List of conflicts in Africa

Continental map of the ongoing conflicts in Africa

This is a list of conflicts in Africa arranged by country, both on the continent and associated islands, including wars between African nations, civil wars, and wars involving non-African nations that took place within Africa. It encompasses pre-colonial wars, colonial wars, wars of independence, secessionist and separatist conflicts, major episodes of national violence (riots, massacres, etc.), and global conflicts in which Africa was a theatre of war.

African Great Lakes

Burundi

• October 18 – 19, 1965 1965 Burundian coup attempt
• July 8, 1966 July 1966 Burundian coup d'état
• November 28, 1966 November 1966 Burundian coup d'état
• 1972 Burundi genocide
• November 1, 1976 1976 Burundian coup d'état
• September 3, 1987 1987 Burundian coup d'état
• 1993 – 2005 Burundi Civil War
  • October 21 – November 1993 1993 Burundian coup attempt
  • July 25, 1996 1996 Burundian coup d'état
  • December 28, 2000 Titanic Express Massacre
  • April 18, 2001 2001 Burundian coup attempt
  • September 9, 2002 Itaba Massacre
  • August 13, 2004 Gatumba Massacre
• 2015–2018 Burundian unrest
  • May 13 – 15, 2015 2015 Burundian coup attempt

Rwanda

• 1896 Rucunshu Coup
• November 1, 1959 – July 1, 1961 Rwandan Revolution
• January 28, 1961 Coup of Gitarama
• 1963 Bugesera invasion
• July 5, 1973 1973 Rwandan coup d'état
• 1990 – 1994 Rwandan Civil War
  • April 7, 1994 – July 15, 1994 Rwandan genocide

Kenya

• August 3, 1914 – November 1918 East African Campaign (World War I)
• June 10, 1940 – November 27, 1941 East African Campaign (World War II)
• 1952 – 1960 Mau Mau Uprising
• 1963 – present Somali–Kenyan conflict
• 1963 – 1967 Shifta War
• October 25, 1969 Kisumu massacre
• 1980 Garissa Massacre
• August 1, 1982 1982 Kenyan coup attempt
• February 10, 1984 Wagalla massacre
• 1987 – 1990 Kenyan-Ugandan border conflict
• 1998 – present Terrorism in Kenya
  • September 21 – 24, 2013 Westgate shopping mall attack
• 2005 Turbi Village Massacre
• 2005 – 2008 Mount Elgon insurgency
• August 22, 2012 2012–2013 Tana River District clashes
• November 2012 Baragoi clashes

South Sudan

• 1955 – 1972 First Sudanese Civil War
  • August 18–30, 1955 Torit mutiny
• 1983 – 2005 Second Sudanese Civil War
  • 9 March – April 1997 Operation Thunderbolt (1997)
  • June 2000 – August 2001 War of the Peters
• 1987 – present Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
• 2005 – 2006 Disarmament of the Lou Nuer
• 2006 Battle of Malakal
• 2008 – ongoing Sudanese nomadic conflicts
• 2010 – 2011 George Athor's rebellion
• 2008 – present Sudanese nomadic conflicts
  • 2011 – ongoing Ethnic violence in South Sudan (2011–present)
• 2011 – 2020 Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile
• 2012 Heglig Crisis
• 2013 – 2020 South Sudanese Civil War
• 2022– present Abyei border conflict (2022–present)

Tanzania

• July 28, 1914 – November 11, 1918 World War I
• 1964 Zanzibar Revolution
• 1972 1972 invasion of Uganda
• 1978 – 1979 Uganda–Tanzania War

Uganda

• 1966 Mengo Crisis
• January 25, 1971 1971 Ugandan coup d'état
• 1972 1972 invasion of Uganda
• 1974 Arube uprising
• 1976 Operation Entebbe
• 1977 Operation Mafuta Mingi
• 1977 1977 invasion of Uganda
• 1978 – 1979 Uganda-Tanzania War
  • April 11, 1979 Fall of Kampala
• 1980 – 1986 Ugandan Bush War
  • July 27, 1985 1985 Ugandan coup d'état
  • January 26, 1986 Battle of Kampala
• 1986 – 1994 War in Uganda (1986-1994)
• 1987 – 1990 Kenyan-Ugandan border conflict
• 1987 – ongoing Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
• 1996 – ongoing Allied Democratic Forces insurgency
• 1996 – 2002 UNRF II insurgency
• 2016 Kasese clashes

Central Africa

Cameroon

• 1804–1808 Fulani War
• 1835–1836 Fula jihads
• July 28, 1914 – November 11, 1918 World War I
• September 1, 1939 – September 2, 1945 World War II
• 1955 – 1964 Cameroon War
• 1981 – present Bakassi conflict
  • 1981 – 2005 Nigerian-Cameroonian conflict over Bakassi
  • 2006 – 2018 First Bakassi insurgency
  • 2021 – present Pro-Biafran insurgency in Bakassi
• 6 February 2007 – ongoing Operation Juniper Shield
  • 2009 – present Boko Haram insurgency
    • 23 January – 24 December 2015 2015 West African offensive
    • November 2018 – February 2020 Chad Basin campaign (2018–2020)
• 2017 – present Anglophone Crisis
  • July 3, 2018 Battle of Batibo
  • July 28, 2018 Ndop prison break
  • September 25, 2018 Wum prison break
  • 26 April – May 1, 2020 Operation Free Bafut
  • 8 September 2020 – present Operation Bamenda Clean
  • May – June 2021 Operation Bui Clean
  • September 16, 2021 September 2021 Bamessing ambush
  • July 31, 2022 Battle of Bambui

Central African Republic

• 1928–1931 Kongo-Wara rebellion
• December, 31 1965 – January, 1 1966 Saint-Sylvestre coup d'état
• September 21, 1979 1979 Central African coup d'état
• September 1, 1981 1981 Central African Republic coup d'état
• March 3, 1982 1982 Central African Republic coup attempt
• 1987 – present Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
• May 27 – 28, 2001 2001 Central African Republic coup attempt
• October 25 – 31, 2002 2002 Central African Republic coup attempt
• March 15, 2003 2003 Central African Republic coup d'état
• 2004 – 2007 Central African Republic Bush War
• 2012 – present Central African Republic Civil War (2012–present)
  • March 22 – 23, 2013 Battle of Bangui (2013)
  • 13 April 2013 – 10 January 2014 Central African Republic conflict under the Djotodia administration

Chad

Kanem Empire

• c. 1203–1243 Dunama Dabbalemi, of the Sayfawa dynasty, mai of the Kanem Empire, declared jihad against the surrounding tribes and initiated an extended period of conquest
• c. 1342 – c. 1388 Fall of Kanem
  • c. 1342 – c. 1352 Sao Resurgence
  • c. 1376 – c. 1388 Bulala Invasion

French Chad

• 1909–1911 Ouaddai War
• 1915 – 15 November 1917 Massacre des coupes-coupes (in Arabic: Kabkab Massacre, مجزرة كبكب)

Republic of Chad

• 1 November 1965 Mangalmé riots
• 1965 – 1979 Chadian Civil War (1965–1979)
• 1978 – 1987 Chadian–Libyan conflict
  • 1983 – 1984 Operation Manta
  • February 13, 1986 – August 1, 2014 Opération Épervier
  • 1986 – 1987 Toyota War
• 1983 Chadian–Nigerian War
• December 2 – 3, 1990 1990 Chadian coup d'état
• 2002 – ongoing Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)
  • 6 February 2007 – ongoing Operation Juniper Shield
• May 16, 2004 2004 Chadian coup attempt
• 2005 – 2010 War in Chad
  • 18 December 2005 Battle of Adré
  • 6 January 2006 Raid on Borota
  • 6 March 2006 Raid on Amdjereme
  • 13 April 2006 Battle of N'Djamena (2006)
  • 1 May 2006 Raid on Dalola
  • 2–4 February 2008 Battle of N'Djamena (2008)
  • 18 June 2008 Battle of Am Zoer
  • 7 May 2009 Battle of Am Dam
  • 24–28 April 2010 Battle of Tamassi
• 2009 – present Boko Haram insurgency
  • 23 January – 24 December 2015 2015 West African offensive
  • November 2018 – February 2020 Chad Basin campaign (2018–2020)
• May 1, 2013 2013 Chadian coup attempt
• 2016 – present Insurgency in Chad (2016–present)
  • April 11 – May 9, 2021 2021 Northern Chad offensive

Congo (Republic of)

• 1665–1709 Kongo Civil War
• June 27 – July 6, 1966 1966 Republic of the Congo coup attempt
• September 4, 1968 1968 Republic of the Congo coup d'état
• February 22, 1972 1972 Republic of the Congo coup attempt
• July – September 1987 1987 Republic of the Congo coup attempt
• 1993 – 1994 Republic of the Congo Civil War (1993–94)
• 1997 – 1999 Republic of the Congo Civil War (1997–1999)
• 2002 – 2003 2002–2003 conflict in the Pool Department
• 2016 – 2017 Pool War

Congo (Democratic Republic of)

Main article: List of conflicts in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

