Related Research Articles
Conflicts in the Horn of Africa have been occurring since the 17th century BCE. The Horn of Africa includes the modern day nation states of Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia.
The Arab Cold War was a political rivalry in the Arab world from the early 1950s to the late 1970s and a part of the wider Cold War. It is generally accepted that the beginning of the Arab Cold War is marked by the Egyptian revolution of 1952, which led to Gamal Abdel Nasser becoming president of Egypt in 1956. Thereafter, newly formed Arab republics, inspired by revolutionary secular nationalism and Nasser's Egypt, engaged in political rivalries with conservative traditionalist Arab monarchies, influenced by Saudi Arabia. The Iranian Revolution of 1979, and the ascension of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini as leader of Iran, is widely seen as the end of this period of internal conflicts and rivalry. A new era of Arab-Iranian tensions followed, overshadowing the bitterness of intra-Arab strife.
African Revolution may refer to:
In 2016, the Front for Change and Concord in Chad (FACT) and the Military Command Council for the Salvation of the Republic (CCMSR) began a rebellion against the Chadian government. From their rear bases in southern Libya, FACT and CCMSR have launched offensives and raids into Northern Chad seeking to overthrow the government of former president Idriss Déby, who had been in power since a December 1990 coup. Other rebel groups are also involved in the insurgency, though to a lesser extent.
The ongoing Ethiopian civil conflict began with the 2018 dissolution of the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (ERPDF), an ethnic federalist, dominant party political coalition. After the 20-year border conflict between Ethiopia and Eritrea, a decade of internal tensions, two years of protests, and a state of emergency, Hailemariam Desalegn resigned on 15 February 2018 as prime minister and EPRDF chairman, and there were hopes of peace under his successor Abiy Ahmed. However, war broke out in the Tigray Region, with resurgent regional and ethnic factional attacks throughout Ethiopia. The civil wars caused substantial human rights violations, war crimes, and extrajudicial killings.
The political history of Africa in the 2020s covers political events on the continent, other than elections, from 2020 onwards.
References
- ↑ Shoup, John A. (2011-10-31). Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 266. ISBN 9781598843620. Archived from the original on 2023-01-10. Retrieved 2020-10-02.
The kingdom was able to last until 1901, when the French conquered it as part of their conquest of the Niger River/Sahara region
- ↑ Katagiri, Noriyuki (2015). Adapting to Win: How Insurgents Fight and Defeat Foreign States in War. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 197. ISBN 9780812246414. Archived from the original on 2023-01-10. Retrieved 2020-10-02.
- ↑ "Britain Sokoto Conquest 1903". www.onwar.com. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
- 1 2 "COW War List". correlatesofwar.org. Correlates of War. Retrieved 6 September 2019.[ permanent dead link ]
- ↑ Henige, David (1979). History in Africa. African Studies Association. p. 54. Archived from the original on 2023-01-10. Retrieved 2020-10-02.
By the time Portuguese military expeditions reached Kasanje in 1910, intent on effective occupation and "pacification," only regional chieftains, some still claiming the kinguri title, remained to resist their advance. Portuguese military commanders seized and destroyed the regalia of the kinguri position in 1912, thereby ending the history of the state by burning the symbols in which had inhered the power of its kings.
- ↑ St John, Ronald Bruce (4 June 2014). Historical Dictionary of Libya. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 316. ISBN 9780810878761. Archived from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
- ↑ Association, Cheke Cultural Writers (1994). The history and cultural life of the Mbunda speaking peoples. The Association. p. 101. ISBN 9789982030069. Archived from the original on 2023-01-10. Retrieved 2020-10-02.
- ↑ Abegaz, Berhanu (2018-06-09). A Tributary Model of State Formation: Ethiopia, 1600-2015. Springer. p. 48. ISBN 9783319757803. Archived from the original on 2023-01-10. Retrieved 2020-10-02.
- ↑ Vos, Jelmer (2015). Kongo in the Age of Empire, 1860–1913: The Breakdown of a Moral Order. University of Wisconsin Pres. p. 350. ISBN 9780299306243. Archived from the original on 2023-01-10. Retrieved 2020-10-02.
- ↑ Ahmida, Ali Abdullatif (2002). The making of modern Libya. Albany, New York: SUNY Press. pp. 126–131. ISBN 978-1-4384-2891-8. Archived from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2011.