Terrorism in Egypt

Islamic Terrorism in Egypt
Part of Terrorism in Egypt, the Egyptian Crisis, the War on terror, and the Arab Winter, and the Sinai insurgency
Platform where Anwar Sadat was assassinated.
Date 6 October 1981 – present Location Egypt Status Ongoing
Belligerents
Egypt Armed Forces Central Security Forces Egyptian Ministry of the Interior National Security Service National Police Sinai Tribal Union [1] [2]	Islamists : Ansar Bait al-Maqdis [3] (until late 2014) Al-Qaeda Tawhid al-Jihad [4] Al-Qaeda in Sinai Peninsula [5] (from late 2011) Al-Mourabitoun [6] Abdullah Azzam Brigades [7] Ansar al-Sharia [8] Muslim Brotherhood of Egypt Hasm Movement [9] Bedouin tribesmen [10] Jund al-Islam [11] Popular Resistance Movement [12] Takfir wal-Hijra [13] Army of Islam [14] Al Furqan Brigades [15] Soldiers of Egypt [16] Islamic State [17] (from 2014) Wilayat Sinai Mujahideen Shura Council [18]
Commanders and leaders
Abdel Fattah el-Sisi Mostafa Madbouly Mahmoud Tawfik Mohamed Ahmed Zaki Osama Askar Ashraf Ibrahim Atwa Mahmoud Foaad Abd El- Gawad Mohamed Hegazy Abdul Mawgoud Former Anwar Sadat   † Sufi Abu Taleb Hosni Mubarak  (POW) Adly Mansour Ahmad Fuad Mohieddin Kamal Hassan Ali Aly Lotfy Mahmoud Atef Sedky Kamal Ganzouri Atef Ebeid Ahmed Nazif Ahmed Shafik Essam Sharaf Hazem El Beblawi Ibrahim Mahlab Sherif Ismail Nabawi Ismail Hassan Abu Basha Ahmed Rushdi Zaki Badr Abdul Halim Moussa Habib el-Adly Mahmoud Wagdy Mansour el-Essawy Mohamed Youssef Ibrahim Ahmed Gamal El Din Mohamed Ibrahim Moustafa Magdy Abdel Ghaffar Ashraf Refaat Mohamed Ali Mohamed Ali Tawfik Gad Sherif Alsadek Ahmed Fadel Ahmed Saber Selim Tamer Abdel Alim Mohab Mamish Osama El-Gendi Osama Mounir Rabie Ahmed Khaled Hassan Saeed Mohammed Shabana Mohamed Abd El Hamid Helmy Mohamed Alaa El Din Barakat Ahmed Abdel Rahman Nasser Magdy Galal Sharawi Reda Mahmoud Hafez Mohamed Younes Hamed Mohamed Abbas Helmy El-Said Hamdy Adel Khalil Mostafa El-Shazly Zaher Abd El-Rahman Ahmed Abou Talib Mohammed Elshahat Sami Hafez Anan Abd El Aziz Seif-Eldeen Abdul Meniem Al-Toras Aly Fahmy Mohammed Aly Fahmi	Abu Hafs al-Hashimi al-Qurashi Abu Hajar al-Hashemi Abū al-Muḥtasib al-Maqdisī Mohammed Badie Former Umar al-Tilmisani  (POW) Muhammad Hamid Abu al-Nasr Mustafa Mashhur Ma'mun al-Hudaybi Mohammed Mahdi Akef  (POW) Mohamed Morsi  (POW) Hesham Qandil  (POW) Khairat el-Shater  (POW) Waleed Waked  (POW) [19] Ibrahim Mohamed Freg   † [20] Shadi el-Manaei [21] Mohammed Eid Muslih Hamad  (POW) Majid bin Muhammad al-Majid  (POW) [22] Saleh Al-Qaraawi  (POW) [22] Humam Muhammed   † [23] Ezz al-Din al-Masri   † [24] Muhammad al-Zawahiri  (POW) [25] Abd El-Fattah Salem  (POW) [13] Fayez Abu-Sheta   † [26] Youssif Abo-Ayat   † [27] Saed Abo-Farih   † [27] Khalid al-Islambouli   Muhammad abd-al-Salam Faraj   Osama bin Laden   † Ayman al-Zawahiri   † Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi   † Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi   † Abu al-Hasan al-Hashimi al-Qurashi   † Abu al-Hussein al-Husseini al-Qurashi   † Salim Salma Said Mahmoud al-Hamadin   † Abu Osama al-Masri   † [28] Selim Suleiman Al-Haram   † [29] [30] Ashraf Ali Hassanein Gharabali   † [31] Yunis Hunnar   † Hesham Ashmawy   [6]
Units involved
Egyptian Army Central Security Forces Egyptian Ministry of the Interior National Security Service National Police
Strength
Total: 25,000 (41 battalions) [32]	Total: ≈12,000 [33] IS: 1000-1500
Casualties and losses
3,277 killed 12,280 Injured [34] IDF: 1 killed [35]	4,059-5,189+ killed [36] [37] [38]
Civilian fatalities: 1,539+ Egyptian, [39] [40] 219 Russians, 4 Ukrainians, 1 Belarusian, [41] 3 South Koreans, [42] 3 Vietnamese, 2 Germans, [43] 1 Croatian [44] Total: 5,853–7,353+ killed

