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This article presents a list of military occupations, both historic and contemporary, but only those that have taken place since the customary laws of belligerent military occupation were first clarified and supplemented by the Hague Convention of 1907. [1]
As currently understood in international law, "military occupation" is the effective military control by a power of a territory outside of said power's recognized sovereign territory. [2] The occupying power in question may be an individual state or a supranational organization, such as the United Nations.
Territory | Since | Occupied state/territory | Occupying state | Occupier's declared state/territory | Status | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Transnistria | 1992 | Moldova | Russia | Transnistria | Occupation by an armed group under the influence of a foreign power [lower-alpha 1] | |
Abkhazia | 2008 | Georgia | Abkhazia | Occupation by an armed group under the influence of a foreign power [3] [lower-alpha 2] | ||
South Ossetia | South Ossetia | |||||
Crimea [4] [5] | 2014 | Ukraine [lower-alpha 3] | Federal subjects of Russia | Occupation by a foreign power with annexation [3] | ||
Significant parts of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk, and Zaporizhzhia Oblasts | 2014 [lower-alpha 4] 2022 [lower-alpha 5] | Federal subjects of Russia [lower-alpha 6]
| Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk, Zaporizhzhia Oblasts:
Mykolaiv Oblast:
Kharkiv Oblast:
| |||
East Jerusalem [13] [14] [15] [16] | 1967 | Palestinian territories; Palestine (since 1988 declaration) [lower-alpha 12] | Israel | Part of the Jerusalem District (effectively annexed in 1980) | Occupation by a foreign power with annexation [3] [21] [lower-alpha 13] | |
West Bank [22] | Judea and Samaria Area | Occupation by a foreign power, [23] [lower-alpha 14] with de facto partial annexation in the West Bank [3] | ||||
Gaza Strip [lower-alpha 15] | — | |||||
Golan Heights [27] [28] [29] | Syria | Part of the Northern District (effectively annexed in 1981) | ||||
Al-Tanf [31] | 2015 | United States | — | Occupation by an armed group under the influence of a foreign power [31] [lower-alpha 17] | ||
Azaz, al-Bab and Jarabulus Districts [32] [33] | 2016 | Turkey | Syrian Interim Government | Occupation by an armed group under the influence of a foreign power [lower-alpha 18] | ||
Afrin District | 2018 | Occupation by an armed group under the influence of a foreign power. [34] [lower-alpha 19] | ||||
Tell Abyad and Ras al-Ayn Districts | 2019 | Occupation by an armed group under the influence of a foreign power. [lower-alpha 20] | ||||
Northern Cyprus [35] | 1974 | Cyprus | Northern Cyprus | Occupation by an armed group under the influence of a foreign power [3] [6] [lower-alpha 21] | ||
Sofulu, Barxudarlı, Yukhari Askipara and Karki [36] | 1992 | Azerbaijan | Armenia | Part of the Tavush and Ararat Provinces | Occupation by a foreign power | |
Artsvashen [37] | Armenia | Azerbaijan | Part of the Gadabay Rayon | |||
Majority of the Western Sahara [38] | 1975 | Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (declared in 1976) | Morocco | Southern Provinces (annexed between 1976-79) | Occupation by a foreign power with annexation [3] [21] [lower-alpha 22] | |
Events before the Hague Convention of 1907 are out of scope.
