (2013). Twenty-First Century Seapower: Cooperation and Conflict at Sea. London: Routledge. pp. 119–120. ISBN   978-1136316968.
  55. ↑ Speller, Ian (2002). "UK Maritime Expeditionary Capabilities and the Lessons of the Falklands Conflict" (PDF).
  56. ↑ "The Royal Navy Deployed Forward Operating Globally" (PDF). royalnavy.mod.uk/. Royal Navy. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
  57. ↑ "Royal Navy - A Global Force 2012/13" (PDF). www.newsdeskmedia.com/. Royal Navy. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 26 June 2014. p. 45 (The Submarine Service)
  58. ↑ The Royal Fleet Auxiliary – Delivering Maritime Operational Support Archived 2012-04-15 at the Wayback Machine , rusi.org, Published 2011, Retrieved 26 June 2014
  59. ↑ The Royal Fleet Auxiliary – Adding Value to UK Defence Archived 2012-04-16 at the Wayback Machine , rusi.org, Published 2011, Retrieved 26 June 2014
  60. ↑ "The Status and Location of the Military Installations of the Member States of the European Union" (PDF). Policy Department External Policies: 13–14. February 2009. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  61. ↑ "UK opens naval support facility in Bahrain". IHS Jane's Defence Weekly. 15 November 2016. Archived from the original on 25 November 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
  62. ↑ House of Commons Hansard Written Answers (publications.parliament.uk) 17 June 2013
  63. 1 2 3 Till, Geoffrey. "Great Britain Gambles With The Royal Navy". www.usnwc.edu. U.S. Naval War College. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 26 June 2014.
  64. ↑ "About". www.surfpac.navy.mil. Retrieved 2024-02-14.
  65. ↑ Status of the U.S Navy Archived December 21, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  66. ↑ Military Sealift Command Archived 2007-02-10 at the Wayback Machine , msc.navy.mil, Retrieved 23 June 2014
  67. ↑ Skaridov, Alexander S., Naval activity in the foreign EEZ—the role of terminology in law regime, St. Petersburg Association of the Law of the Sea, 7 Kazanskaya St., St. Petersburg 191186, Russia, Available online 11 November 2004, archived from the original on 17 October 2006
  68. ↑ Emma Helfrich (11 April 2023). "Turkey's 'Drone Carrier' Amphibious Assault Ship Enters Service". thedrive.com.
  69. ↑ "Turkish Navy Officially Welcomes Its New Flagship, TCG Anadolu". TRT World. 11 April 2023.
  70. ↑ "Baykar's unmanned fighter aircraft completes first flight". baykartech.com. 15 December 2022.
  71. ↑ Tayfun Özberk (1 May 2022). "Here Is How UAVs Will Be Recovered Aboard TCG Anadolu". navalnews.com. Naval News.
  72. ↑ "Image of Baykar MIUS Kızılelma UCAVs deployed on TCG Anadolu (L-400)". stargazete.com. 14 December 2022.
  73. ↑ "Bayraktar Kızılelma: Maiden Flight". Baykar Technologies. 14 December 2022.
  74. ↑ "Maiden flight of Baykar MIUS Kızılelma UCAV (14 December 2022)". SavunmaSanayiST. 14 December 2022.
  75. ↑ Herk, Hans van (14 December 2022). "Kızılelma takes to the sky!". www.scramble.nl.
  76. 1 2 Tomohisa Takei (November 2008). "Japan Maritime Self Defense Force in the New Maritime Era" (PDF). Hatou. Retrieved 2012-12-03.
  77. 1 2 Katsumata, Hidemichi (February 2009). "Japanese sealane defense today". Ships of the World. 702. Japan: Kaijin-sha: 76–81.
  78. ↑ Koda, Yoji [in Japanese] (November 2011). "History of Fleet Escort Force since 1961". Ships of the World. 750. Japan: Kaijin-sha: 76–85.
  79. ↑ Euan Graham (January 2006). Japan's Sea Lane Security, 1940-2004: A Matter Of Life And Death?. Routledge. ISBN   9780415356404.
  80. ↑ Japan Ministry of Defense. "MOD/JSDF ANSWERS - Anti-Piracy Efforts". Archived from the original on January 8, 2013. Retrieved November 16, 2012.
  81. ↑ "Japan's Izumo Helicopter Destroyer Modified To Operate F-35B Fighters", Naval News, July 20, 2021
  82. ↑ Dzirhan Mahadzir (September 30, 2021), "U.S. Marine F-35Bs to Embark on Japan's Largest Warship in October", USNI News, United States Naval Institute
  83. 1 2 "김대통령, 해군사관학교 졸업 및 임관식 참석말씀" Archived 2012-12-19 at archive.today . Kim Dae-jung Presidential Library Official Website. Retrieved March 12, 2007.
  84. ↑ Roehrig, Terence. "Republic of Korea Navy and China's Rise: Balancing Competing Priorities". Maritime Asia Report. Belfer Centre. Retrieved 2013-04-24.
  85. ↑ Koda, Yoji (Spring 2010). "The Emergence of a Korean Navy — A Japanese Perspective". Naval War College Review . 32 (2): 23. ISSN   0028-1484.
  86. ↑ S. Korea Envisions Light Aircraft Carrier Archived 2013-10-26 at archive.today , defensenews.com, 26 October 2013
  87. ↑ Dominguez, Gabriel & Dae Young Kim (24 February 2021). "South Korea to begin work on light aircraft carrier in 2022". www.janes.com. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
  88. ↑ "결국 되살아난 '경항모 예산' 72억…해군, 내년 기본설계 추진". hankyung.com. 3 December 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2021.
  89. ↑ "국방 분야 핵심공약 좌초 우려에 정무라인 물밑작업 끝 원안 통과문대통령, 경항모 중요성 거듭 강조…예산부활 보고받고는 '반색". yna.co.kr. 3 December 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2021.
  90. 1 2 Pryce, Paul (19 January 2015). "The Brazilian Navy: Green Water or Blue?". Offiziere.ch. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  91. ↑ Kenneth Katzman (6 February 2017), "Iran's Foreign and Defense Policies" (PDF), Congressional Research Service, Federation of American Scientists, p. 22, retrieved 1 March 2017
  92. ↑ Michael Connell (March 12, 2013). "Gulf III: Iran's Power in the Sea Lanes". The Iran Primer, United States Institute of Peace . Retrieved January 5, 2016.
  93. ↑ Adrian Hyde-Price - "European Security in the Twenty-First Century: The Challenge of Multipolarity", published 9 Jan 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group. Chapter - Britain, France and the multipolar challenge.
  94. ↑ Ellwood, Tobias. "A Study into the Preparation for and Use of the Queen Elizabeth-Class Carriers (September 2013)" (PDF). rusi.org/. Royal United Services Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 October 2014. Retrieved 25 May 2014.
  95. ↑ Royal Navy At Sea (Archive), The Royal Navy, 2013, archived from the original on 2014-05-14
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.