• 1892–1894 Congo–Arab war
• 1895–1908 Batetela rebellion
• 28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918 World War I
• 1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945 World War II
• 1960 – 1965 Congo Crisis
  • September 14, 1960 First Mobutu coup d'état
  • 1963 – 1965 Kwilu rebellion
  • 1963 – 1965 Simba Rebellion
  • 1963 – 1966 Kanyarwanda War
  • November 25, 1965 Second Mobutu coup d'état
• 1960 – 1962 South Kasai's secession
  • August – September 1960 Invasion of South Kasai
  • September – October 1962 Coup d'état of South Kasai
• 1963 – ongoing Katanga insurgency
• 1966 - 1967 Stanleyville mutinies
• 1977 Shaba I
• 1978 Shaba II
• 1987 — ongoing Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
• September — October 1991 1991 Zaire unrest
• November 13, 1996 — ongoing Allied Democratic Forces insurgency
• 1996 – 1997 First Congo War
  • October 1996 – May 1997 Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War
  • April 9, 1997 Capture of Lubumbashi
  • March 13 – 15, 1997 Battle of Kinsangani (1997)
• 1998 – 2003 Second Congo War

  

  Belligerents of the Second Congo War

  • August 4 – 30, 1998 Operation Kitona
  • June 5 – 10, 2000 Six-Day War (2000)
  • October 2002 – January 2003 Effacer le tableau
• 1999 – ongoing Ituri Conflict
• 2004 – ongoing Kivu Conflict
  • 26 October 2008 – 23 March 2009 2008 Nord-Kivu campaign
  • 20 January 2009 – 27 February 2009 2009 Eastern Congo offensive
  • 4 April 2012 – 7 November 2013 M23 rebellion
  • June 30 – August 10, 2014 2014 North Kivu offensive
  • June 1, 2017 – December 26, 2017 2017 CNPSC offensive
  • March 27, 2022 – present M23 offensive (2022–present)
• June 11, 2004 2004 Democratic Republic of the Congo coup attempt
• 2009 Dongo conflict
• February 27, 2011 2011 Democratic Republic of the Congo coup attempt
• 2013 – 2018 Batwa-Luba clashes
• December 30, 2013 December 2013 Kinshasa attacks
• 2016 – 2019 Kamwina Nsapu rebellion
• February 8, 2022 2022 Democratic Republic of the Congo coup d'état allegations
• 2022 – present Western DR Congo clashes
• May 19, 2024 2024 Democratic Republic of the Congo coup attempt

Equatorial Guinea

• 3–18 August 1979 1979 Equatorial Guinea coup d'état
• 7 March 2004 2004 Equatorial Guinea coup attempt
• December 2017 2017 Equatorial Guinea coup attempt

Gabon

• February 17 – 19, 1964 1964 Gabonese coup d'état
• January 7, 2019 2019 Gabonese coup attempt
• August 30, 2023 2023 Gabonese coup d'état

São Tomé and Príncipe

• February 3, 1953 Batepá Massacre
• March 8, 1988 1988 São Tomé and Príncipe coup attempt
• August 15 – 22, 1995 1995 São Tomé and Príncipe coup attempt
• July 16 – 23, 2003 2003 São Tomé and Príncipe coup attempt
• November 24 – 25, 2022 2022 São Tomé and Príncipe coup attempt

Horn of Africa

Main article: Conflicts in the Horn of Africa

Djibouti

• 1991 – 1994 Djiboutian Civil War
• 1994 – present FRUD insurgency
• 2008 Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict

Eritrea

Italian Eritrea

• 1895–1896 First Italo-Ethiopia War
  • 13 January 1895 Battle of Coatit
• 3 October 1935 – May 1936 Second Italo-Ethiopian War
  • 3 October 1935 – December 1935 De Bono's invasion of Abyssinia

Italian East Africa

• 10 June 1940 – 27 November 1941 World War II
  • 10 June 1940 – 2 May 1945 Mediterranean and Middle East theatre
    • 10 June 1940 – 27 November 1941 East African Campaign
      • 5 February 1941 – 1 April 1941 Battle of Keren

Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea

• 1961 – 1991 Eritrean War of Independence
  • 1 September 1991 Battle of Adal
  • 17 September 1976 - 22 March 1977 Siege of Nakfa
  • 1977 – 1978 Battle of Massawa (1977)
  • September 1977 - August 1978 Siege of Barentu
  • 15 February – 5 July 1982 Red Star Campaign
  • 17–20 March 1988 Battle of Afabet
  • 8–17 February 1990 Battle of Massawa (1990)

Ethiopian Empire

• February 1972 – 13 October 1974 First Eritrean Civil War

Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia

• February 1980 – 24 March 1981 Second Eritrean Civil War

State of Eritrea

• 1995 – 2018 Second Afar insurgency
• 1995 Hanish Islands conflict
• 1998 – 2018 Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict
  • 1998 – 2000 Eritrean–Ethiopian War
    • 6 May – 17 June 1998 1998 Eritrean offensive into Ethiopia
    • February 1999 February 1999 Eritrean–Ethiopian aerial clashes
    • May 29, 2000 Operation Aider
  • 2010 2010 Eritrean–Ethiopian border skirmish
  • 2016 Battle of Tsorona
• 2008 Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict
• 21 January 2013 2013 Eritrean Army mutiny
• 2020 – 2022 Tigray War

Ethiopia

Axumite Empire

• c. 300 CE Ezana of Axum is said to have launched several military campaigns and destroyed the Kingdom of Kush
• 525 Conquest of the Himyarite Kingdom by Axum
• 570–578 Aksumite-Persian wars
  • Battle of Hadhramaut
  • Siege of Sanaa (570)
• c. 900 King of Aksum Degna Djan led military expeditions as far south as Ennarea
• c. 960 Axumite Empire is said to have been destroyed by Gudit of the Kingdom of Simien

Makhzumi Dynasty

• c. 1270 Makhzumi Sultan assisted Yekuno Amlak rebellion against Zagwe dynasty
• c. 1285 the Conquest of Makhzumi by the Ifat Sultanate

Ethiopian Empire

• 1314–1344 Conquests of the Emperor Amda Seyon I
  • c. 1316 Early military actions
    • c. 1316 Emperor Amda Seyon I successfully campaigned against the Muslim kingdoms of Damot and Hadiya
  • c. 1320 Rebellion of Haqq ad-Din I
  • c. 1329 Northern campaigns
  • c. 1332 Later campaigns
  • c. 1320–1415 Abyssinian wars against the Sultanate of Ifat
• 1529–1543 Ethiopian-Adal War
  • March 1529 Battle of Shimbra Kure
  • 1531 Battle of Antukyah
  • 28 October 1531 Battle of Amba Sel
  • 24 April 1541 Battle of Sahart
  • 2 February 1542 Battle of Baçente
  • 4–16 April 1542 Battle of Jarte
  • August 1542 Battle of the Hill of the Jews
  • 28 August 1542 Battle of Wofla
  • 21 February 1543 Battle of Wayna Daga
• 1769–1855 Zemene Mesafint
• December 1867 – May 1868 British Expedition to Abyssinia
• 12 January 1872 – 10 March 1889 Conquests of Yohannes IV of Ethiopia
  • 1875–1881 War with Ottoman Egypt
  • 1885 War with Sudan
• 1886–1887 war with Emirate of Harar
  • October 1886 Battle of Hirna
  • 9 January 1887 Battle of Chelenqo
• 1881–1899 Mahdist War
  • 14 October 1888 Battle of Guté Dili
• 1895–1896 First Italo-Ethiopia War
  • 1 March 1896 Battle of Adwa
  • 7 December 1895 Battle of Amba Alagi
  • 13 January 1895 Battle of Coatit
• 3 October 1935 – May 1936 Second Italo-Ethiopia War
  • 3 October – December 1935 De Bono's invasion of Abyssinia
  • 15 December 1935 – 20 January 1936 Ethiopian Christmas Offensive
  • 12–20 January 1936 Battle of Genale Doria
  • 20–24 January 1936 First Battle of Tembien
  • 1–19 February 1936 Battle of Amba Aradam
  • 27–29 February 1936 Second Battle of Tembien
  • 29 February – 2 March 1936 Battle of Shire
  • 31 March 1936 Battle of Maychew
  • 14–25 April 1936 Battle of the Ogaden
  • 26 April – 5 May 1936 March of the Iron Will
• 1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945 World War II
  • 10 June 1940 – 2 May 1945 Mediterranean and Middle East theatre
    • 10 June 1940 – 27 November 1941 East African Campaign
• 13 – 17 December 1960 1960 Ethiopian coup attempt
• 1961 – 1991 Eritrean War of Independence
  • 1 September 1991 Battle of Adal
  • 17 September 1976 - 22 March 1977 Siege of Nakfa
  • 1977 – 1978 Battle of Massawa (1977)
  • September 1977 - August 1978 Siege of Barentu
  • 15 February – 5 July 1982 Red Star Campaign
  • 17–20 March 1988 Battle of Afabet
  • 8–17 February 1990 Battle of Massawa (1990)
• 1963 – 1970 Bale revolt
• 1963 – 1965 1963–1965 Ogaden rebellion
• 1964 1964 Ethiopian–Somali Border War
• 12 January – 12 September 1974 Ethiopian Revolution
• 1974 – 1991 Ethiopian Civil War
  • 12 September 1974 1974 Ethiopian coup d'état

Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia

• 12 September 1974 – 28 May 1991 Ethiopian Civil War
  • 23 November 1974 Massacre of the Sixty
  • 23 September 1976 – 22 March 1978 Red Terror (Ethiopia)
  • 22 June 1988 Hawzen massacre (1988)
  • 16 May 1989 1989 Ethiopian coup attempt
  • 28 May 1991 Fall of the Derg regime
• 13 July 1977 – 15 March 1978 Ogaden War
  • 13 July – October 1977 Somali invasion of Ogaden
  • July 1977 – August 1977 Battle of Dire Dawa
  • September 1977 – 5 March 1978 Battle of Jijiga
  • October 1977 – 27 January 1978 Battle of Harar
• 1982 1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

