Religious violence in Nigeria

Last updated

Religious Conflicts in Nigeria
Part of Communal conflicts in Nigeria
Nigeria-karte-politisch english.png
Map of the 36 States of Nigeria
Date1953-present
Location
Nigeria
Status Ongoing
Belligerents
Christians Muslims Flag of Nigeria.svg  Nigeria
Adara, Atyap, Berom, Jukun, Tiv and Tarok farmers

Fulani and Hausa herders
Flag of Jihad.svg Boko Haram (partially aligned with ISIL from 2015) [lower-alpha 1]

Contents

  • Shekau faction [6] [7]
  • Several minor factions [1]

Islamic State flag.svg ISWAP (originally Barnawi faction of Boko Haram; from 2016) [8] [9]
Flag of Ansaru.svg Ansaru [lower-alpha 2]
Supported by:
Flag of Jihad.svg al-Qaeda [14]

Flag of Taliban.svg Taliban [19]
Islamic State flag.svg  ISIL (from 2015) [3] 		Flag of the Nigerian Armed Forces.svg Nigerian Armed Forces
Nigeria Police Force

Multinational Joint Task Force (from 1994)

Local militias and vigilantes [24]

Foreign mercenaries [29]

Supported by:
Casualties and losses
62,000 Christian civilians killed since the turn of the 21st century [48] [49]

Religious violence in Nigeria refers to Christian-Muslim strife in modern Nigeria, which can be traced back to 1953. Today, religious violence in Nigeria is dominated by the Boko Haram insurgency, which aims to establish an Islamic state in Nigeria. [50] Since the turn of the 21st century, 62,000 Nigerian Christians have been killed by the terrorist group Boko Haram, Fulani herdsmen and other groups. [48] [49] The killings have been referred to as a silent genocide. [51] [52]

Background

Nigeria was amalgamated in 1914, only about a decade after the defeat of the Sokoto Caliphate and other Islamic states by the British, which were to constitute much of Northern Nigeria. The aftermath of the First World War saw Germany lose its colonies, one of which was Cameroon, to French, Belgian and British mandates. Cameroon was divided into French and British parts, the latter of which was further subdivided into southern and northern parts. Following a plebiscite in 1961, the Southern Cameroons elected to rejoin French Cameroon, while the Northern Cameroons opted to join Nigeria, a move which added to Nigeria's already large Northern Muslim population. [53] The territory comprised much of what is now Northeastern Nigeria, and a large part of the areas affected by the present and past insurgencies.

Following the return of democratic government in 1999, the Muslim-dominated northern Nigerian states have introduced Sharia law, including punishments against blasphemy [54] [55] and apostasy. [56] Several incidents have occurred whereby people have been killed for or in response to perceived blasphemy. Since the turn of the 21st century, 62,000 Nigerian Christians have been killed by the terrorist group Boko Haram, Fulani herdsmen and other groups. [48] [49] The killings have been referred to as a silent genocide. [51] [52]

History

Religious conflict in Nigeria goes as far back as 1953, and in the case of the town of Tafawa Balewa, to 1948. [57] The 1980s saw an upsurge in violence due to the death of Mohammed Marwa ("Maitatsine") (see below). In the same decade, the military ruler of Nigeria, General Ibrahim Babangida, enrolled Nigeria in the Organisation of the Islamic Conference. This was a move which aggravated religious tensions in the country, particularly among the Christian community. [58] In response, some in the Muslim community pointed out that certain other African member states have smaller proportions of Muslims, as well as Nigeria's diplomatic relations with the Holy See.

Since the return of democracy to Nigeria in 1999, Sharia was instituted as a main body of civil and criminal law in 9 Muslim-majority and in some parts of 3 Muslim-plurality states, when then-Zamfara State governor Ahmad Rufai Sani [59] began the push for the institution of Sharia at the state level of government.