Terrorism in Egypt in the 20th and 21st centuries has targeted the Egyptian government officials, Egyptian police and Egyptian army members, tourists, Sufi Mosques and the Christian minority. Many attacks have been linked to Islamic extremism, and terrorism increased in the 1990s when the Islamist movement al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya targeted high-level political leaders and killed hundreds – including civilians – in its pursuit of implementing traditional Sharia law in Egypt. ^[45]

Ayman al-Zawahiri, an Egyptian doctor and leader of Egyptian Islamic Jihad group, was believed to be behind the operations of al-Qaeda. As of 2015,^{[ needs update ]} four of 30 people on the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation "most wanted" terrorist list are Egyptian. ^[46]

Muslim Brotherhood (1940s–50s)

In 1943 the Islamist Muslim Brotherhood group—a very large and active organization at that time—was thought to have established "a 'secret apparatus'" i.e. "a separate organization for paramilitary activity under the direct authority" the Brotherhood's head, Sheikh Hassan al-Banna." ^[47] In 1948, the group is thought to have assassinated appellate judge Ahmad El Khazindar in retaliation for his passing a "severe sentence" against another member of the Brotherhood. ^[48]

After the 1948 victory of the Jewish state of Israel over Muslim Arab armies the group is believed to have set fire to homes of Jews in Cairo in June 1948 in retaliation. In July, two large department stores in Cairo owned by Jews were also burned. ^[47] A couple of months later police captured documents and plans of the 'secret apparatus. 32 of its leaders were arrested and its offices were raided, ^[47] and shortly thereafter Prime Minister Mahmoud El Nokrashy Pasha ordered the dissolution of the Brotherhood. ^[49]

On 28 December 1948, Prime Minister Mahmoud El Nokrashy Pasha was shot and assassinated by Abdel Meguid Ahmed Hassan, a veterinary student and member of the Brotherhood. The country was shocked and traditionalist clergy condemned the act. The Grand Mufti, Imam of Azhar mosque and the Council of Ulema all condemned the perpetrators as kuffar. ^[47]

Less than two months later the head of the Brotherhood, Hasan al-Banna, was himself victim of an assassination, the perpetrators thought to be supporters of the murdered premier. ^[47]

After a nationalist military coup led by Gamal Abdel Nasser overthrew the Egyptian monarchy, the Brotherhood was very disappointed to find the officers were secular in orientation and the Brotherhood did not gain influence. On 26 October 1954 a member of the brotherhood attempted to assassinate President Nasser ^[50] and a general suppression of the Brotherhood followed, including imprisonment of thousands of members and the execution of six of its most prominent leaders. ^[51]

Lavon affair (1954)

A covert operation under the direction of Israeli military intelligence attempted to destabilize the Nasser government in the summer of 1954 through terrorist bombings of Egyptian, American and British government facilities. The operation was unsuccessful and the Israeli-trained Egyptian Jewish operatives who planted the bombs were all captured, although all of their Israeli handlers escaped. The Lavon Affair, so named because Israeli Defense Minister Pinhas Lavon was later implicated and forced to resign, was a false flag operation with evidence planted at the bomb sites implicating the Muslim Brotherhood. ^[52] The State Security was responsible for the interrogation of the Jewish suspects and managed to gather important information by torture.

