List of wars by death toll

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This list of wars by death toll includes all deaths directly or indirectly caused by war. These numbers encompass the deaths of military personnel resulting directly from battles or other wartime actions, as well as wartime or war-related civilian deaths, often caused by war-induced epidemics, famines, or genocides. Due to incomplete records, the destruction of evidence, differing counting methods, and various other factors, war death tolls are often uncertain and highly debated. For this reason, the death tolls in this article typically provide a range of estimates from various scholars.

Contents

Compiling such a list is further complicated by the challenge of defining a war. Not every violent conflict constitutes a war; for example, mass killings and genocides occurring outside of wartime are excluded, as they are not necessarily wars in themselves. This list broadly defines war as an extended conflict between two or more armed political groups. Consequently, it excludes mass death events such as human sacrifices, ethnic cleansing operations, and acts of state terrorism or political repression during peacetime or in contexts unrelated to war. [a]

List

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.
WarDeath
range		DateCombatantsLocation
World War II 70–85 million [1] [2] 1939–1945 Allied Powers vs. Axis Powers Global
Mongol invasions and conquests 20–60 million [3] [4] [5] [6] 1207–1405 Mongol Empire vs. various states in Eurasia Asia and Europe
Three Kingdoms 34 million [7] 220–280Multiple sidesChina
Taiping Rebellion 20–30 million [8] [9] 1850–1864 Qing Dynasty vs. Taiping Heavenly Kingdom China
Manchu Conquest of China 25 million [10] [11] 1618–1683Manchu vs. Ming Dynasty China
World War I 15–22 million [12] [13] 1914–1918 Allied Powers vs. Central Powers Global
Conquests of Timur 7–20 million [6] 1369–1405 Timurid Empire vs. various states in AsiaCentral Asia, West Asia, and South Asia
An Lushan rebellion 13 million [14] 754–763 Tang Dynasty and Uyghur Khaganate vs. Yan Dynasty China
Spanish conquest of Mexico 10.5 million [15] 1519–1530 Spanish Empire and allies vs. Aztec Empire and alliesMexico
Russian Civil War 7–10 million [16] 1917–1922Multiple sides; Bolsheviks, Anti-Bolshevik left, White Movement, Allied and Central Intervention, as well as various separatists Russia
Chinese Civil War 4–9 million [17] 1927–1949 [b] Multiple sides; but predominantly Communists vs. Kuomintang China
Crusades 1–9 million [20] [21] 1095–1291Originally Byzantine Empire vs. Seljuk Empire, but evolved into Christians vs. Muslims Europe and the Middle East
Thirty Years' War 4.5–8 million [22] [23] 1618–1648Anti-Imperial Alliance vs. Imperial AllianceEurope
Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire 7.7 million [24] 1533–1572 Spanish Empire vs. Inca Empire South America
French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars 4–7 million [25] [26] [c] 1792–1815 French Republic, later French Empire, vs. Coalition forces Europe
Conquests of Menelik II 6 million [27] 1878–1904 Ethiopian Empire vs. Emirate of Harar, Kingdom of Kaffa, Kingdom of Wolaita, and alliesHorn of Africa
Second Congo War 3–5.4 million [28] [29] [30] 1998–2003Multiple sidesDemocratic Republic of the Congo
Spanish conquest of New Granada 5.25 million [31] [32] 1525–1540 Spanish Empire and Klein-Venedig vs. Muisca Confederation and other civilizationsColombia
Deccan wars 4.6–5 million [33] 1680–1707 Mughal Empire vs. Maratha Confederacy Indian subcontinent