1980s

In the 1980s, the serious outbreak between Christians and Muslims occurred in Kafanchan in southern Kaduna State in a border area between the two religions, propagated by extreme leaders who were able to rally a young, educated group of individuals who feared that the nation would not be able to protect their religious group. [60] The leaders were able to polarize their followers through speeches and public demonstrations. [61]

The activities in those times had led to the loss of lives and properties as they moved about destroying government facilities which they saw as legacies or replica of western cultures in their various communities. These religious campaigns have seen an increase in gun battles between the members of these sects and security forces with loss of lives witnessed on both sides. [62] Although direct conflicts between Christians and Muslims were rare, tensions did flare between the two groups as each group radicalised. There were clashes in October 1982 when Muslim zealots in Kano were able to enforce their power in order to keep the Anglican House Church from expanding its size and power base. They saw it as a threat to the nearby Mosque, even though the Anglican House Church had been there forty years prior to the building of the Mosque. [63] Additionally, there were two student groups in Nigeria who came into contestation, the Fellowship of Christian Students and the Muslim Student Society. In one instance there was an evangelical campaign organised by the FCS and brought into question why one sect should dominate the campus of the Kaduna State College of Education in Kafanchan. This quarrel accelerated to the point where the Muslim students organised protests around the city and burned a Church at the college. The Christian majority at the college retaliated on March 9. Twelve people died, several Mosques were burnt and a climate of fear was created. The retaliation was pre-planned. [64]

The exploitation of the media used to propagate the ideas of the conflict, thereby radicalising each force even more. Media was biased on each side so while places like the Federal Radio Corporation discussed the idea of defending Islam during this brief moment of terror, it did not report the deaths and damage caused by Muslims, galvanising the Muslim population. Similarly, the Christian papers did not report the damage and deaths caused by Christians but rather focused on the Islamic terror. [65] Other individuals leading these religious movements use the media to spread messages which gradually became more intolerant of other religions, and because of these religious divisions radical Islam continues to be a problem in Nigeria today. [66]

Maitatsine

In the late 1970s and early 1980s, there was a major Islamic uprising led by Maitatsine and his followers, Yan Tatsine that led to several thousand deaths. After Maitatsine's death in 1980, the movement continued some five years more.

1990s

In 1991, the German evangelist Reinhard Bonnke was accused of attempting to start a crusade in Kano, causing a religious riot leading to the deaths of more than a dozen people. [67] [68]

2000s–2010s

Since the restoration of democracy in 1999, secular governments have dominated the country at the federal level, while the Muslim-dominated Northern Nigerian states have implemented strict Sharia law. Religious conflict between Muslims and Christians has erupted several times since 2000 for various reasons, often causing riots with several thousands of victims on both sides. [69] Since 2009, the Islamist movement Boko Haram has fought an armed rebellion against the Nigerian military, sacking villages and towns and taking thousands of lives in battles and massacres against Christians, students and others deemed enemies of Islam.

Riots

The events of Abuja in 2000 and Jos in 2001 were riots between Christians and Muslims in Jos, Nigeria about the appointment of a Muslim politician, Alhaji Muktar Mohammed, as local coordinator of the federal programme to fight poverty. [70] Another such riot killed over 100 people in October 2001 in Kano State. [71] [72]

In 2002, the Nigerian journalist Isioma Daniel wrote an article that led to the demonstrations and violence that caused the deaths of over 200 in Kaduna, [73] [74] [75] as well as a fatwa placed on her life. [76] The 2002 Miss World contest was moved from Abuja to London as a result. The rest of the 2000s decade would see inter-religious violence continue in Jos and Kaduna.

The reaction to the Mohammed cartoons brought about a series of violent protests in Nigeria. Clashes between rioters and police claimed several lives, with estimates ranging from 16 [77] to more than a hundred. [78] This led to reprisal attacks in the south of the country, particularly in Onitsha. [79] [80] More than a hundred lost their lives. [81] [82]

2010s–2020s

In 2018, US President Donald Trump called out the killing of Christians in Nigeria. [83]

In May 2022, Deborah Yakubu, a Christian student in Sokoto, was lynched outside her university by a Muslim mob. [84] Following the lynching, there was violence against other Christian sites, according to a statement released by the Catholic Diocese of Sokoto. "During the protest, groups of youths led by some adults in the background attacked the Holy Family Catholic Cathedral at Bello Way, destroying church glass windows, those of the Bishop Lawton Secretariat, and vandalized a community bus parked within the premises. St. Kevin’s Catholic Church was also attacked and partly burnt; windows of the new hospital complex under construction, in the same premises, were shattered. The hoodlums also attacked the Bakhita Centre […], burning down a bus within the premises.” [85]

In June 2022, a massacre left over 50 parishioners dead in the St. Francis Xavier Church, in Owo. [86] Responsibility for the attack was unclear, but the Government blamed ISWAP, whereas many locals blamed Fulani herdsmen.