Influence of Sayyid Qutb (1980s–2000s)

In the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s, terrorist attacks in Egypt became more numerous and severe, and began to target Christian Copts and foreign tourists as well as government officials. ^[45] This trend surprised some foreigners who thought of Egypt as a country that "embraced" foreigners "with suffocating affection" and preferred a "tolerant brand of Islam". ^[45] Some scholars and authors have credited Islamist writer Sayyid Qutb ^{[53] [54]} as the inspiration for the new wave of attacks.

Qutb was author of Ma'alim fi al-Tariq (Milestones), a manifesto for a jihad of "physical force" to eliminate "the kingdom of man", and bring about "the kingdom of God on earth". ^{[53] [55]} According to his theory, sometimes referred to as Qutbism, Islam was not just in need of revival but had actually ceased to exist. "The Muslim community has been extinct for a few centuries, having fallen back into a state of pagan ignorance" known as jahiliyyah because of the failure of the world Muslim community to obey Shariah law. ^{[56] [57]} To rectify the situation, "the organizations and authorities of the jahili system" ^[58] would have to be abolished by "physical power and Jihad", ^[58] by a "vanguard" ^[59] movement of true Muslims, distinct from that Jahili society. ^[60] Qutb emphasized the all-encompassing irredeemable awfulness of jahili society, ^[61] the wickedness and cruelty of those opposed to the movement of true Muslims, ^[62] and the utter worthlessness of Western civilization. ^[63] His book has been called "one of the most influential works in Arabic of the last half century". ^[64] It became a best seller, went through many editions and strongly influenced Islamists in prison in Egypt. Qutb, who had been executed in 1967 after another purported plot to assassinate of Abdel Nasser, became a shahid to his supporters.

Military Technical College attack (1974)

On 18 April 1974, 100 members of the Islamic Liberation Organization (or Shabab Muhammad Group) stormed the armory of the Military Technical College in Cairo, seizing weapons and vehicles. Led by Salih Sirriya ^[65] they hoped to kill President Anwar El Sadat and other top Egyptian officials – who were attending an official event nearby in the Arab Socialist Building – seize radio and television buildings (also nearby) and announce the birth of an Islamic State under the leadership of Hizb ut-Tahrir. ^[66] 11 were killed and 27 wounded in the attempt as security forces were able to intercept conspirators before they left the academy. 95 ILO members are arrested and tried. 32 were convicted. Two were executed. ^[67]

Takfir wal-Hijra (1977)

On 3 July 1977, a group known to the public as Takfir wal-Hijra (excommunication and exile), kidnapped former Egyptian government minister Muhammad al-Dhahabi. The group was led by a self-taught Islamic preacher Shukri Mustafa, and called themselves Jama'at al-Muslimin. Among their demands in exchange for al-Dhahabi's release were the release of 60 of Takfir wal-Hijra members from jail, public apologies from the press for negative stories about the group, the publication of a book by Mustafa, and 200,000 Egyptian pounds in cash. ^[68] Instead of complying, the press publicized "a long list of offenses and crimes attributed to the group." ^[69] Four days after the kidnapping, al-Dhahabi's body was found. ^[68] The murder provoked indignation among the Egyptian public ^[70] and extensive police raids led to the arrests of 410 of the group's members. ^[51]

Salvation from Hell (1980s)

Salvation from Hell sought to establish an Islamic state using force. ^[71] The Egyptian government broke off ties with Iran following allegations that Iran funded the group. ^[72] Yasser Borhamy was detained for a month in 1987 due to his alleged connection with the assassination attempt against interior minister Hassan Abu Basha. ^[73] The group was also responsible for an assassination attempt on former interior minister Nabawi Ismail. ^[71]

Tanzim al-Jihad movement (1981)

Targeting Christians

In spring of 1981, Sheikh Omar Abdel-Rahman agreed to become the mufti of the shura (council) of underground Egyptian group Tanzim al-Jihad, the forerunner of Egyptian Islamic Jihad and al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya. He issued a fatwa sanctioning "the robbery and killing of Copts in furtherance of the jihad". ^[74]