• 1973 – ongoing Oromo conflict
  • 2018 – present OLA insurgency
    • 18 March 2021 – 18 April 2021 2021 Ataye clashes
    • 29 March – 19 April 2022 2022 North Shewa clashes
  • 23 – 28 October 2019 October 2019 Ethiopian clashes
  • 30 June – 2 July 2020 Hachalu Hundessa riots
• 1992 – 2018 Insurgency in Ogaden
  • 2007 – 2008 2007–2008 Ethiopian crackdown in Ogaden
• 1994 – present Ethnic violence in Konso
• 1994 – present Ethnic violence against Amaro Koore
• 1998 – 2018 Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict
  • 1998 – 2000 Eritrean–Ethiopian War
    • 6 May – 17 June 1998 1998 Eritrean offensive into Ethiopia
    • February 1999 February 1999 Eritrean–Ethiopian aerial clashes
    • May 29, 2000 Operation Aider
  • 2010 2010 Eritrean–Ethiopian border skirmish
  • 2016 Battle of Tsorona
• Early to mid 2000s – present Gambela conflict
• 2002 – ongoing Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa
• 2016 – 2018 Oromo–Somali clashes
• 2018 – present Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)
  • 22 June 2019 Amhara Region coup attempt
  • 2019 – 2022 Benishangul-Gumuz conflict
  • 2020 – present Afar–Somali clashes
  • 2020 – 2022 Tigray War
    • 3 – 4 November 2020 Northern Command attacks (Ethiopia)
    • 9 – 11 November 2020 Battle of Humera
    • 17 – 28 November 2020 Mekelle offensive
    • 11 June 2021 – 6 July 2021 Operation Alula
    • 31 October – 1 December 2021 TDF–OLA joint offensive
    • 26 November – 23 December 2021 ENDF National Unity Offensive
    • 14 – 18 October 2022 Battle of Shire (2022)
  • 2020 – 2022 Al-Fashaga conflict
  • 2022 2022 al-Shabaab invasion of Ethiopia
  • 2023 – present War in Amhara

Somalia

Ajuuraan State

• 1580s Ajuran-Portuguese wars

Italian East Africa

• 10 June 1940 – 27 November 1941 World War II
  • 10 June 1940 – 2 May 1945 Mediterranean and Middle East theatre
    • 10 June 1940 – 27 November 1941 East African Campaign
      • 3–19 August 1940 Italian conquest of British Somaliland

Somali Republic

• 1961 1961 revolt in Somalia
• 21 October 1969 1969 Somali coup d'état

Somali Democratic Republic

• 1977 – 1978 Ogaden War
  • 13 July – October 1977 Somali invasion of Ogaden
  • July 1977 – August 1977 Battle of Dire Dawa
  • September 1977 – 5 March 1978 Battle of Jijiga
  • October 1977 – 27 January 1978 Battle of Harar
• 1978 – 1991 Somali Rebellion
  • 9 April 1978 1978 Somali coup attempt
  • 1981 – 1991 Somaliland War of Independence
    • 1987 – 1989 Isaaq genocide
• June–August 1982 1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War

Federal Republic of Somalia

• 1991 – ongoing Somali Civil War
  • 5 December 1992 – 4 May 1993 Unified Task Force
    • December 1992 – May 19 Operation Deliverance
  • 26 March 1993 – 28 March 1995 United Nations Operation in Somalia II
    • 5 June 1993 June 1993 attack on Pakistani military in Somalia
    • 2 July 1993 Battle of Checkpoint Pasta
    • 12 July 1993 Bloody Monday raid
    • 22 August 1993 – 13 October 1993 Operation Gothic Serpent
      • 3–4 October 1993 Battle of Mogadishu (1993)
  • 1998 – ongoing Puntland-Somaliland dispute
    • 15 October 2007 Battle of Las Anod (2007)
    • 8 January 2018 Battle of Tukaraq
  • 4 June – 20 December 2006 2006 Islamic Courts Union offensive
    • 7 May – 11 July 2006 Battle of Mogadishu (2006)
  • 20 December 2006 – 30 January 2009 Somalia War (2006–2009)
    • 20–26 December 2006 Battle of Baidoa
    • 23–25 December 2006 Battle of Bandiradley
    • 24–25 December 2006 Battle of Beledweyne (2006)
    • 27 December 2006 Battle of Jowhar
    • 28 December 2006 Fall of Mogadishu
    • 31 December 2006 – 1 January 2007 Battle of Jilib
    • 1 January 2007 Fall of Kismayo
    • 5 – 12 January 2007 Battle of Ras Kamboni
    • 21 March – 26 April 2007 Battle of Mogadishu (March–April 2007)
    • 8–16 November 2007 Battle of Mogadishu (November 2007)
    • 19–20 April 2008 Battle of Mogadishu (2008)
    • 31 May – 3 June 2007 Battle of Bargal (2007)
    • 1–26 July 2008 Battle of Beledweyne (2008)
    • 8 July 2008 – 26 January 2009 Siege of Baidoa
    • 20–22 August 2008 Battle of Kismayo (2008)
  • 2000 – ongoing Piracy off the coast of Somalia
    • 18 March 2006 Action of 18 March 2006
    • 29 October 2007 Dai Hong Dan incident
    • 8 December 2008 – ongoing Operation Atalanta
      • 16 September 2008 Carré d'As IV incident
      • 9 April 2009 April 2009 raid off Somalia
    • 17 August 2009 – ongoing Operation Ocean Shield
      • 30 March 2010 Action of 30 March 2010
      • 18–21 January 2011 MV Beluga Nomination incident
    • 6 May 2010 MV Moscow University hijacking
    • 12 January 2012 Attack on Spanish oiler Patiño
  • 31 January 2009 – ongoing Somali Civil War (2009–present)
    • 22 February 2009 2009 African Union base bombings in Mogadishu
    • 24–25 February 2009 Battle of South Mogadishu
    • 7 May – 1 October 2009 Battle of Mogadishu (2009)
    • 11 May – 1 October 2009 Battle for Central Somalia (2009)
    • 5 June 2009 Battle of Wabho
    • 18 June 2009 2009 Beledweyne bombing
    • 1–7 October 2009 Battle of Kismayo (2009)
    • 10–14 January 2010 Battle of Beledweyne (2010)
    • May–July 2010 Ayn clashes
    • 1 May 2010 Mogadishu bombings
    • 20 July 2010 2010 Kenya–Al-Shabaab border clash
    • 8 August – 17 October 2010 Galgala campaign
    • 23 August 2010 – 6 August 2011 Battle of Mogadishu (2010–2011)
    • 27 April 2011 Battle of Gedo
    • 4 October 2011 Mogadishu bombing
    • 16 October 2011 – June 2012 Operation Linda Nchi
      • 28 September – 1 October 2012 Battle of Kismayo (2012)
    • 11 January 2013 Bulo Marer hostage rescue attempt
  • 2001 – 2021 War on Terrorism
    • 7 October 2002 – ongoing Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa
      • 3 March 2008 Dobley airstrike
      • 1 May 2008 Dhusamareb airstrike
      • 8–12 April 2009 Maersk Alabama hijacking
      • 14 September 2009 2009 Baraawe raid
      • 25 January 2012 Rescue of Jessica Buchanan and Poul Hagen Thisted
  • 2023 – present Las Anod conflict (2023–present)
  • 2024 – present Constitutional crisis in Somalia
    • 11 December 2024 – present Jubaland crisis

Indian Ocean islands

Comoros

• May 13, 1978 1978 Comorian coup d'état
• September 28 – October 3, 1995 Operation Azalee
• April 30, 1999 1999 Comorian coup d'état
• March 25, 2008 Invasion of Anjouan

Madagascar

• 1883–1885 First Madagascar expedition
• 1894–1895 Second Madagascar expedition
• 1942 Battle of Madagascar (World War II)
• 1947 – 1949 Malagasy Uprising
• 26 January – 7 November 2009 2009 Malagasy political crisis
• 2009 2009 Camp Capsat mutiny

Mauritius

• August 20, 1810 – August 27, 1810 Battle of Grand Port

Seychelles

• 4–5 June 1977 1977 Seychelles coup d'état
• 25 November 1981 1981 Seychelles coup attempt

