A coastal submarine or littoral submarine[1] is a small, maneuverable submarine with a shallow draft well suited to navigating coastal channels and harbors. Although size is not precisely defined, coastal submarines are larger than midget submarines, but smaller than sea-going submarines designed for longer patrols on the open ocean. Space limitations aboard coastal submarines restrict fuel availability for distant travel, food availability for extended patrol duration, and number of weapons carried. Within those limitations, however, coastal submarines may be able to reach areas inaccessible to larger submarines, and be more difficult to detect.
The earliest submarines were effectively coastal submarines, but as modern submarine tactics developed during World War I, the advantages of rapid construction and portability encouraged the development of UBtorpedo launching, and UCminelaying coastal submarines in 1915 to operate in the English Channel. These coastal submarines displaced only 15 to 20 percent of the weight of a contemporary conventional U-boat,[2] could be built in one-quarter of the time it took to complete a conventional U-boat, and be delivered on railway wagons to operating bases in Belgium.[3] Improved versions of UB and UC coastal submarines were devised. Total production of German coastal submarines during World War I was 136 type UB and 95 type UC.[4]
German submarine construction between the World Wars began in 1935 with the building of 24 Type II coastal submarines. These coastal U-boats, with another eight completed prior to hostilities, made North Sea combat patrols during the early months of World War II and then served in the Baltic Sea training crews to operate ocean-going submarines.[5] The 30th U-boat Flotilla of six Type II U-boats was transported overland via the Autobahn and then down the Danube for combat patrols in the Black Sea until September 1944.[6]
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