Besides issues with terrorist groups Boko Haram and ISWAP, Christians also complain of persecution by Fulani herdsmen, who are mostly Muslim, and who have terrorised mostly Christian farmers in the Middle Belt. Christian clergy and faithful have also been targeted in cases of kidnapping by armed gangs seeking ransoms. In a speech in the European Parliament, in October 2022, bishop Wilfred Chikpa Anagbe, of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Makurdi, compared the situation of Christians in his country to "nothing short of a Jihad clothed in many names: terrorism, kidnappings, killer herdsmen, banditry, other militia groups" and called on the international community to abandon what he termed a "conspiracy of silence" on the subject. [87]

According to Aid to the Church in Need, four Catholic priests were murdered in Nigeria in 2022 alone, and 23 priests and one seminarian were kidnapped during the year, or had been kidnapped before but remained in captivity in 2022. The majority of the kidnapped priests were later released, although three were killed and, in November 2022, three were still missing, including Fr John Bako Shekwolo, who was kidnapped in March 2019. A further four nuns were kidnapped in 2022, and released soon afterward. The priests who were murdered were Fr Vitus Borogo, [88] Fr Joseph Bako, [89] Fr John Mark Cheitnum, [90] and Fr Christopher Odia. [91] The Catholic organisation, which has several projects in Nigeria, deplored the wave of violence, saying: "The increase in kidnappings, murders and general violence against civilians, including members of the Catholic clergy in many parts of Nigeria, is a scourge that is yet to be properly addressed by the local authorities". [89] A further three Catholic clerics were murdered for reasons of persecution in 2023, namely Fr Isaac Achi, seminarian Na'aman Danlami, and Benedictine friar Godwin Eze. During the same year 25 priests or seminarians and three women religious were kidnapped in Nigeria, making it the country with the highest number of Catholic clergy kidnap victims in the world, that year. [92]

During an online conference, in June 2022, bishop Matthew Man-Oso Ndagaoso, from the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kaduna, summed up the problems affecting Christians in the country. "For the past 14 years the nation has been grappling with Boko Haram, mostly in the northeast. While we were grappling with that, we had the issue of banditry in the northwest. And while we were grappling with this, we had the issue of kidnappings for ransom, which is becoming more widespread. And while grappling with this we have the old conflict with the Fulani herders." [93] Regarding the murders and kidnappings of priests in Nigeria, the same bishop said, in another interview, "everybody is on edge. All of us, the clergy, the laypeople, everybody. People are afraid, and rightly so. People are traumatised, and rightly so. With this situation, nobody is safe anywhere. If you go out of your house, even in the daytime, until you come back, you are not safe". [88]

News of massacres of Christians in parts of Nigeria's Middle Belt continued to emerge regularly. Around Christmas 2023 at least 300 Christians were murdered in Plateau State. None of the perpetrators were held to account. [94] In the Diocese of Makurdi, in Benue State, also in the Middle Belt, at least 500 Christians were killed throughout 2023. [95] A further large-scale massacre took place around Easter 2024 in Plateau State, killing at least 39 people, while at least 239 were confirmed to have bene killed in Benue State in the first three months of 2024. [96]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Following Mohammed Yusuf's death, Boko Haram splintered into numerous factions which no longer operated under a unified leadership. Though Abubakar Shekau eventually became the preeminent commander of the movement, he never really controlled all Boko Haram groups. Instead, the factions were loosely allied, but also occasionally clashed with each other. [1] [2] This situation changed in 2015 when Shekau pledged allegiance to ISIL. [3] [4] The leadership of ISIL eventually decided to replace Shekau as a local commander with Abu Mus'ab al-Barnawi, whereupon the movement split completely. Shekau no longer recognized the authority of ISIL's central command, and his loyalists started to openly fight the followers of al-Barnawi. [3] Regardless, Shekau did never officially renounce his pledge of allegiance to ISIL as a whole; his forces are thus occasionally regarded as "second branch of ISWAP". Overall, the relation of Shekau with ISIL remains confused and ambiguous. [5]
  2. ↑ The exact origin of Ansaru is unclear, but it had already existed as Boko Haram faction [10] before officially announcing its foundation as separate group on 1 January 2012. [10] [11] [12] The group has no known military presence in Nigeria since 2015, but several of its members appear to be still active. [13]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Islam in Nigeria</span>