North Africa

Main article: List of conflicts in North Africa

Algeria

Main article: List of conflicts in Algeria

• 264 BCE – 146 BCE Punic Wars
• 112 BCE – 106 BCE Jugurthine War
• 420s Vandals conquer the Roman province
• June 533 – March 534 Vandalic War
• 544 – Second Moorish uprising and the revolt of Guntharic
• 647 – 709 Muslim conquest of the Maghreb
• 1518 Fall of Tlemcen
• 1529 Capture of Peñón of Algiers
• September 14, 1769 – May 16, 1772 Danish–Algerian War
• 1830 – 1847 French conquest of Algeria
• 1835 – 1903 Pacification of Algeria
• June 10, 1940 – May 13, 1943 North African Campaign (World War II)
• May 8, 1945 Sétif and Guelma massacre
• 1954 – 1962 Algerian War
  • 1 November 1954 Toussaint Rouge
  • 18 January 1955 Battle of Douar Souadek
  • 18 January – 24 February 1955 Operation Véronique
  • September 1955 First Battle of El Djorf
  • 20 August 1955 Battle of Philippeville
  • April 1956 — 1 October 1956 Operation Blue Bird
  • 30 September 1956 — 24 September 1957 Battle of Algiers
  • 23 May 1957 — 25 May 1957 Battle of Agounennda
  • 4 – 12 August 1957 Battle of Bouzegza
  • 21 January 1958 – 28 May 1958 Battle of the borders (Algerian war)
  • 13 May 1958 May 1958 crisis
  • 28–31 May 1958 Battle of Bab El Bekkouche
  • July 1959 — March 1960 Operation Jumelles
  • 21 April 1961 — 26 April 1961 Algiers putsch
  • 23 March 1962 — 6 April 1962 Battle of Bab El Oued
• 5 July – 9 September 1962 1962 Algerian crisis
• September 25, 1963 – February 20, 1964 Sand War
• September 29, 1963 – October 1964 Socialist Forces Front rebellion in Algeria
• 19 June 1965 1965 Algerian coup d'état
• 14 – 16 December 1967 1967 Algerian coup attempt
• 1970 – ongoing Western Sahara conflict
• 1991 – 2002 Algerian Civil War
  • 11 January 1992 1992 Algerian coup d'état
  • 3 April 1997 — 4 April 1997 Thalit massacre
  • 22 April 1997 Haouch Khemisti massacre
  • 16 June 1997 Daïat Labguer (M'sila) Massacre
  • 27 July 1997 Si Zerrouk massacre
  • 3 August 1997 Oued El-Had and Mezouara massacre
  • 20 August 1997 — August 21, 1997 Souhane massacre
  • 26 August 1997 Beni Ali massacre
  • 28 August 1997 Rais massacre
  • 5 September 1997 — 6 September 1997 Beni Messous massacre
  • 19 September 1997 — 20 September 1997 Guelb El-Kebir massacre
  • 22 September 1997 — 23 September 1997 Bentalha massacre
  • 23 December 1997 — 24 December 1997 Sid El-Antri massacre
  • 30 December 1997 Wilaya of Relizane massacres of 30 December 1997
• 2002 – ongoing Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)
  • 2007 – ongoing Operation Juniper Shield
  • 16–19 January 2013 In Amenas hostage crisis

Egypt

Main article: List of conflicts in Egypt

• 1803–1807 Muhammad Ali's seizure of power
• 1881–1899 Mahdist War
• June 11, 1940 – February 4, 1943: North African Campaign, part of World War II
• 1952 Battle of Ismailia (1952)
• 1952 1952 Egyptian revolution
• 1956 Suez Crisis
• 1967 Six-Day War
• 1970 War of Attrition
• 1973 Yom Kippur War
• 1977 Libyan–Egyptian War
• 1981 – present Terrorism in Egypt
  • 2011 – 2023 Sinai insurgency
  • 2013 – ongoing Terrorism in Egypt (2013–present)
• 1986 1986 Egyptian conscripts riot
• 2011 – 2014 Egyptian crisis (2011–14)
  • January 25 – February 11, 2011 Egyptian Revolution
  • 12 February 2011 – 30 June 2012 2011-2012 Egypt protests
  • November 22, 2012 – July 3, 2013 2012–13 Egyptian protests
  • June 28, 2013 – July 3, 2013 June 2013 Egyptian protests
  • July 3, 2013 2013 Egyptian coup d'état
  • 3 July 2013 – 8 June 2014 Post-coup unrest in Egypt (2013–2014)
    • 8 July 2013 Republican Guard headquarters clashes
    • 19 September 2013 Raid on Kerdasa
    • 19 July 2014 2014 Farafra ambush
• 4–14 April 2014 2014 Aswan tribal clashes

Libya

Main article: List of conflicts in Libya

• c. 1279 BC – 1213 BC Ramesses II's Campaigns in Libya
• 264 BC – 146 BC Punic Wars
• 112 BC – 106 BC Jugurthine War
• 420s Vandal conquer the Roman province
• 461 - 468 Vandal War (461–468)
• June 533 – March 534 Vandalic War
• 544 Second Moorish uprising and the revolt of Guntharic
• 647 – 709 Muslim conquest of the Maghreb
• Ottoman–Habsburg wars
  • 1551 Siege of Tripoli
• 1711 1711 Karamanli coup
• 1793 – 1795 Tripolitanian civil war
• 1797 Action of 16 May 1797
• 1801 – 05 First Barbary War
• 1825 Sardinian-Tripolitanian war of 1825
• 1911 – 43 Libyan resistance movement
• 1911 – 12 Italo-Turkish War
• June 11, 1940 – February 4, 1943 Western Desert Campaign, part of World War II
• 1 September 1969 1969 Libyan revolution
• 7 December 1969 1969 Libyan coup attempt
• 1970 Black Prince conspiracy
• 21 – 24 July 1977 Egyptian-Libyan War
• 29 January 1978 – 11 September 1987 Chadian-Libyan conflict
  • 16 December 1986 – 11 September 1987 Toyota War
• August 19, 1981 Gulf of Sidra incident (1981)
• May 8, 1984 Bab al-Azizia siege
• March 24, 1986 Action in the Gulf of Sidra (1986)
• 15 April 1986 1986 United States bombing of Libya
• 4 January 1989 1989 air battle near Tobruk
• 22 October 1993 1993 Libyan coup attempt
• 2002 – ongoing Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)
• November 2008 2008 Kufra conflict
• 2011 – present Libyan crisis
  • 2011 First Libyan Civil War
    • February 15 — 20, 2011 First Battle of Benghazi
    • February 17 — 25, 2011 Tripoli protests and clashes (February 2011)
    • February 18 — May 15, 2011 Battle of Misrata (2011)
    • February 24 — March 10, 2011 First Battle of Zawiya
    • March 1 — August 18, 2011 2011 Nafusa Mountains campaign
      • April 21, 2011 Battle of Wazzin
      • August 13 — 18, 2011 Battle of Gharyan
    • March 2, 2011 First Battle of Brega
    • March 19 — October 31, 2011 2011 military intervention in Libya
      • March 19 — October 31, 2011 Operation Ellamy
      • March 19 — 31, 2,011 C.E. Opération Harmattan
      • March 19 — November 1, 2011 Operation Mobile
      • March 19 — 31, 2011 Operation Odyssey Dawn
      • March 23 — October 31, 2011 Operation Unified Protector
  • 2011 – 2014 Factional violence in Libya (2011–2014)
    • January 23 — 25, 2012 2012 Bani Walid uprising
    • February 12 — July 1, 2012 2012 Kufra conflict
    • March 25 — 31, 2012 2012 Sabha conflict
    • June 4, 2012 2012 Tripoli airport clashes
    • June 11 — 18, 2012 2012 Zintan clashes
    • September 9. — October 26, 2012 Siege of Bani Walid (2012)
    • September 11 — 12, 2012 2012 Benghazi attack
    • June 8 — 15, 2013 2013 Benghazi conflict
    • February 14 — May 2014 2014 Libyan coup attempts
  • 2014 – 2020 Second Libyan Civil War
    • July 13 — August 23, 2014 Battle of Tripoli Airport
    • October 5, 2014 — April 21, 2016 ISIL takeover of Derna
    • October 15, 2014 – December 30, 2017 Battle of Benghazi (2014–2017)
    • January 27, 2015 2015 Corinthia Hotel attack
    • February 8 — 9, 2015 Fall of Nofaliya (2015)
    • February 12, 2015 – October 26, 2020 Egyptian intervention in Libya (2015–2020)
    • 13 November 2015 – 30 October 2019 U.S. intervention in Libya (2015–2019)
    • 14 October 2016 – 14 November 2018 Western Libya clashes (2016–2018)
    • March 3 – 14 2017 Gulf of Sidra Offensive (2017)
    • January – April 2019 Southern Libya offensive
    • 4 April 2019 – 5 June 2020 Western Libya campaign
    • 5 January 2020 – present 2020 Turkish intervention in Libya
    • June 6 – 11, 2020 Central Libya offensive
  • March – December 2022 2022 Tripoli clashes
  • 14 – 15 August 2023 2023 Tripoli clashes

Morocco

Main article: List of conflicts in Morocco

• 264 BCE – 146 BCE Punic Wars
• 112 BCE – 106 BCE Jugurthine War
• 420s Vandals conquer the Roman province
• June 533 – March 534 Vandalic War
• 544 Second Moorish uprising and the revolt of Guntharic
• 647–709 Muslim conquest of the Maghreb
• 739–743 Berber Revolt
• 1130–1147 Almoravid-Almohad War
• 1215–1269 Almohad-Marinid War
• 1125–1269 Almohad-Marinid War
• 1299–1370 Morocco-Tlemcen conflict
• 1415–1578 Moroccan-Portuguese conflict
• 1465 Moroccan Revolt
• 1527–1554 Wattassid-Saadian War
• September 1497 Conquest of Melilla
• 1554–1830 Moroccan-Turkish border conflict
• 1577 A Moroccan expedition occupied Taghaza
• 1582 A first expedition to Timbuktu was defeated
• 1591 A Moroccan expeditionary force defeated the Songhay army at Tondibi and conquered Gao, Timbuktu and Djenné
• 1603–1627 War of Succession
• 1613–1666 Civil War
• 1844 First Franco-Moroccan War
• 1859 Spanish-Moroccan War
• 1893 Rif War
• 1909 Rif War
• 1911–1912 Second Franco-Moroccan War
• 1920–1926 Rif War
• 1914–1921 Zaian War
• 1942 North African Campaign
• 1957 – 1958 Ifni War
• 1958 – 1959 Rif Revolt
• 1963 – 1964 Sand War
• 1970 – present Western Sahara conflict
  • 1973 – 1976 Sahrawi insurgency
  • 1975 Green March
  • 1975 – 1991 Western Sahara War
  • 2020 – present Western Saharan clashes (2020–present)
• July 10, 1971 1971 Moroccan coup attempt
• August 16, 1972 1972 Moroccan coup attempt
• April 11, 2002 – ongoing Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)
  • 6 February 2007 – ongoing Operation Juniper Shield
• July 11 – 18, 2002 Perejil Island crisis
• August 29, 2012 2012 Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera incident

Sudan

Nubia

• c. 3050 BCE Hor-Aha, the second pharaoh of Egypt, led a campaign against the Nubians

Kingdom of Kerma

• c. 1506 BCE – 1493 BCE During the reign of Thutmose I, the Kingdom of Kerma rebelled against Egyptian rule and Thutmose I traveled up the Nile and fought in the battle, killing the Nubian king.