Vietnam War 1.1–4.2 million [34] [35] [36] 1955–1975 North Vietnam and allies vs. South Vietnam and alliesIndochina
Nigerian Civil War 3.04–4.1 million [37] [38] 1967–1970 Nigeria vs. Biafra Nigeria
Deluge 3–4 milion [39] 1648–1666 Poland–Lithuania vs Swedish Empire and Russia Eastern Europe
French Wars of Religion 2–4 million [40] 1562–1598French catholics vs Huguenots France
Korean War 2.5–3.5 million [41] [17] 1950–1953 North Korea and allies vs. South Korea and alliesKorean Peninsula
Hundred Years' War 2.3–3.5 million [42] [43] [25] 1337–1453 House of Valois vs. House of Plantagenet Western Europe
Soviet–Afghan War 1–3 million [44] 1979–1989 Soviet Union and Democratic Republic of Afghanistan vs. Afghan mujahideen Afghanistan
Delhi Conquest of North India 0.5–3 million [45] 1300–1310 Delhi Sultanate vs. North Indian StatesIndian subcontinent
Bangladesh Liberation War 0.3–3 million [46] [47] 1971 India and Provisional Government of Bangladesh vs. Pakistan Indian subcontinent
Mexican Revolution 1–2.7 million [25] [48] 1910–1920Anti-government forces vs. Pro-government forcesMexico
Fang La Rebellion 2 million [25] [49] 1120–1122 Song Dynasty vs. Fang La rebelsChina
Ethiopian Civil War and Eritrean War of Independence 1.75–2 million [50] [51] [52] 1961–1991 [d] EPRDF, later EPLF, vs. Derg and People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Horn of Africa
Russo-Circassian War and Caucasian War 1.5–2 million [53] 1763–1864 Circassian Confederation, Principality of Abkhazia, and Caucasian Imamate vs. Russian Empire Caucasus
Second Sudanese Civil War 1–2 million [54] [55] 1983–2005 Sudan vs. SSPDF Sudan
Tây Sơn wars 1–2 million [56] [57] 1771-1802 Tây Sơn dynasty vs. Nguyễn lords, Kingdom of Cambodia, Rattanakosin Kingdom, and Kingdom of France Indochina
Akbar's Conquest of North India 1–2 million [58] 1556–1605 Mughal Empire vs. North Indian StatesIndian subcontinent
Indian Rebellion of 1857 0.8–2 million [59] 1857–1858 United Kingdom and allies vs. Indian rebels and alliesIndian subcontinent
Balkan Wars 0.75–1.77 million [60] [61] 1912–1913 Ottoman Empire vs. Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, and Montenegro; later Bulgaria vs. Serbia, Greece, Montenegro, and Romania Balkans
Algerian War 0.4–1.6 million [62] [63] 1954–1962 France vs. Separatists National Liberation Front, Algerian National Movement, and Algerian Communist PartyNorth Africa
Seven Years' War 1–1.5 million [64] [25] 1756–1763 Great Britain, Hanover, Prussia, Portugal, and allies vs. France, Habsburg empire, Saxony, Spain, and alliesGlobal
Warring States period and Qin's wars of unification 0.65–1.5 million [65] [25] 475 BC–221 BCMultiple sidesChina
French conquest of Algeria 0.98–1.48 million [66] [67] [68] 1830–1903 France vs. Regency of Algiers, Emirate of Abdelkader, Kingdom of Beni Abbas, and alliesNorth Africa
Gallic Wars 0.7–1.47 million [25] [69] [70] [71] 58 BC–50 BC Roman Republic vs. Gauls and alliesGaul
Jewish–Roman wars 0.35–1.4 million [72] [73] 66–135 Roman Empire vs. Judean provisional government Fertile Crescent
War of the Spanish Succession 0.4–1.25 million [74] [75] 1701–1714 Habsburg Spain, Great Britain, Holy Roman Empire, and allies vs. Bourboun Spain, Kingdom of France, and alliesGlobal
Franco-Prussian War 1.15 million [76] [77] 1870–1871 Second French Empire, later Third French Republic, vs. North German Confederation Central Europe
Japanese invasions of Korea 1 million [78] 1592–1598 Joseon and Ming dynasty vs. Japan Korean Peninsula
Panthay Rebellion 1 million [79] 1856–1873 Qing Dynasty vs. Pingnan GuoChina