Islam is one of the two largest religions in Nigeria. Nigeria also has the largest Muslim population in Africa.In 2024, Nigeria had the largest Muslim population in Africa, with around 105 million people who belonged to an Islamic denomination. Islam is predominantly concentrated in the northern half of the country, with a significant Muslim minority existing in the southern region. Most of Northern Nigeria is governed under Sharia law, while the rest of the country is governed under secular law.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maiduguri</span> Capital city of Borno State, Nigeria

Maiduguri is the capital and the largest city of Borno State in north-eastern Nigeria, on the continent of Africa. The city sits along the seasonal Ngadda River which disappears into the Firki swamps in the areas around Lake Chad. Maiduguri was founded in 1907 as a military outpost by the British Empire during the colonial period. As of 2022, Maiduguri is estimated to have a population of approximately two million people, in the metropolitan area.

Muhammad Marwa, best known by his nickname Maitatsine, was a controversial Muslim preacher in Nigeria who founded the Yan Tatsine, a militant Quranist movement that first appeared around the early 1970s. Maitatsine is a Hausa word meaning "the one who damns" and refers to his curse-laden public speeches against the Nigerian state.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Goodluck Jonathan</span> President of Nigeria from 2010 to 2015

Goodluck Ebele Azikiwe Jonathan is a Nigerian politician who served as the president of Nigeria from 2010 to 2015. He lost the 2015 presidential election to former military head of state General Muhammadu Buhari and was the first incumbent president in Nigerian history to concede defeat in an election and therefore allow for a peaceful transition of power.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Religion in Nigeria</span>

Christianity and Islam are the two main religions practiced in Nigeria The country is home to some of the world's largest Christian and Muslim populations, simultaneously. Reliable recent statistics do not exist; however, Nigeria is divided roughly in half between Muslims, who live mostly in the northern region, and Christians, who live mostly in the southern region of the country. Indigenous religions, such as those native to the Igbo and Yoruba ethnicities, have been declining for decades and being replaced by Christianity or Islam. The Christian share of Nigeria's population is also now on the decline, due to a lower fertility rate relative to the Muslim population in the country.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Boko Haram</span> Central-West African jihadist terrorist organization

Boko Haram, officially known as Jamā'at Ahl as-Sunnah lid-Da'wah wa'l-Jihād, is an Islamist jihadist organization based in northeastern Nigeria, which is also active in Chad, Niger, northern Cameroon, and Mali. In 2016, the group split, resulting in the emergence of a hostile faction known as the Islamic State's West Africa Province.

Chibok is a Local Government Area of Borno State, Nigeria, located in the southern part of the state. It has its headquarters in the town of Chibok.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Boko Haram insurgency</span> Terrorism in Sub-Saharan Africa

The Boko Haram insurgency began in July 2009, when the militant Islamist and jihadist rebel group Boko Haram started an armed rebellion against the government of Nigeria. The conflict is taking place within the context of long-standing issues of religious violence between Nigeria's Muslim and Christian communities, and the insurgents' ultimate aim is to establish an Islamic state in the region.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abubakar Shekau</span> Nigerian militant and former leader of Boko Haram

Abu Mohammed Abubakar al-Sheikawi was a Nigerian militant who was the leader of Boko Haram, an Islamist extremist organization based in northeastern Nigeria, from 2009 to 2021. He served as deputy leader to the group's founder, Mohammed Yusuf, until Yusuf's execution in 2009.

On 17 June 2012, three Christian churches in northern Nigeria were attacked by bomb explosions. At least 12 were killed and 80 were wounded. On 24 June 2012, Reuters UK reported that 19 people were killed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ansaru</span> Islamist militant organization in Nigeria

The Vanguard for the Protection of Muslims in Black Africa, better known as Ansaru and less commonly called al-Qaeda in the Lands Beyond the Sahel, is an Islamic fundamentalist Jihadist militant organisation based in the northeast of Nigeria. It originated as a faction of Boko Haram but became officially independent in 2012. Despite this, Ansaru and other Boko Haram factions continued to work closely together until the former increasingly declined and stopped its insurgent activities in 2015. Since then, Ansaru is mostly dormant though its members continue to spread propaganda for their cause.