Occupied territory | Years | Occupied state | Occupying state | Event | Part of war(s) | Subsequently annexed? |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Korea | 1905–1910 | Korea | Japan | Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910 | Aftermath of Russo-Japanese War | Yes |
Cuba | 1906–1909 | Cuba | United States | Provisional Government of Cuba | Banana Wars | No |
Libya | 1911–1912 | Ottoman Empire | Italy | Invasion of Libya | Italo-Turkish War | Yes |
Albania | 1912–1913 [39] | Albania | Serbia | Occupation of Albania | Balkan Wars | No |
Nicaragua | 1912–1933 | Nicaragua | United States | Occupation of Nicaragua | Banana Wars | No |
Veracruz | 1914 | Mexico | United States | Occupation of Veracruz | Mexican Revolution | No |
Occupied territory | Years | Occupied state | Occupying state | Event | Part of war(s) | Subsequently annexed? |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Transcaucasia | 1920 | Azerbaijan | Russia | Invasion of Azerbaijan | Russian Civil War | Yes |
1921 | Georgia | Invasion of Georgia | Yes | |||
Ruhr | 1923–1924 | Germany | Occupation of the Ruhr | Aftermath of World War I | No | |
Manchuria / Manchukuo | 1931–1945 | China | Japan | Invasion of Manchuria | Second Sino-Japanese War | No |
Xinjiang | 1934 | Soviet Union | Invasion of Xinjiang | Kumul Rebellion | No | |
Occupied territory | Years | Occupied state | Occupying state | Event | Part of war(s) | Subsequently annexed? |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2022–2023 | Ukraine | Russia | Russian invasion of Ukraine | Russo-Ukrainian War | No [lower-alpha 39] |
Parts of Mykolaiv Oblast [lower-alpha 40]
| Partial [lower-alpha 10] |
Zaporizhzhia Oblast, commonly referred to as Zaporizhzhia (Запоріжжя), is an oblast (region) in south-east Ukraine. Its administrative centre is Zaporizhzhia. The oblast covers an area of 27,183 square kilometres (10,495 sq mi), and has a population of 1,638,462.
Military occupation, also known as belligerent occupation or simply occupation, is the temporary military control by a ruling power over a territory that is outside of that power's sovereign territory. The territory is then known as the occupied territory and the ruling power the occupant. Occupation is distinguished from annexation and colonialism by its intended temporary duration. While an occupant may set up a formal military government in the occupied territory to facilitate its administration, it is not a necessary precondition for occupation.
Kherson Oblast, also known as Khersonshchyna, is an oblast (province) in southern Ukraine. It is located just north of Crimea. Its administrative center is Kherson, on the northern or right bank of the Dnieper river, which bisects the oblast. The oblast has an area of 28,461 km2 and a population of 1,001,598. It is considered the 'fruit basket' of the country, as much of its agricultural production is dispersed throughout the country, with production peaking during the summer months.
Annexation, in international law, is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state's territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory. In current international law, it is generally held to be an illegal act. Annexation is a unilateral act where territory is seized and held by one state, as distinct from the complete conquest of another country, and differs from cession, in which territory is given or sold through treaty.
Administrative divisions development in Ukraine reviews the history of changes in the administrative divisions of Ukraine, in chronological order.
During its existence from 1919 to 1991, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic consisted of many administrative divisions. Itself part of the highly centralized Soviet Union, sub-national divisions in the Ukrainian SSR were subordinate to higher executive authorities and derived their power from them. Throughout the Ukrainian SSR's history, other national subdivisions were established in the republic, including guberniyas and okrugs, before finally being reorganized into their present structure as oblasts. At the time of the Ukrainian SSR's independence from the Soviet Union, the country was composed of 25 oblasts (provinces) and two cities with special status, Kiev, the capital, and Sevastopol, respectively.
Novorossiya is a historical name, used during the era of the Russian Empire for an administrative area that would later become the southern mainland of Ukraine: the region immediately north of the Black Sea and Crimea. The province fell largely within a slightly wider area known in Ukrainian as the Stepovyna "Steppe Land", or Nyz "Lower Land". The name Novorossiya, which means New Russia, entered official usage in 1764, after the Russian Empire conquered the Crimean Khanate, and annexed its territories, when Novorossiya Governorate was founded. Official usage of the name ceased after 1917, when the entire area was incorporated in the Ukrainian People's Republic.
The Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine are areas of Ukraine that are currently controlled by Russia in the course of the Russo-Ukrainian War. In Ukrainian law, they are defined as the "Temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine".
Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia has been involved in territorial disputes with a number of other post-Soviet states. These disputes are primarily an aspect of the post-Soviet conflicts, and have led to some countries losing parts of their sovereign territory to what a large portion of the international community designates as a Russian military occupation. As such, these lands are commonly described as Russian-occupied territories, regardless of what their status is in Russian law. The term is applied to Georgia, Moldova, Ukraine and sometimes Chechnya.
The Russian occupation of Kherson Oblast is an ongoing military occupation of Ukraine's Kherson Oblast by Russian forces that began on 2 March 2022 during the Russian invasion of Ukraine as part of the southern Ukraine campaign. It was administrated under a Russian-controlled military-civilian administration until 30 September 2022, when it was illegally annexed to become an unrecognized federal subject of Russia.
The Russian occupation of Zaporizhzhia Oblast is an ongoing military occupation of Ukraine's Zaporizhzhia Oblast by Russian forces that began on 24 February 2022 during the Russian invasion of Ukraine as part of the southern Ukraine campaign. It was administrated under a Russian-controlled military-civilian administration until 30 September 2022, when it was illegally annexed to become an unrecognized federal subject of Russia.
The Russian occupation of Mykolaiv Oblast is an ongoing military occupation of Ukraine's Mykolaiv Oblast by Russian forces during the Russian invasion of Ukraine as part of the southern Ukraine campaign. The Russian-installed occupation regime was called the "Nikolaev military-civilian administration".
A military counteroffensive was launched by Ukraine on 29 August 2022 to expel Russian forces occupying the southern regions of Kherson and Mykolaiv oblasts.
The Russian occupation of Zhytomyr Oblast was a military occupation that began with the Russian invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022. The capital, Zhytomyr was never captured and was bombed in the 2022 Zhytomyr attacks. Small towns and settlements were however captured, in the north-west and north-central Korosten Raion, near the border with Kyiv Oblast.
In late September 2022, in the context of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russian-installed officials in Ukraine staged so-called referendums on the annexation of occupied territories of Ukraine by Russia. They were widely described as sham referendums by commentators and denounced by various countries. The validity of the results of the referendums has been accepted by North Korea, and no other sovereign state.
On 30 September 2022, Russia, amid an ongoing invasion of Ukraine, unilaterally declared its annexation of areas in and around four Ukrainian oblasts—Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia. The boundaries of the areas to be annexed and their borders were not defined; Russian officials stated that they would be defined later. None of the oblasts were fully under Russian control at the time of the declaration, nor since. If limited to the areas then under Russian control the annexation would still be the largest in Europe since World War II.
This timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine covers the period from 29 August 2022, when Ukraine's Kherson counteroffensive started, to 11 November 2022 when Ukrainian troops retook Kherson. In between, Ukraine launched a successful counteroffensive in Kharkiv Oblast. Starting in October, Russia began a campaign of massive strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure.
This is a list article about flags that have been used by pro-Russian separatists in Ukraine and in areas occupied by Russia and Russian-controlled forces during the Russo-Ukrainian War.
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the Russo-Ukrainian War:
The 2023 elections in Russian-occupied Ukraine took place on 8–10 September 2023, on common election day, one year after the Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts.
Today, the widely accepted definition of occupation is 'the effective control of a power (be it one or more states or an international organization, such as the United Nations) over a territory to which that power has no sovereign title, without the volition of the sovereign of that territory'
In the West Bank, Israel pays lip service to the notion of a temporary occupation that is to be brought to an end by negotiation but in practice it has de facto annexed large portions of the territory under the pretext of security – as evidenced by the Wall in Palestinian territory – or by the settling of some 400,000 of its own citizens in the territory. In most cases today, however, the occupying power has formally annexed the territory in question. This is illustrated by the cases of Israel's annexations of East Jerusalem and the Golan, Morocco's annexation of Western Sahara and Russia's annexation of the Crimea. Alternatively, the occupying power has established a puppet regime that claims to be the TRNC, Abkhazia and South Ossetia.