American Civil War 0.6–1 million [80] [81] 1861–1865 United States vs. Confederate States North America
Mozambican Civil War 0.5–1 million [82] 1977–1992 People's Republic of Mozambique, later Republic of Mozambique, and allies vs. RENAMO and alliesMozambique
First Sudanese Civil War 0.5–1 million [83] [84] 1955–1972 Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, later Democratic Republic of the Sudan, vs. Sudan Defence Force Sudan
Burmese–Siamese wars 0.26–0.9 million [25] [85] [86] 1547–1855 Thailand vs. Myanmar Southeast Asia
First Indochina War 0.4–0.84 million [87] [88] 1946–1954 Viet Minh, Pathet Lao, and Khmer Issarak vs. French Union Indochina
Angolan Civil War 0.8 million [89] 1975–2002 People's Republic of Angola, later Republic of Angola, and allies vs. Democratic People's Republic of Angola and alliesAngola
Burundian Civil War 0.55–0.8 million [90] [91] 1993–2005 Burundi vs. Ethnic Hutu vs. Tutsi MilitantsRwanda and Burundi
Second Punic War 0.77 million [92] 218 BC–201 BC Roman Republic vs. Ancient Carthage Southern Europe, the Mediterranean Sea, and North Africa
War of Austrian Succession 0.75 million [93] 1740–1748 France, Prussia, Spain, and allies vs. Habsburg monarchy, Great Britain, Dutch Republic, and alliesEurope, Americas, and Indian subcontinent
Iran-Iraq War 0.45–0.7 million [72] [94] [95] 1980–1988 Islamic Republic of Iran vs. Iraqi Republic Iran and Iraq
Nine Years' War 0.68 million [96] 1688–1697 Kingdom of France vs. Grand Alliance Europe
Crimean War 0.61–0.67 million [97] [98] [99] 1853–1856 Russian Empire vs. Ottoman Empire, France and United KingdomCrimea, Black Sea, Caucasus and Balkans
Syrian civil war 0.58–0.61 million [100] [101] 2011–presentMultiple sidesLevant
Mexican War of Independence 0.6 million [102] 1810–1821 Mexican patriots vs. Spanish Empire North and Central America
Bahmani–Vijayanagar Wars 0.6 million [103] 1362–1443 Vijayanagara Empire and Musunuri Nayakas vs. Bahmani Sultanate Indian subcontinent
Turkish War of Independence 0.4–0.6 million [104] [105] 1919–1923 Turkey vs. Greece, France, United Kingdom, and Armenia Anatolia
Tigray War 0.16–0.6 million [106] [107] 2020–2022 Ethiopia and Eritrea vs. Tigray People's Liberation Front and alliesHorn of Africa
Northern Wars 0.57 million [108] [109] [110] [111] 1554–1721 Tsardom of Russia, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and allies vs. Swedish Empire and alliesNorthern and Eastern Europe
Roman-Germanic wars 0.54 million [112] [113] 113 BC–774 Roman Republic, later Roman Empire and Byzantine Empire, vs. Germanic tribes Germania
First Punic War 0.4–0.54 million [114] [115] 264 BC–241 BC Roman Republic vs. Ancient Carthage Southern Europe, the Mediterranean Sea, and North Africa
Paraguayan War 0.15–0.5 million [116] 1864–1870 Empire of Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay vs. Paraguay South America
Uganda-Tanzania War and Ugandan Bush War 0.1–0.5 million [117] [118] [119] [120] 1978–1986Uganda vs. Tanzania, National Liberation Front, and National Resistance Movement Uganda and Tanzania
Papua conflict 0.1–0.5 million [121] [122] 1962–present Indonesia vs. Free Papua Movement New Guinea
Eighty Years' War 0.1–0.5 million [123] 1566–1648 Spanish Empire vs. Separatist Dutch Republic Low Countries
Spanish Civil War 0.35–0.47 million [124] [125] [126] 1936–1939 [e] Nationalists vs. Republicans Iberian Peninsula
Colombian conflict 0.45 million [130] 1964–present Colombia vs. Colombian and Mexican drug cartels and paramilitaries vs. FARC Colombia