Timeline of the Boko Haram insurgency is the chronology of the Boko Haram insurgency, an ongoing armed conflict between Nigerian Islamist group Boko Haram and the Nigerian government. Boko Haram have carried out many attacks against the military, police and civilians since 2009, mostly in Nigeria. The low-intensity conflict is centred on Borno State. It peaked in the mid-2010s, when Boko Haram extended their insurgency into Cameroon, Chad and Niger.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chibok schoolgirls kidnapping</span> Kidnapping of female students in Chibok in Borno State, Nigeria

On the night of 14–15 April 2014, 276 mostly Christian female students aged from 16 to 18 were kidnapped by the Islamic terrorist group called Boko Haram from the Government Girls Secondary School at the town of Chibok in Borno State, Nigeria. Prior to the raid, the school had been closed for four weeks due to deteriorating security conditions, but the girls were in attendance in order to take final exams in physics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Slavery in 21st-century jihadism</span> Modern slavery by quasi-state-level jihadist groups

Quasi-state-level jihadist groups, including Boko Haram and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, have captured and enslaved women and children, often for sexual slavery. In 2014 in particular, both groups organised mass kidnappings of large numbers of girls and younger women.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Islamic State – West Africa Province</span> Militant group and branch of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant

The Islamic State's West Africa Province (ISWAP), officially Wilāyat Garb Ifrīqīyā, meaning "West African Province", is a militant group and administrative division of the Islamic State (IS), a Salafi jihadist militant group and unrecognised quasi-state. ISWAP is primarily active in the Chad Basin, and fights an extensive insurgency against the states of Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad, Niger and Turkey. It is an offshoot of Boko Haram with which it has a violent rivalry; Boko Haram leader Abubakar Shekau killed himself in battle with ISWAP in 2021. Until March 2022, ISWAP acted as an umbrella organization for all IS factions in West Africa including the Islamic State in the Greater Sahara (IS-GS), although the actual ties between ISWAP and IS-GS were limited.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2015 West African offensive</span> Coalition offensive against Boko Haram

Starting in late January 2015, a coalition of West African troops launched an offensive against the Boko Haram insurgents in Nigeria.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chad Basin campaign (2018–2020)</span> Series of battles and offensives in the Chad Basin

The Chad Basin campaign of 2018–2020 was a series of battles and offensives in the southern Chad Basin, particularly northeastern Nigeria, which took place amid the ongoing Boko Haram insurgency. The Chad Basin witnessed an upsurge of insurgent activity from early November 2018, as rebels belonging to the Islamic State's West Africa Province (ISWAP) and Boko Haram launched offensives and several raids to regain military strength and seize territory in a renewed attempt to establish an Islamic state in the region. These attacks, especially those by ISWAP, met with considerable success and resulted in the displacement of hundreds of thousands of civilians. The member states of the Multinational Joint Task Force (MJTF), namely Nigeria, Niger, Chad, and Cameroon responded to the increased insurgent activity with counter-offensives. These operations repulsed the rebels in many areas but failed to fully contain the insurgency.

In May 2021, the Islamic State's West Africa Province (ISWAP) launched an invasion of the Sambisa Forest in Borno State, Nigeria, which was serving as the main base of Boko Haram, a rival jihadist rebel group. Following heavy fighting, ISWAP overran the Boko Haram troops, cornering their leader Abubakar Shekau. The two sides entered negotiations about Boko Haram's surrender during which Shekau committed suicide, possibly detonating himself with a suicide vest. Shekau's death was regarded as a major event by outside observers, as he had been one of the main driving forces in the Islamist insurgency in Nigeria and neighboring countries since 2009.