Egyptian Empire

• c. 1282 BCE Seti's military campaigns
• c. 1279 BCE – 1213 BCE Remesses II's campaigns in Nubia

Kingdom of Kush

• 23 BCE The Roman prefect of Egypt invaded the Kingdom of Kush after an initial attack by the queen of Meröe, razing Napata to the ground
• c. 300 CE Ezana of Axum launched several military campaigns, destroying the Kingdom of Kush

Kingdom of Makuria

• 1312 Mamluk Invasion

Sultanate of Darfur

• 1722–1786 Civil War

Egyptian Eyalet

• February 1820 – October 1822 Invasion of Libya and Sudan

Khedivate of Egypt

• 1899–1901 Rabih War
  • 1874 Rabih az-Zubayr conquered the Sultanate of Darfur
• 1881–1899 The Mahdist War
  • 3–5 November 1883 Battle of El Obeid
  • 4–29 February 1884 First and Second Battles of El Teb
  • 13 March 1884 Battle of Tamai
  • 13 March 1884 – 26 January 1885 Siege of Khartoum
  • 17 January 1885 Battle of Abu Klea
  • 10 February 1885 Battle of Kirbekan
  • 22 March 1885 Battle of Tofrek
  • 30 December 1885 Battle of Ginnis
  • 20 December 1888 Battle of Suakin
  • 9–10 March 1889 Battle of Gallabat
  • 17 July 1894 Battle of Kassala
  • 7 June 1896 Battle of Ferkeh
  • 8 April 1898 Battle of Atbara
  • 2 September 1898 Battle of Omdurman
  • 25 November 1899 Battle of Umm Diwaykarat

Anglo-Egyptian Sudan

• 28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918 World War I
  • 29 October 1914 – 30 October 1918 Middle Eastern theatre
    • 1914–1918 North African theatre
      • 19 November 1915 – February 1917 Senussi Campaign

• 1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945 World War II
  • 10 June 1940 – 2 May 1945 Mediterranean and Middle East theatre
    • 10 June 1940 – 27 November 27 1941 East African Campaign
      • 3–19 August 1940 Italian conquest of British Somaliland
      • 5 February 1941 – 1 April 1941 Battle of Keren
      • 4–19 May 1941 Battle of Amba Alagi
      • 13–27 November 1941 Battle of Gondar

Republic of the Sudan

• 18 August 1955 – 27 March 1972 First Sudanese Civil War
  • 17 November 1958 1958 Sudanese coup d'état
  • 25 May 1969 1969 Sudanese coup d'état

Republic of the Sudan

• 5 June 1983 – 9 January 2005 Second Sudanese Civil War
  • 6 April 1985 1985 Sudanese coup d'état
  • 30 June 1989 1989 Sudanese coup d'état
• 1987 – present Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
• 20 August 1998 Operation Infinite Reach
• 2003 – 2020 War in Darfur
  • 10 – 12 May 2008 2008 Omdurman attack
• 2006 Battle of Malakal
• 2008 – ongoing Sudanese nomadic conflicts
  • 12 June 2009 2009 Sobat River ambush
  • 23 May 2010 2010 South Darfur clash
• January – February 2009 2009 Sudan airstrikes
• 2011 – 2020 Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile
• 2012 Heglig Crisis
• 19 December 2018 – 10 October 2019 Sudanese Revolution
  • 11 April 2019 2019 Sudanese coup d'état
• 2021 Sudanese coup d'état 2021 Sudanese coup d'état
• 2022 – 2023 Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023)
• 2023 – present Sudanese Civil War

Tunisia

Carthaginian Empire

• 264–146 BCE Punic Wars
  • 264–241 BCE First Punic War
    • 255 BCE Siege of Aspis
    • 255 BCE Siege of Adys
    • 255 BCE Battle of Tunis
  • 240–238 BCE Mercenary War
    • Spring 240 BCE Battle of Utica
    • Autumn 240 BCE Battle of the Bagradas River
    • Autumn 240 BCE Hamilcar's victory with Navaras
    • 238 BCE Battle of "The Saw"
    • 238 BCE Siege of Tunis
  • 218–201 BCE Second Punic War
    • 203 BCE Battle of Utica
    • 203 BCE Battle of the Great Plains
    • 19 October 202 BCE Battle of Zama
  • 149–146 BCE Third Punic War
    • 147 BCE Battle of the Port of Carthage
    • 147 BCE Battle of Nepheris
    • c. 149 BCE – Spring 146 BCE Battle of Carthage

Kingdom of Numidia

• 112–106 BCE Jugurthine War
  • 111–104 BCE Battle of Thala
  • 110 BCE Battle of Suthul
  • 108 BCE Battle of the Muthul

Roman Province of Africa

• 238 CE Battle of Carthage
• 429 CE - 432 Vandal conquest of Roman Africa
• 439 CE Vandal War (439-442): Genseric broke the treaty between the Vandals and the Romans when he invaded the province of Africa Proconsularis and laid siege to Carthage.
• 461 CE - 468 Vandal War (461–468)
  • 468 CE Battle of Cap Bon

Vandal Kingdom

• June 533 – Mach 534 Vandalic War
  • 13 September 533 Battle of Ad Decimum
  • 15 December 533 Battle of Tricamarum

Byzantine Praetorian Prefecture of Africa

• The Moorish Wars
  • 534 First Moorish uprising
  • 536 Military mutiny
  • 544 Second Moorish uprising and the revolt of Guntharic
• 577 Conflict with Moorish kingdom of Garmul

Byzantine Exarchate of Africa

• 647–709 Muslim conquest of the Maghreb
  • 698 Battle of Carthage

Aghlabids

• 824–836 Military mutiny
• 879–880 Invasion of al-Abbas ibn Ahmad ibn Tulun

Fatimid Caliphate

• 909 Fatimid conquest of Ifriqiya from the Aghlabids
• 943–947 Rebellion of Abu Yazid

Almohad Caliphate

• 1160 Ifriqiya conquered and annexed by the Almohads
• 1171–1172 Conquest of North Africa and Nubia by the Ayyubid Dynasty

Ayyubid Dynasty

• 1171–1172 Conquest of North Africa and Nubias by the Ayyubid Dynasty

Hafsid Dynasty

• 1269 Eighth Crusade

Ottoman Tunisia

• 1526–1791 Ottoman-Habsburg wars
  • 16 August 1534 Conquest of Tunis
  • June 1535 Conquest of Tunis
  • 12 July – 13 September 1574 Conquest of Tunis

French Protectorate of Tunisia

• 1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945 World War II
  • 10 June 1940 – 2 May 1945 Mediterranean and Middle East theatre
    • 10 June 1940 – 13 May 1943 North African Campaign
      • 17 November 1942 – 13 May 1943 Tunisia Campaign
        • 10 November – 25 December 1942 Run for Tunis
        • February – May 1943 Battle of Sedjenane
        • 14–17 February 1943 Battle of Sidi Bou Zid
        • 19–25 February 1943 Battle of the Kasserine Pass
        • 6 March 1943 Battle of Medenine
        • 16–27 March 1943 Operation Pugilist
        • 23 March – 3 April 1943 Battle of El Guettar
        • 5–27 April 1943 Operation Flax
        • 6–7 April 1943 Battle of Wadi Akarit
        • 27 April – 1 May 1943 Battle of Hill 609
        • 6–12 May 1943 Operation Vulcan
        • 8–13 May 1943 Operation Retribution

Kingdom of Tunisia

• 1952 – 1956 Tunisian Independence movement

Republic of Tunisia

• 1961 Bizerte Crisis
• 1980 1980 Gafsa Uprising
• 1 October 1985 Operation Wooden Leg
• 7 November 1987 1987 Tunisian coup d'état
• 2002 – present Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)
  • 3 January 2007 Soliman Shooting
  • 2012 – 2019 Chaambi Operations
• 18 December 2010 – 14 January 2011 Tunisian Revolution
• 3 – 4 February 2014 Raoued Operation
• 2015 – 2022 ISIL insurgency in Tunisia
• 25 July 2021 2021 Tunisian self-coup

Southern Africa

Angola

• 1961 – 1974 Angolan War of Independence
• 1966 – 1990 South African Border War

  

  Maximum extent of South African and UNITA operations in Angola and Zambia during the South African Border War

  • 4 May 1978 Battle of Cassinga
• 1975 – present Cabinda War
• 1975 – 2002 Angolan Civil War
  • 27 May 1977 1977 Angolan coup attempt
  • 14 August 1987 – 23 March 1988 Battle of Cuito Cuanavale