Polish–Ottoman Wars 0.43 million [131] [132] 1485–1699 Poland-Lithuania, Holy League, and allies vs. Ottoman Empire and alliesCentral Europe and Balkans
Roman–Greek wars 0.42 million [133] 280 BC–30 BC Roman Republic vs. Greek states, later Greek rebels, and Ptolemaic Kingdom Peloponnese Peninsula, Balkans, Anatolia, Egypt and Roman Italy
Maratha invasions of Bengal 0.4 million [134] [135] 1741–1751Maratha Confederacy vs. Bengal Nawab Indian subcontinent
Colombian War of Independence 0.4 million [136] 1810–1825 Colombian patriots vs. Spanish Empire Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela
Third Indochina War 0.4 million [137] 1975–1991 Democratic Kampuchea, China, and Thailand vs. Vietnam, Laos, and People's Republic of Kampuchea vs. Communist Party of Thailand Indochina
War in Darfur 0.4 million [138] 2003–2020Sudan vs. SRF and SLM/A Sudan
Mexican war on drugs 0.35–0.4 million [139] [140] 2006–presentMexico vs drug cartels Mexico
Song–Đại Việt war 0.25–0.4 million [141] [142] 1075–1077 Song Dynasty vs. Đại Việt Indochina
Cuban Wars of Independence and Spanish–American War 0.39 million [143] [144] 1868–1898 United States, Cuban Revolutionaries, and Philippine Revolutionaries vs. Spanish Empire Caribbean and the Philippines
South Sudanese Civil War 0.38 million [145] 2013–2020 South Sudan vs. SPLM-IO, Nuer White Army, and SSDM South Sudan
Yemeni civil war 0.15–0.37 million [146] [147] 2014–presentMultiple sidesYemen
War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) 0.17–0.36 million [148] [149] 2001–2021 Taliban and allies vs. United States-led coalition and the Afghan Government [f] Afghanistan
Boko Haram insurgency 0.03–0.35 million [150] 2009–present Multinational Joint Task Force vs. Boko Haram Nigeria
Franco-Dutch War 0.34 million [151] 1672–1678 Kingdom of France vs. Dutch Republic Western Europe
Ottoman–Venetian wars 0.34 million [152] [153] 1415–1718Ottoman Empire vs. Holy League Mediterranean Sea, Greece and Cyprus
Liberian Civil Wars and Sierra Leone Civil War 0.3–0.32 million [154] [155] [156] 1989–2003 Liberian government, Revolutionary United Front vs. National Patriotic Front of Liberia, Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy, Movement for Democracy in Liberia, Sierra Leone West Africa
Cambodian Civil War 0.27–0.31 million [157] [158] [159] 1967–1975 Khmer Rouge and allies vs. Kingdom of Cambodia, later the Khmer Republic, and alliesCambodia
Goguryeo–Sui War 0.3 million [160] [161] 598–614 Sui Dynasty vs. Goguryeo Manchuria and the Korean Peninsula
Carlist Wars 0.3 million [162] 1833–1876 Carlists vs. Liberals and Republicans Iberian Peninsula
Iraqi conflict 0.27–0.3 million [163] 2003–2017Multiple sidesLevant
Gulf War 0.17–0.3 million [164] [165] 1990–1991 [g] Kuwait and the United States-led coalition vs. Iraq Kuwait and Iraq
Social War (91–87 BC) 0.1–0.3 million [166] [72] 91 BC–87 BC Roman Republic and allies vs. Marsic and Samnite rebels, and alliesRoman Italy
Roman conquest of Britain 0.13–0.29 million [167] [168] [169] 43–84 Roman Empire vs. Celtic Britons Great Britain
Russo-Ukrainian War 0.12–0.28 million [170] [171] [172] [173] [174] 2014–present Russia vs. Ukraine Eastern Europe and the Black Sea
Philippine–American War 0.21–0.78 million [175] [176] 1899–1913 United States vs. Philippine Republic, later Tagalog Republic, Sultanate of Sulu and Sultanate of MaguindanaoPhilippines
Kalinga War 0.25 million [177] 262 BC–261 BC Maurya Empire vs. Kalinga Indian subcontinent
First Congo War 0.25 million [178] 1996–1997 Zaire vs. AFDL Democratic Republic of the Congo