References

  1. 1 2 TRADOC G-2 (2015), pp. 4, 19.
  2. ↑ ICG 2014, pp. ii, 22, 26, 27.
  3. 1 2 3 Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (5 August 2018). "The Islamic State West Africa Province vs. Abu Bakr Shekau: Full Text, Translation and Analysis". Archived from the original on 17 August 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2018.
  4. ↑ "Boko Haram swears formal allegiance to ISIS". Fox News. Associated Press. 8 March 2015. Archived from the original on 20 November 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
  5. ↑ Warner & Hulme (2018), p. 22.
  6. ↑ "Behind Boko Haram's Split: A Leader Too Radical for Islamic State". The Wall Street Journal. 15 September 2016. Archived from the original on 1 October 2016. Retrieved 2 October 2016.(subscription required)
  7. ↑ "Boko Haram Split Creates Two Deadly Forces". Voice of America . 2 August 2017. Archived from the original on 3 August 2017. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
  8. ↑ "Shekau Resurfaces, Accuses New Boko Haram Leader al-Barnawi of Attempted Coup". 360nobs. 4 August 2016. Archived from the original on 17 July 2018. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
  9. ↑ Yinka Ibukun (26 March 2018). "Nigeria Turns to Dialogue to End 9-Year Islamist Insurgency". Bloomberg News . Archived from the original on 8 April 2018. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
  10. 1 2 ICG 2014, p. 26.
  11. ↑ Sudarsan Raghavan (31 May 2013). "Nigerian Islamist militants return from Mali with weapons, skills". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 29 December 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
  12. ↑ Steve White (13 March 2013). "Nigerian hostage deaths: British hostage executed in error". Daily Mirror . Archived from the original on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
  13. ↑ Jacob Zenn (9 December 2017). "Electronic Jihad in Nigeria: How Boko Haram Is Using Social Media". Jamestown Foundation . Archived from the original on 16 July 2018. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
  14. ↑ ICG 2014, pp. 22–24, 27.
  15. ↑ ICG 2014, pp. 22, 26, 27.
  16. ↑ "Al-Qaeda now has a united front in Africa's troubled Sahel region". Newsweek. 3 March 2017. Archived from the original on 4 March 2017. Retrieved 4 March 2017.
  17. ↑ "Islamists Ansaru claim attack on Mali-bound Nigeria troops: paper". Reuters. 20 January 2013. Archived from the original on 2 February 2013.
  18. ↑ ICG 2014, pp. 22, 26.
  19. ↑ ICG 2014, p. 23.
  20. ↑ Faced with Boko Haram, Cameroon weighs death penalty for terrorism. Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine By Tansa Musa, Reuters. YAOUNDE Wed 3 December 2014 9:56 am EST.
  21. ↑ Chad armoured column heads for Cameroon to fight Boko Haram. Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine AFP for Yahoo! News, 16 January 2015 4:54 PM.
  22. 1 2 West Africa leaders vow to wage 'total war' on Boko Haram Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine By John Irish and Elizabeth Pineau. 17 May 2014 2:19 PM.
  23. ↑ "African Troops Free Dozens of Boko Haram Victims". Voice of America. 10 April 2021. Retrieved April 11, 2021.
  24. ↑ "Vigilantes Settle Local Scores With Boko Haram". Voice of America. 15 February 2015. Archived from the original on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
  25. ↑ ICG (2018), pp. i, 4–8.
  26. ↑ ICG (2018), pp. 5, 6.
  27. ↑ ICG (2018), pp. i, 3, 7.
  28. ↑ ICG (2018), p. 3.
  29. ↑ Adama Nossiter (12 March 2015). "Mercenaries Join Nigeria's Military Campaign Against Boko Haram". The New York Times . Archived from the original on 15 March 2015. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
  30. ↑ Colin Freeman (10 May 2015). "South African mercenaries' secret war on Boko Haram". The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on 18 March 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2018.
  31. ↑ Union agrees to send 7,500 troops to fight Boko Haram in Nigeria [ dead link ]. Mashable.com, 31 January 2015.
  32. ↑ The African Union Readies an Army to Fight Boko Haram Archived 3 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine , Medium.com.
  33. 1 2 3 "Feeling the heat: West combats extremists' advance in Africa's deserts". CNN. 27 February 2015. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