Israel claims it no longer occupies the Gaza Strip, maintaining that it is neither a Stale nor a territory occupied or controlled by Israel, but rather it has 'sui generis' status. Pursuant to the Disengagement Plan, Israel dismantled all military institutions and settlements in Gaza and there is no longer a permanent Israeli military or civilian presence in the territory. However the Plan also provided that Israel will guard and monitor the external land perimeter of the Gaza Strip, will continue to maintain exclusive authority in Gaza air space, and will continue to exercise security activity in the sea off the coast of the Gaza Strip as well as maintaining an Israeli military presence on the Egyptian-Gaza border. and reserving the right to reenter Gaza at will.
Israel continues to control six of Gaza's seven land crossings, its maritime borders and airspace and the movement of goods and persons in and out of the territory. Egypt controls one of Gaza's land crossings. Troops from the Israeli Defence Force regularly enter pans of the territory and/or deploy missile attacks, drones and sonic bombs into Gaza. Israel has declared a no-go buffer zone that stretches deep into Gaza: if Gazans enter this zone they are shot on sight. Gaza is also dependent on Israel for water, electricity, telecommunications and other utilities, currency, issuing IDs, and permits to enter and leave the territory. Israel also has sole control of the Palestinian Population Registry through which the Israeli Army regulates who is classified as a Palestinian and who is a Gazan or West Banker. Since 2000 aside from a limited number of exceptions Israel has refused to add people to the Palestinian Population Registry.
It is this direct external control over Gaza and indirect control over life within Gaza that has led the United Nations, the UN General Assembly, the UN Fact Finding Mission to Gaza, International human rights organisations, US Government websites, the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office and a significant number of legal commentators, to reject the argument that Gaza is no longer occupied.
Even after the accession to power of Hamas, Israel's claim that it no longer occupies Gaza has not been accepted by UN bodies, most States, nor the majority of academic commentators because of its exclusive control of its border with Gaza and crossing points including the effective control it exerted over the Rafah crossing until at least May 2011, its control of Gaza's maritime zones and airspace which constitute what Aronson terms the 'security envelope' around Gaza, as well as its ability to intervene forcibly at will in Gaza.
While Israel withdrew from the immediate territory, Israel still controlled all access to and from Gaza through the border crossings, as well as through the coastline and the airspace. In addition, Gaza was dependent upon Israel for water, electricity, sewage, communication networks, and for its trade (Gisha 2007. Dowty 2008). ln other words, while Israel maintained that its occupation of Gaza ended with its unilateral disengagement, Palestinians—as well as many human right organizations and international bodies—argued that Gaza was by all intents and purposes still occupied.
OCCUPIED GOLAN.)
The continued occupation of the Syrian Golan Heights is recognized by many states as valid and consistent with the provisions of the United Nations Charter, on a self-defence basis. Israel, on this view, would be entitled to exact as a condition of withdrawal from the territory the imposition of security measures of an indefinite character—such as perpetual demilitarization, or the emplacement of a United Nations force—which would ensure, or tend to ensure, that the territory would not be used against it for aggression on future occasions. But the notion that Israel is entitled to claim any status other than that of belligerent occupant in the territory which it occupies, or to act beyond the strict bounds laid down in the Fourth Geneva Convention, has been universally rejected by the international community—no less by the United States than by any other state.
Turkish occupation "is an existential threat to the Assad government's ability to reclaim the entirety of its territory, which is a key argument that regime loyalists make in their support of Bashar al-Assad's government," Heras said.
You can't mistake the front line between the Syrian army and Turkey's occupation force east of Aleppo.
The sovereignty was Japanese until 1952. The Japanese Treaty came into force, and at that time Formosa was being administered by the Chinese Nationalists, to whom it was entrusted in 1945, as a military occupation.