Lesotho

• 1880–1881 Basotho Gun War
• 30 January 1970 1970 Lesotho coup d'état
• 1974 – 1990 BCP Insurgency
• 20 January 1986 1986 Lesotho coup d'état
• 30 April 1991 1991 Lesotho coup d'état
• 17 August 1994 1994 Lesotho coup d'état
• 22 September 1998 – May 1999 South African intervention in Lesotho
• 30 August 2014 2014 Lesotho political crisis

Malawi

• August 3, 1914 – November 1918 World War I
• 3 March 1959 – 16 June 1960 Nyasaland emergency of 1959
  • 3 – 5 March 1959 Operation Sunrise
• 1992 – 1993 Operation Bwezani

Mozambique

• July 28, 1914 – November 11, 1918 World War I
• 1964 – 1974 Mozambican War of Independence
• 1964 – 1979 Rhodesian Bush War
• 1977 – 1992 Mozambican Civil War
• 2013 – 2021 RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021)
• 2017 – ongoing Insurgency in Cabo Delgado

Namibia

• 1904–1907 Herero Genocide
• July 28, 1914 – November 11, 1918 World War I
  • September 15, 1914 – February 4, 1915 Maritz Rebellion
• August 26, 1966 – March 21, 1990 South African Border War
• 1994 – 1999 Caprivi conflict

South Africa

See also: List of battles in South Africa

• May 18, 1803 – November 20, 1815 Napoleonic Wars
• 1817–1819 Ndwandwe–Zulu War
• 1830s–1840s Great Trek
• February 17, 1838 Weenen Massacre
• January 11, 1879 – July 4, 1879 Anglo-Zulu War
• 1779–1879 Xhosa Wars
• December 20, 1880 – March 23, 1881 First Boer War
• October 11, 1899 – May 31, 1902 Second Boer War
• July 28, 1914 – November 11, 1918 World War I
  • September 15, 1914 – February 4, 1915 Maritz Rebellion
• September 4, 1939 – May 7, 1945 World War II
• 1948 – 1994 Internal resistance to apartheid
  • 1950 Witzieshoek revolt
  • 21 March 1960 Sharpeville Massacre
  • 16 June 1976 Soweto Uprising
  • 3 September 1984 Vaal uprising
  • 1986 – 1987 Ciskei-Transkei conflict
  • 30 December 1987 1987 Transkei coup d'état
  • 4 March 1990 1990 Ciskei coup d'état
  • 5 April 1990 1990 Venda coup d'état
  • 9 August 1991 Battle of Ventersdorp
  • 7 September 1992 Bisho massacre
  • 25 July 1993 Saint James Church massacre
  • 30 December 1993 Heidelberg Tavern massacre
  • 1994 1994 Bophuthatswana crisis
  • 28 March 1994 Shell House massacre
• 1966 – 1990 South African Border War

Eswatini

• October 11, 1899 – May 31, 1902 Second Boer War

Zambia

• July 28, 1914 – November 11, 1918 World War I
• September 1, 1939 – September 2, 1945 World War II
• 1964 – 1979 Rhodesian Bush War
• 1 July 1990 1990 Zambian coup attempt
• 28 October 1997 1997 Zambian coup attempt

Zimbabwe

• October 1893 – January 1894 First Matabele War
• March 1896 – Second Matabele War
• 1964 – 1979 Rhodesian Bush War
• 1980 1980 Entumbane clashes
• 1981 1981 Entumbane uprising
• 1983 – 1987 Gukurahundi
• November 14 – 21, 2017 2017 Zimbabwean coup d'état

West Africa

Benin

• 1724–1727 Abomey (Dahomey) conquests
• 1726–1730 First Oyo-Dahomey War
• 1738–1748 Oyo Conquest of Dahomey
• 1764 Second Ashanti-Akim War
• 1768 Yoruba-Ashanti War
• 1851 First Dahomean-Abeokuta War
• 1864 Second Dahomean-Abeokuta War
• 1889–1894 France conquers Dahomey
• October 28, 1963 1963 Dahomeyan coup d'état
• October 26, 1972 1972 Dahomeyan coup d'état
• January 17, 1977 1977 Benin coup attempt

Burkina Faso

• 3 January 1966 1966 Upper Voltan coup d'état
• 8 February 1974 1974 Upper Voltan coup d'état
• 25 November 1980 1980 Upper Voltan coup d'état
• 7 November 1982 1982 Upper Voltan coup d'état
• 28 February 1983 1983 Upper Voltan coup attempt
• 4 August 1983 1983 Upper Voltan coup d'état
• 1985 Agacher Strip War
• 15 October 1987 1987 Burkina Faso coup d'état
• 18 September 1989 1989 Burkina Faso coup attempt
• 2007 – ongoing Operation Juniper Shield
  • 2011 – present Islamist insurgency in the Sahel
    • August 1, 2014 — November 9, 2022 Operation Barkhane
    • 2015 – present Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso
      • 2 March 2018 2018 Ouagadougou attacks
• 16 – 23 September 2015 2015 Burkina Faso coup attempt
• 8 October 2016 2016 Burkina Faso coup attempt
• 23 – 24 January 2022 January 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état
• 30 September 2022 September 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état
• 26 September 2023 2023 Burkina Faso coup attempt

Côte d'Ivoire

• 1883–1898 Mandingo Wars
• December 24, 1999 1999 Ivorian coup d'état
• January 7 – 8, 2001 2001 Ivorian coup attempt
• 2002 – 2007 First Ivorian Civil War
  • September 19, 2002 2002 Ivorian coup attempt
• September 22, 2002 – January 21, 2015 Opération Licorne
• 2004 2004 French–Ivorian clashes
• 2010 – 2011 Second Ivorian Civil War
• June 12, 2012 2012 Ivorian coup attempt
• May 6 – 16, 2017 2017 Ivory Coast mutinies

Gambia

• 30 July – 4 August 1981 1981 Gambian coup attempt
• 22 July 1994 1994 Gambian coup d'état
• 30 December 2014 2014 Gambian coup attempt
• 9 December 2016 – 21 January 2017 2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis
  • 2017 – present ECOWAS military intervention in the Gambia
• 20 December 2022 2022 Gambian coup attempt

Ghana

Main article: List of conflicts in Ghana

• 1620–1654 Dutch–Portuguese War
• 1664–1665 Anglo-Dutch Wars
• 1823–1831 Anglo-Ashanti wars
• 1900 War of the Golden Stool
• February 28, 1948 1948 Accra Riots
• February 24, 1966 1966 Ghanaian coup d'état
• April 17, 1967 Operation Guitar Boy
• June 4, 1979 June 4th revolution in Ghana
• December 31, 1981 1981 Ghanaian coup d'état
• 1994 – 2015 Konkomba–Nanumba conflict
• 2002 Yendi conflict
• 2019 – Present Gonja-Mamprusi conflict
• 2020 – Present Western Togoland Rebellion

Guinea

• 22 November 1970 Operation Green Sea
• 3 April 1984 1984 Guinean coup d'état
• February 2 – 3, 1996 1996 Guinean coup attempt
• 2000 – 2001 RFDG Insurgency
• 2013 2013 Guinea clashes
• 5 September 2021 2021 Guinean coup d'état

Guinea-Bissau

• 23 January 1963 – 10 September 1974 Guinea-Bissau War of Independence
• 14 November 1980 1980 Guinea-Bissau coup d'état
• 1998 – 1999 Guinea-Bissau Civil War
  • 7 June 1998 1998 Guinea-Bissau coup attempt
• 14 September 2003 2003 Guinea-Bissau coup d'état
• 26 December 2011 2011 Guinea-Bissau coup attempt
• 12 April 2012 2012 Guinea-Bissau coup d'état
• 1 February 2022 2022 Guinea-Bissau coup attempt
• 30 November 2023 – 1 December 2023 2023 Guinea-Bissau coup attempt

Liberia

• October 1871 1871 Liberian coup d'état
• April 12, 1980 1980 Liberian coup d'état
• November 12, 1985 1985 Liberian coup attempt
• September 15, 1994 1994 Liberian coup attempt
• 1989 – 1996 First Liberian Civil War
• 1998 1998 Monrovia clashes
• 1999 – 2003 Second Liberian Civil War

Mali

Main article: List of conflicts in Mali

• 647–709 Muslim conquest of the Maghreb
• 1075 Almoravid conquest of the Ghana Empire
• c. 1230–1250 Early imperial expansion of the Mali Empire
• 1400 The Sandaki usurpation and second Mossi raid
• 1433 The Tuareg invasion
• c. 1460s Songhai conquered Mema
• 1810–1818 Mopti Jihad
• 1848–1864 Initial conquests of El Hadj Umar Tall Jihad
• 1883–1886 Mandingo Wars
• 1962 – 1964 Tuareg rebellion (1962–64)
• 1985 Agacher Strip War
• 1990 – 1995 Tuareg rebellion (1990–95)
• 2002 – ongoing Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)
  • 6 February 2007 – ongoing Operation Juniper Shield
    • 2009 – present Boko Haram insurgency
      • 23 January – 24 December 2015 2015 West African offensive
      • November 2018 – February 2020 Chad Basin campaign (2018–2020)
    • 2011 – present Islamist insurgency in the Sahel
      • January 16, 2012 – present Mali War
        • January 16, 2012 – April 6, 2012 2012 Tuareg rebellion
          • January 18, 2012 — March 11, 2012 Battle of Tessalit
          • January 17 — 25, 2012 Battle of Aguelhok
          • February 7 — 8, 2012 Battle of Tinzaouaten (2012)
        • March 21, 2012 — April 8, 2012 2012 Malian coup d'état
        • June 27, 2012 — ongoing Azawad conflict
          • June 26 — 27, 2012 Battle of Gao
          • November 16 — 20, 2012 Second Battle of Ménaka
          • February 22 — 23, 2013 Battle of Khalil
          • March 29 — 30, 2013 Battle of In Arab
        • January 11, 2013 — 15 July 2014 Operation Serval
        • August 1, 2014 — November 9, 2022 Operation Barkhane
        • August 18, 2020 2020 Malian coup d'état
        • May 24, 2021 2021 Malian coup d'état
• 2006 2006 Tuareg rebellion
• 2007 – 2009 Tuareg rebellion (2007–2009)