  34. ↑ Canada joins effort to free Nigerian schoolgirls. Archived 1 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine 14 May 2014 3:23 pm Updated: 15 May 2014 7:01 pm. By Murray Brewster, The Canadian Press
  35. 1 2 3 Kidnapped schoolgirls: British experts to fly to Nigeria 'as soon as possible'. Archived 8 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine theguardian.com, Wednesday 7 May 2014 17.33 BST.
  36. ↑ Iaccino, Ludovica (5 December 2016). "Nigeria turns east: Russia and Pakistan now selling warplanes to help in Boko Haram fight". Archived from the original on 14 June 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  37. ↑ "Nigerian Special Forces battalion completes training course in Pakistan". quwa.org. 8 June 2017. Archived from the original on 11 June 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  38. ↑ "Boko Haram: Obasanjo leads Colombian security experts to Buhari – Premium Times Nigeria". 12 October 2015. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  39. ↑ "In Pictures: Lt. General Buratai visits Colombia". The NEWS. 25 January 2016. Archived from the original on 3 February 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
  40. ↑ "Egypt Pledges To Support Nigeria in Fight Against Boko Haram • Channels Television". 30 May 2015. Archived from the original on 22 July 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  41. ↑ "Boko Haram: Egypt assures Nigeria of support – The Nation Nigeria". 20 October 2015. Archived from the original on 22 July 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  42. ↑ Israel sends experts to help hunt for Nigerian schoolgirls kidnapped by Islamists. Archived 10 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine The Jerusalem Post ; 20 May 2014 18:03.
  43. ↑ Andrew McGregor (8 May 2019). "Nigeria Seeks Russian Military Aid in its War on Boko Haram". Aberfoyle International Security. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
  44. ↑ "British troops to help fight against Boko Haram as SAS target Isil". the Telegraph. 20 December 2014. Archived from the original on 11 February 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
  45. ↑ "Obama to deploy 300 US troops to Cameroon to fight Boko Haram | World news". The Guardian. Agence France-Presse. 14 October 2015. Archived from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
  46. ↑ "US troops deployed to Cameroon for Boko Haram fight". Al Jazeera English. 14 October 2015. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
  47. ↑ Беларусь попала в ТОП-20 мировых лидеров по экспорту вооружений Archived 27 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine – Военно-политическое обозрение, 1 марта 2017
  48. 1 2 3 F. Haverluck, Michael (7 August 2020). "'Silent slaughter' – 2 decades of genocide in Nigeria". Genocide Watch. 7 August 2020.
  49. 1 2 3 "ICON Launches New Report Proving Nigerian Genocide". Missions Box. 3 August 2020.
  50. ↑ "Who are Nigeria's Boko Haram Islamist group?". BBC News. 2016-11-24. Retrieved 2021-06-05.
  51. 1 2 "Silent Slaughter". International Committee on Nigeria.
  52. 1 2 "Nigeria's Silent Slaughter Genocide in Nigeria and the Implications for the International Community". International Committee on Nigeria.
  53. ↑ Meredith, Martin. "11. A House Divided". The State of Africa: A History of Fifty Years of Independence . The Free Press. p. 197.
  54. ↑ Amnesty International. Report on Saudi Arabia 2007. Archived from the original. Archived March 22, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  55. ↑ Amnesty International. Amnesty International Report on Saudi Arabia 2009. Archived from the original. Archived January 15, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  56. ↑ "Nigeria: Recent reports regarding the treatment of persons who convert from Islam to Christianity. Recent reports on Sharia law in relation to religious conversion], Ireland: Refugee Documentation Centre, 26 June 2012, Q15539". webarchive.archive.unhcr.org. Retrieved 18 July 2014.
  57. ↑ Augustine adah (2013-07-23). "Will relocation of Tafawa Balewa LG headquarters guarantee peace?". Hallmark. Archived from the original on 2014-06-21. Retrieved 2014-06-21.
  58. ↑ Holman, Michael (24 February 1986) "Nigeria, Politics; Religious Differences Intensify", Financial Times,