Cristero War 0.25 million [179] 1926–1929 Mexico vs. Cristeros Mexico
Greek War of Independence 0.24 million [180] [181] 1821–1829 Ottoman Empire vs. Separatist First Hellenic Republic Balkans and Peloponnese Peninsula
Myanmar conflict 0.23 million [182] [183] 1948–presentNational Unity Government of Myanmar vs. State Administration CouncilMyanmar
American Revolution 0.18–0.23 million [184] [185] 1775–1783 American Patriots vs. Great Britain North America
Chechen conflict 0.08–0.23 million [186] [187] [188] [189] [190] [191] 1994–2009 Russia vs. Separatist Chechen Republic of Ichkeria Caucasus
Indian Annexation of Hyderabad 0.2 million [192] [193] 1948 India vs. Hyderabad Indian subcontinent
La Violencia 0.2 million [194] 1948–1958 Colombian Conservative Party vs. Colombian Liberal Party Colombia
Greco-Persian Wars 0.2 million [195] 499 BC–449 BC Greek city-states vs. Achaemenid Empire Southeast Europe, West Asia, and Northeast Africa
Guatemalan Civil War 0.14–0.2 million [196] [197] 1960–1996Government of Guatemala vs. Guatemalan National Revolutionary UnityCentral America
North Yemen Civil War 0.1–0.2 million [198] [199] 1962–1970Kingdom of Yemen vs. Yemen Arab RepublicYemen
Italo-Senussi Wars 0.07-0.2 million [200] [201] [202] 1911–1934 Kingdom of Italy vs. Senusiyya, Ottoman Empire North Africa
Portuguese Colonial War 0.14–0.18 million [203] [204] [205] 1961–1974 Estado Novo vs. MPLA, PAIGC, FNLA, among othersAngola, Guinea, and Mozambique
Thousand Days' War 0.1–0.18 million [206] 1899–1902 Colombian Conservative Party vs. Colombian Liberal Party Colombia
Sri Lankan Civil War 0.08–0.17 million [207] [208] 1983 [h] –2009Sri Lankan government vs. Separatist Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam Sri Lanka
Russo-Japanese War 0.12–0.16 million [210] 1904–1905 Empire of Japan vs. Russian Empire East Asia
Arab-Israeli conflict 0.15 million [211] [212] [213] [214] 1948 [i] –present Israel vs. Arab League, Iran, Hezbollah, Hamas, and the Houthi movement Levant
Sudanese civil war (2023–present) 0.15 million [216] [217] 2023–presentSudan and allies vs. Rapid Support Forces and alliesSudan
Algerian Civil War 0.15 million [218] 1992–2002Multiple sidesNorth Africa
Lebanese Civil War 0.12–0.15 million [219] [220] [221] 1975–1990Multiple sidesLevant

Charts and graphs

Bubble chart of wars with over 1.5 million deaths. War Death Toll Chart.png
Bubble chart of wars with over 1.5 million deaths.
Combatant deaths in conventional wars, 1800-2011. Combatant deaths in conventional wars, 1800-2011.png
Combatant deaths in conventional wars, 1800-2011.
Seven deadliest wars after 1900. The length of each spiral segment is proportional to the war's duration and its area size to its death toll. Deadliest wars.png
Seven deadliest wars after 1900. The length of each spiral segment is proportional to the war's duration and its area size to its death toll.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Some examples would include the Dirty War (22,000–30,000 killed), the Cultural Revolution (1–20 million killed), the Rubber Terror (1.5–13 million killed), the excess mortality in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin (6–9 million killed), the Transatlantic slave trade, the Arab slave trade, the genocide of indigenous peoples, the Human sacrifice in pre-Columbian cultures (20,000–250,000 killed yearly in the Aztec Empire alone), the Dzungar genocide (420,000–480,000 killed), or the Herero and Nama genocide (34,000–110,000 killed). For further information, see List of genocides and List of ethnic cleansing campaigns.