Mauritania

Main article: List of conflicts in Mauritania

• June 17, 1970 – ongoing Western Sahara conflict
• 10 July 1978 1978 Mauritanian coup d'état
• 6 April 1979 1979 Mauritanian coup d'état
• 4 January 1980 1980 Mauritanian coup d'état
• 16 March 1981 1981 Mauritanian coup attempt
• 12 December 1984 1984 Mauritanian coup d'état
• 1989 – 1991 Mauritania–Senegal Border War
• 2002 – ongoing Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)
  • 6 February 2007 – ongoing Operation Juniper Shield
  • August 1, 2014 — November 9, 2022 Operation Barkhane
• 8 – 9 June 2003 2003 Mauritanian coup attempt
• 3 August 2005 2005 Mauritanian coup d'état
• 6 August 2008 2008 Mauritanian coup d'état

Niger

• 1516–1517 Songhai Civil War
• 1916–1917 Kaocen Revolt
• 15 April 1974 1974 Nigerien coup d'état
• 1990 – 1995 Tuareg rebellion (1990–95)
• 27 January 1996 1996 Nigerien coup d'état
• 9 April 1999 1999 Nigerien coup d'état
• 2007 – 2009 Tuareg rebellion (2007–09)
• * 2002 – ongoing Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)
  • 2007 – ongoing Operation Juniper Shield
    • 2011 – present Islamist insurgency in the Sahel
    • August 1, 2014 — November 9, 2022 Operation Barkhane
    • 2015 – present Jihadist insurgency in Niger
      • 4 October 2017 Tongo Tongo ambush
  • 2009 – present Boko Haram insurgency
    • 23 January – 24 December 2015 2015 West African offensive
    • November 2018 – February 2020 Chad Basin campaign (2018–2020)
• 18 February 2010 2010 Nigerien coup d'état
• 12 – 13 July 2011 2011 Nigerien coup attempt
• 31 March 2021 2021 Nigerien coup attempt
• 26 – 28 July 2023 2023 Nigerien coup d'état
• 29 July 2023 – 24 February 2024 Nigerien crisis (2023–2024)

Nigeria

• 1578–1608 Oyo-Benin War
• 1804–1808 Fulani War
• 1835–1836 Fula jihads
• 1873 – Rafin Jaki Jihad
• 1877– 1893 Kiriji War ( Ekiti–Parapo War)
• 1897 Benin Expedition
• 1967 – 1970 Nigerian Civil War
  • July 2 – 12, 1967 Operation UNICORD
  • August 9 – September 20, 1967 Midwest Invasion of 1967
  • 12 September – 4 October 1967 Fall of Enugu
  • October 4 – 12, 1967 First Invasion of Onitsha
  • October 17 – 19, 1967 Operation Tiger Claw
  • January 2 - March 20, 1968 Second Invasion of Onitsha
  • 31 March 1968 Abagana Ambush
  • March 8 – May 24, 1968 Invasion of Port Harcourt
  • 2 September – 15 October 1968 Operation OAU
  • 15 – 29 November 1968 Operation Hiroshima
  • October 15, 1968 – April 25, 1969 Siege of Owerri
  • March 27 – April 22, 1969 Operation Leopard (1969)
  • December 20 – 24, 1969 Invasion of Umuahia
• 15 – 16 January 1966 1966 Nigerian coup d'état
• 28 July – 1 August 1966 1966 Nigerian counter-coup
  • January 7 – 12, 1970 Operation Tail-Wind
• July 29, 1975 1975 Nigerian coup d'état
• February 13, 1976 1976 Nigerian coup attempt
• April 1983 Chadian–Nigerian War
• 31 December 1983 1983 Nigerian coup d'état
• August 27, 1985 1985 Nigerian coup d'état
• April 22, 1990 1990 Nigerian coup attempt
• November 17, 1993 1993 Nigerian coup d'état
• 1997 – 2003 Warri Crisis
• 1998 – present Communal conflicts in Nigeria
  • 1953 – present Religious violence in Nigeria
  • 1998 – present Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria
  • 2011 – present Nigerian bandit conflict
• 2003 – present Conflict in the Niger Delta
  • 2016 – present 2016 Niger Delta conflict
  • 2021 – present Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria
    • 16 May 2023 2023 Anambra ambush
• 14 September 2001 – 30 August 2021 War on terror
  • 2007 – ongoing Operation Juniper Shield
    • 2009 – present Boko Haram insurgency
      • 26 – 29 July 2009 2009 Boko Haram uprising
      • 13 – 14 May 2014 Chibok ambush
      • 23 January – 24 December 2015 2015 West African offensive
      • November 2018 – February 2020 Chad Basin campaign (2018–2020)
  • 15 February 2011 – present Islamist insurgency in the Sahel
• March 8, 2014 2014 Enugu Government House attack
• June 15, 2014 2014 Enugu State Broadcasting Service attack

Senegal

• 1549 Battle of Danki
• 1644-1677 Char Bouba war
• 1860-1886 Franco-Cayor Wars
• 1880-1899 Franco-Wolof Wars
• 1860-1920 French Conquest of Casamance
• 1886-1887 Uprising of Mahmadu Lamine
• 1982 – ongoing Casamance conflict
• 1989 – 1991 Mauritania–Senegal Border War
• 2007 – ongoing Operation Juniper Shield

Sierra Leone

• February 7, 1813 Action
• March 21 – 23, 1967 1967 Sierra Leonean coups d'état
• April 18, 1968 Sergeant's Coup
• 1982 Ndogboyosoi War
• 1991 – 2002 Sierra Leone Civil War
  • April 29, 1992 1992 Sierra Leonean coup d'état
• November 26 – 28, 2023 2023 Sierra Leone coup attempt

Togo

• 13 January 1963 1963 Togolese coup d'état
• 13 January 1967 1967 Togolese coup d'état
• 23 September 1986 1986 Togolese coup attempt
• February 5 – 25, 2005 2005 Togolese coup d'état

Chronological list of wars

19th century

• 1801–1807 Temne War
• 1801–1805 First Barbary War
• 1803–1805 Napoleonic Wars
  • 1803–1806 War of the Third Coalition
    • 1806 Battle of Blaauwberg
  • 1807–1809 Anglo-Turkish War
    • 1807 Alexandria expedition
• 1804–1808 Fulani War
• 1805–1811 Muhammad Ali's seizure of power
• 1806–1807 Ashanti–Fante War
• 1807–1818 Mtetwa Empire Expansion
• 1810–1818 Amadu's Jihad
• 1811–1812 Fourth Xhosa War
• 1811 Ga–Fante War
• c.1812 Battle of Shela
• 1814–1816 Ashanti–Akim–Akwapim War
• 1815 Slachter's Nek Rebellion
• 1815 Second Barbary War
• 1817–1819 Ndwandwe–Zulu War
• 1818–1819 Fifth Xhosa War
• 1818–1828 Zulu wars of conquest
• 1st March 1896 Battle of Adwa
• July 30, 1877– March 14, 1893 Kiriji War ( Ekiti–Parapo War)