  59. ↑ Jonah, Adamu & Igboeroteonwu, Anamesere (20 May 2014). "Nigerian Sharia architect defends law". BBC. Retrieved 7 June 2014.
  60. ↑ Ibrahim, Jibrin (1989). "The Politics of Religion in Nigeria: The Parameters of the 1987 Crisis in Kaduna State". Review of African Political Economy. pp. 65–82. Retrieved 6 September 2024.
  61. ↑ Ibrahim, p. 65
  62. ↑ "Understanding Boko Haram – A Theology of Chaos: by Chris Ngwodo". Nigeriaplus.com. 2010-10-06. Archived from the original on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
  63. ↑ Ibrahim, pp. 65-66
  64. ↑ Ibrahim, pp. 66–68
  65. ↑ Ibrahim, pp. 67–70
  66. ↑ Ibrahim, p. 72
  67. ↑ Violence in Nigeria: The Crisis of Religious Politics and Secular Ideologies, by Toyin Falola, pg 212. ISBN   1580460186, ISBN   9781580460187
  68. ↑ Nigeria: Information about a riot on 14 October 1991 at a meeting with the German evangelist Reinhard Bounike in Kano. Canada: Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, 1 August 1992, NGA11576, accessed 8 June 2014
  69. ↑ Johannes Harnischfeger, Democratization and Islamic Law: The Sharia Conflict in Nigeria (Frankfurt am Main 2008). Campus Verlag. ISBN   3593382563
  70. ↑ Obed Minchakpu (2001-10-01). "Religious Riots in Nigeria Leave Hundreds Dead". Christianity Today . Retrieved 2008-11-30.
  71. ↑ Obasanjo Assesses Riot Damage in Kano - 2001-10-16. Voice of America News.
  72. ↑ "Kano: Nigeria's ancient city-state". BBC online. BBC. 2004-05-20. Retrieved 2007-07-12.
  73. ↑ On this day. 2002: Riots force Miss World out of Nigeria. BBC News website, Sunday, 24 November 2002, 14:49 GMT.
  74. ↑ THE "MISS WORLD RIOTS": Continued Impunity for Killings in Kaduna. Human Rights Watch, Vol. 15, No. 13 (A), 23 July 2003.
  75. ↑ Obasanjo blames media for Miss World riots, CNN.com. Tuesday, 26 November 2002. Posted: 1144 GMT
  76. ↑ Astill, James; Bowcott, Owen (27 November 2002). "Fatwa is issued on Nigerian journalist". Guardian Unlimited . Retrieved 2007-07-21.
  77. ↑ Nigeria cartoon riots kill 16, Amelia Hill and Anushka Asthana. The Observer, Sunday 19 February 2006.
  78. ↑ Churches Burned in Nigeria Riots; Death Toll Passes 127. Christian Today, 27 February 2006.
  79. ↑ "Muslim dead burnt after Nigerian riots - Taipei Times". www.taipeitimes.com. 24 February 2006. Retrieved 8 Jun 2014.
  80. ↑ At least 27 dead in new religious riots in Nigeria. George Esiri, 22 Feb 2006.
  81. ↑ 100+ Dead After Anti-Muslim Riots, Ted Olsen/ 23 February 2006. Christianity Today.
  82. ↑ Why the Cartoon Protest turned Lethal in Northern Nigeria. By Sunday B. Agang.
  83. ↑ Ochab, Ewelina U. "Trump May Not Be Wrong On the Fulani Herdsmen Crisis In Nigeria". Forbes. Retrieved 2020-12-16.
  84. ↑ "NIGERIA: Christian student stoned and burned to death in Sokoto". ACN International. 2022-05-13. Retrieved 2022-11-18.
  85. ↑ ACN (2022-05-17). "Anti-Christian violence and curfew follow killing of girl in Sokoto, Nigeria". ACN International. Retrieved 2022-11-18.
  86. ↑ ACN (2022-06-07). "ACN statement about the Pentecost massacre in St. Francis Xavier Church in Owo, Nigeria". ACN International. Retrieved 2022-11-18.
  87. ↑ "Church in Nigeria". ACN International. 2022-10-17. Retrieved 2022-11-16.
  88. 1 2 ACN (2022-06-29). "Murder of two catholic priests in Nigeria". ACN International. Retrieved 2022-11-18.
  89. 1 2 ACN (2022-05-12). "ACN deplores murder of Fr Joseph in Kaduna, Nigeria". ACN International. Retrieved 2022-11-18.
  90. ↑ ACN (2022-07-21). "Another priest killed in Nigeria". ACN International. Retrieved 2022-11-18.
  91. ↑ ACN (2022-07-05). "Three more priests kidnapped in Nigeria". ACN International. Retrieved 2022-11-18.
  92. ↑ ACN (2024-01-09). "Dozens of priests arrested in 2023 as authoritarian regimes crack down on Church". ACN International. Retrieved 2024-04-26.
  93. ↑ ACN (2022-06-03). "The Government has failed us in Nigeria, and the West is complicit". ACN International. Retrieved 2022-11-18.
  94. ↑ ACN (2024-01-18). "Nigeria: No justice for 300 people massacred on Christmas Eve". ACN International. Retrieved 2024-04-26.
  95. ↑ ACN (2024-01-25). "Attacks caused over 500 victims in Nigeria's Benue State in 2023". ACN International. Retrieved 2024-04-26.
  96. ↑ ACN (2024-04-19). "Brutal killing of Christians in Nigeria's Middle Belt continue". ACN International. Retrieved 2024-04-26.

Sources

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.