  2. ↑ Before 1927, violence erupted during the 1911 Revolution, which brought an end to the Qing dynasty and led to the establishment of the Republic of China. Although major fighting had ceased by 1949, the Chinese Civil War is technically still ongoing, with the de facto independent Republic of China in Taiwan still claiming to be the legitimate government of all of China. Meanwhile, the People's Republic of China attempted to annex Taiwan several times during the Taiwan Strait Crises. Large-scale human-caused deaths persisted under the People's Republic of China, which initiated the Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries (1950–1953). This campaign resulted in the execution of an estimated 712,000 to 2,000,000 people. [18] [19]
  3. ↑ For further information regarding the death toll from 1803 to 1815, see Napoleonic Wars casualties
  4. ↑ In the midst of these conflicts, the Ogaden War between Ethiopia and Somalia occurred in the Horn of Africa, resulting in the deaths of approximately 37,000 people. This war was a phase of the broader Ethiopian–Somali conflict.
  5. ↑ While the civil war ended in 1939, mass killings would continue until 1947, during the White Terror period, which led to the extermination of 160,000-400,000 liberals, socialists of different stripes, Protestants, intellectuals, homosexuals, Freemasons, Jews, and Basque, Catalan, Andalusian, and Galician nationalists. [127] [128] [129]
  6. ↑
  7. ↑ A no-fly zone was imposed on Iraq following this conflict, which led to several cruise missile strikes against it between 1991 and 2003, some of them in response to Iraqi actions during the Iraqi Kurdish Civil War (that lasted between 1994 and 1997), and others due to Iraq's failure to comply with United Nations Security Council resolutions regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction.
  8. ↑ Political violence in the country has been recorded as early as 1954. [209]
  9. ↑ While the starting point of the conflict is usually denoted as the 1948 Arab-Israeli War or the 1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, violent strife emerged in the region as soon as 1920 during the Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine. [215]

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References

  1. ↑ "International Programs – Historical Estimates of World Population – U.S. Census Bureau". 6 March 2013. Archived from the original on 6 March 2013.
  2. ↑ Ponting, Clive (1999). The Twentieth Century: A World History (1st American ed.). New York: H. Holt. p. 281. ISBN   978-0-8050-6088-1.
  3. ↑ Ho, Ping-Ti (1970). "An estimate of the total population of Sung-Chin China". Histoire et institutions, 1. pp. 33–54. doi:10.1515/9783111542737-007. ISBN   978-3-11-154273-7. OCLC   8159945824.
  4. ↑ McEvedy, Colin; Jones, Richard M. (1978). Atlas of World Population History. New York, NY: Puffin. p. 172. ISBN   9780140510768.
  5. ↑ Graziella Caselli, Gillaume Wunsch, Jacques Vallin (2005). "Demography: Analysis and Synthesis, Four Volume Set: A Treatise in Population". Academic Press. p.34. ISBN   0-12-765660-X
  6. 1 2 "Selected Death Tolls for Wars, Massacres and Atrocities Before the 20th Century". Necrometrics.
  7. ↑ de Crespigny, Rafe. The Three Kingdoms and Western Jin: A history of China in the Third Century AD.
  8. ↑ "Taiping Rebellion". Encyclopædia Britannica . 21 August 2024.
  9. ↑ Platt, Stephen R. (2012). Autumn in the Heavenly Kingdom: China, the West, and the Epic Story of the Taiping Civil War . New York: Knopf. p.  xxiii. ISBN   978-0-307-27173-0.
  10. ↑ "To history, today's violence is a speck". South China Morning Post . 28 October 2011.
  11. ↑ "5 Of The 10 Deadliest Wars Began In China". Business Insider . 6 October 2014.
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