20th century

• 1900 War of the Golden Stool
• 1900–1920 Somaliland Campaign
• 1901–1901 French conquest of the Dendi Kingdom ^[1]
• 1902–1904 Kuanhama Rebellion ^[2]
• 1901–1902 Anglo-Aro War
• 1901–1903 Mapondera Rebellion
• 1902–1904 Bailundo revolt of 1902
• 1903–1904 British conquest of the Sokoto Caliphate ^[3]
• 1904–1908 Herero Wars
• 1904–1905 uprising in Madagascar
• 1905–1907 Maji Maji Rebellion
• 1906 Bambatha Rebellion
• 1906 Sokoto Uprising of 1906 ^[4]
• 1907–1910 Dembos War of 1907-1910 ^[4]
• 1908 Battle of Marrakech
• 1909 Second Melillan campaign
• 1909–1911 Ouaddai War
• 1910–1912 Portuguese conquest of the Kasanje Kingdom ^[5]
• 1911–1912 French conquest of Morocco
• 1911–1912 Italo-Turkish War
• 1912 Sirte revolt ^[6]
• 1914 Kolongongo War ^[7]
• 1914–1917 Kongo revolt ^{[8] [9]}
• 1914–1921 Zaian War
• 1914–1918 African theatre of World War I
  • 1914–1918 East African campaign
  • 1914–1916 Kamerun campaign
  • 1914 Togoland Campaign
  • 1914–1915 South West Africa campaign
• 1914–1915 Maritz rebellion
• 1915–1916 Volta-Bani War
• 1915 Chilembwe uprising
• 1915 The Bussa rebellion
• 1915–1917 Senussi Campaign
• 1916–1917 Kaocen revolt
• 1916 Battle of Segale
• 1918 The Adubi War
• 1920 Misurata-Warfalla War ^[10]
• 1920–1922 Jabal al-Gharbi civil war
• 1920–1926 Rif War
• 1921–1922 Rand Rebellion
• 1922 Bondelswarts Rebellion
• 1923–1932 Pacification of Libya
• 1928–1931 Kongo-Wara rebellion
• 1929–1930 Women's War
• 1930 Gugsa Wale's rebellion
• 1935–1937 Second Italo-Ethiopian War
• 1939–1945 World War II
  • 1940–1943 North African campaign
  • 1940–1943 East African campaign
  • 1940 Battle of Dakar
  • 1940 Battle of Gabon
  • 1942 Battle of Madagascar
• 1943 Woyane rebellion
• 1952–1960 Mau Mau Uprising
• 1954–1962 Algerian War
• 1955–1964 Bamileke War
• 1955–1972 First Sudanese Civil War
• 1957–1958 Ifni War
• 1960–1965 Congo Crisis
  • 1966–1967 Stanleyville mutinies
• 1960–present Katanga insurgency
• 1961 Bizerte crisis
• 1961–1991 Eritrean War of Independence
• 1961–1974 Portuguese Colonial War
  • 1961–1974 Angolan War of Independence
  • 1963–1974 Guinea-Bissau War of Independence
  • 1964–1974 Mozambican War of Independence
• 1962–1964 Tuareg rebellion
• 1963 Sand War
• 1963–1967 Shifta War
• 1963–1970 Bale revolt
• 1964 Ethiopian–Somali Border War
• 1964–1965 Simba rebellion
• 1964–1979 Rhodesian Bush War
• 1964 Zanzibar Revolution
• 1965–1979 First Chadian Civil War
• 1966–1989 South African Border War
• 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War
• 1970–present Western Sahara conflict
  • 1975–1991 Western Sahara War
• 1972–1974 First Eritrean Civil War
• 1973–2018 Oromo conflict
• 1974–1991 Ethiopian Civil War
• 1975–2002 Angolan Civil War
• 1975–present Cabinda War
• 1977–1992 Mozambican Civil War
• 1977 Libyan–Egyptian War
• 1977–1978 Ogaden War
• 1977 Shaba I
• 1978 Shaba II
• 1978–1979 Uganda–Tanzania War
• 1978–1987 Chadian–Libyan conflict
• 1980–1981 Second Eritrean Civil War
• 1980–1986 Ugandan Bush War
• 1981 Entumbane uprising
• 1981 Gambian coup d'état attempt
• 1982–present Casamance conflict
• 1982 Ndogboyosoi War
• 1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War
• 1983–2005 Second Sudanese Civil War
• 1985 Agacher Strip War
• 1986 United States bombing of Libya
• 1987–present Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
• 1989–1991 Mauritania–Senegal Border War
• 1989–1997 First Liberian Civil War
• 1990–1994 Rwandan Civil War
• 1990–1995 Tuareg rebellion
• 1991–1994 Djiboutian Civil War
• 1991–2002 Sierra Leone Civil War
• 1991–2002 Algerian Civil War
• 1991–present Somali Civil War
• 1993–2005 Burundian Civil War
• 1993–1994 Republic of the Congo Civil War
• 1994 Bophuthatswana crisis
• 1994–1999 Caprivi conflict
• 1994–2018 Insurgency in Ogaden
• 1995–2018 Second Afar insurgency
• 1995 Hanish Islands conflict
• 1996–present Allied Democratic Forces insurgency
• 1996–1997 First Congo War
• 1997–1999 Republic of the Congo Civil War
• 1998–2000 Eritrean–Ethiopian War
• 1998–2003 Second Congo War
  • 2000 Six-Day War
• 1998–1999 Guinea-Bissau Civil War
• 1999–2003 Second Liberian Civil War
• 1999–present Ituri conflict

21st century

• 2001–2021 War on Terrorism
  • 1981–present Islamic Terrorism in Egypt
  • 2002–present Islamic insurgency in the Maghreb
  • 2002–present Operation Enduring Freedom - Horn of Africa
  • 2006 Rise of the Islamic Courts Union
  • 2006–2009 Ethiopian War in Somalia
  • 2007–present Operation Enduring Freedom - Trans Sahara
  • 2009–present Islamist civil war in Somalia
  • 2009 Nigerian sectarian violence
  • 2009–present Boko Haram insurgency
  • 2015–2022 ISIL insurgency in Tunisia
  • 2015–present Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso
  • 2016–present Jihadist insurgency in Niger
  • 2017–present Islamist insurgency in Mozambique
• 2002–2003 Conflict in the Pool Department
• 2002–2004 First Ivorian Civil War
• 2003–2020 War in Darfur
• 2004 French–Ivorian clashes
• 2004–present Conflict in the Niger Delta
  • 2016–present Niger Delta conflict
• 2004–2007 Central African Republic Bush War
• 2004–present Kivu conflict
• 2005–2010 Chadian Civil War
• 2005–2008 Mount Elgon insurgency
• 2006–2013 Bakassi conflict
• 2007–2009 Second Tuareg Rebellion
• 2007–2008 Kenyan crisis
• 2008 Invasion of Anjouan
• 2008 Kufra conflict
• 2008 Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict
• 2009–present Sudanese nomadic conflicts
  • 2011–present Ethnic violence in South Sudan
    • 2013–2020 South Sudanese Civil War
• 2009 Sudan airstrikes
• 2009 Dongo conflict
• 2010–2011 Second Ivorian Civil War
• 2011–2023 Sinai Insurgency
• 2011 First Libyan Civil War
• 2011–2020 Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile
• 2011–2014 Factional violence in Libya
• 2012–present Mali War
• 2012 Heglig Crisis
• 2012–2013 M23 rebellion
• 2012 Baragoi clashes
• 2012–present Central African Republic Civil War
• 2013–2018 Batwa–Luba clashes
• 2013–2019 RENAMO insurgency
• 2014 Aswan tribal clashes
• 2014–2020 Second Libyan Civil War
• 2016–2017 Pool War
• 2016 Kasese clashes
• 2016–2019 Kamwina Nsapu rebellion
• 2017–present Anglophone Crisis
• 2020–2022 Tigray War
• 2023–present 2023 Sudan conflict
• 2023–present 2023 Las Anod conflict

See also

• List of active separatist movements in Africa
• List of ongoing armed conflicts
• Military history of Africa

General:

• List of conflicts in North America
• List of conflicts in Central America
• List of conflicts in South America
• List of conflicts in Europe
• List of conflicts in Asia
• List of conflicts in the Near East
• List of modern conflicts in the Middle East
• List of wars

References

1. Shoup, John A. (2011-10-31). Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 266. ISBN   9781598843620. Archived from the original on 2023-01-10. Retrieved 2020-10-02. The kingdom was able to last until 1901, when the French conquered it as part of their conquest of the Niger River/Sahara region
2. Katagiri, Noriyuki (2015). Adapting to Win: How Insurgents Fight and Defeat Foreign States in War. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 197. ISBN   9780812246414. Archived from the original on 2023-01-10. Retrieved 2020-10-02.
3. "Britain Sokoto Conquest 1903". www.onwar.com. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
4. "COW War List". correlatesofwar.org. Correlates of War. Archived from the original on March 16, 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2019.
5. Henige, David (1979). History in Africa. African Studies Association. p. 54. Archived from the original on 2023-01-10. Retrieved 2020-10-02. By the time Portuguese military expeditions reached Kasanje in 1910, intent on effective occupation and "pacification," only regional chieftains, some still claiming the kinguri title, remained to resist their advance. Portuguese military commanders seized and destroyed the regalia of the kinguri position in 1912, thereby ending the history of the state by burning the symbols in which had inhered the power of its kings.
6. St John, Ronald Bruce (4 June 2014). Historical Dictionary of Libya. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 316. ISBN   9780810878761. Archived from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
7. Association, Cheke Cultural Writers (1994). The history and cultural life of the Mbunda speaking peoples. The Association. p. 101. ISBN   9789982030069. Archived from the original on 2023-01-10. Retrieved 2020-10-02.
8. Abegaz, Berhanu (2018-06-09). A Tributary Model of State Formation: Ethiopia, 1600-2015. Springer. p. 48. ISBN   9783319757803. Archived from the original on 2023-01-10. Retrieved 2020-10-02.
9. Vos, Jelmer (2015). Kongo in the Age of Empire, 1860–1913: The Breakdown of a Moral Order. University of Wisconsin Pres. p. 350. ISBN   9780299306243. Archived from the original on 2023-01-10. Retrieved 2020-10-02.
10. Ahmida, Ali Abdullatif (2002). The making of modern Libya. Albany, New York: SUNY Press. pp. 126–131. ISBN   978-1-4384-2891-8. Archived from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2011.

Further reading

• Ahram, Ariel I. War and Conflict in the Middle East and North Africa (John Wiley & Sons, 2020).
• Christman, Audrey Mona. Civil wars in Africa: Roots and resolution (McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP, 1999).

• Kalu, Kelechi A. ed. Civil Wars in Africa (2022) excerpt

• Sidorova, Galina, and Eliza Lyubenova. "Contemporary Wars in Africa or 21st Century Competition for Power." Journal of Asian and African Studies (2020): 0021909620965609.
• Williams, Paul D. War and conflict in Africa (John Wiley & Sons, 2016).