Sadat assassination and uprising

By 1981 President Anwar Sadat had become unpopular among some Egyptians and enraged Islamists by signing of a peace treaty with Israel. On 6 October 1981, Sadat and six diplomats were assassinated while observing a military parade commemorating the eighth anniversary of the October 1973 War. Lieutenant Colonel Khalid Islambouli and two other members of the Tanzim al-Jihad movement fired machine guns and threw grenades into the reviewing stand. ^[75]

In conjunction with the assassination of Sadat, Tanzim al-Jihad began an insurrection in Asyut in Upper Egypt. Rebels took control of the city for a few days on 8 October 1981 before paratroopers from Cairo restored government control. 68 policemen and soldiers were killed in the fighting, but sentences of arrested militants were relatively light, with most of them serving only three years in prison. ^[76]

Attacks on Israelis (1985–2023)

The Ras Burqa massacre was a shooting attack in October 1985 on Israeli vacationers in Ras Burqa, a beach resort area in the Sinai peninsula, in which seven Israelis were killed, including four children. Egypt refused to allow the victims to be treated by Israeli doctors or transferred to hospitals in Israel. ^[77]

On 4 February 1990, a bus carrying tourists in Egypt was attacked by members of the Palestinian Islamic Jihad. Eleven people were killed, including nine Israelis, and 17 wounded (sixteen of whom were Israelis). This was the fourth attack on Israeli tourists in Egypt since the signing of the peace treaty. ^[78]

In November 1990, an Egyptian border guard crossed the border into Israel and opened fire with his AK-47 on vehicles on the Eilat-Kadesh Barnea road killing four people. ^[79]

Twelve of the people killed in the 2004 Sinai bombings were Israeli.

The Sinai bus crash in August 2006, in which 11 Arab Israelis were killed, may have been premeditated^{[ citation needed ]}. Families of the victims allege that evidence collected, including the driver's derogatory and threatening remarks attacking them for being Arabs and Israeli, indicate they were targeted by a cell.

On 3 June 2023 an Egyptian police officer killed 3 Israelis soldiers in border shootings. ^[80]

On 8 October 2023 an Egyptian police officer murdered 2 Israeli tourists and an Egyptian tourist guide in Alexandria, ^[81]

Attacks during the 1990s

Terrorism deaths in Egypt (1970–2015)

The violent Islamic insurgency during the 1990s targeted police and government officials but also civilians including tourists. Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya was the primary perpetrator of the attacks, but Egyptian Islamic Jihad also was involved.

Rifaat el-Mahgoub assassination

In October 1990, Egyptian Islamic Jihad attempted to assassinate Egyptian Interior Minister Abdel Halim Moussa, but ended up killing parliamentary Speaker Rifaat el-Mahgoub. ^[82]

Daylight ambushes

1993 was a particularly severe year for terrorist attacks in Egypt. 1106 persons were killed or wounded. More police (120) than terrorists (111) were killed that year and "several senior police officials and their bodyguards were shot dead in daylight ambushes." ^[83]

Cairo attacks

On 18 April 1996, gunmen opened fire on Greek tourists who were about to board a bus outside Cairo's Europa Hotel, near the pyramids. Seventeen Greeks and an Egyptian were killed, and 15 Greeks and an Egyptian were also wounded. ^[84]

On 18 September 1997, gunmen attacked tourist buses parked outside the Egyptian Museum in Tahrir Square, killing nine tourists, including seven Germans, and wounding 19. ^[85]

Luxor massacre

Main article: Luxor massacre

Djeser-Djeseru

The Luxor Massacre took place on 17 November 1997, at Deir el-Bahri, an archaeological site and tourist destination located across the River Nile from Luxor, Egypt. In the mid-morning attack, Islamic terrorists from Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya ("The Islamic Group") and Talaa'al al-Fateh (Vanguards of Conquest), both of which are suspected of having ties to al-Qaeda massacred 58 tourists at the attraction. The six assailants, armed with automatic firearms and knives, were disguised as members of the security forces. They descended on the Temple of Hatshepsut at around 08:45 and massacred 62 people, their modus operandi including beheadings and disembowellings. The attackers then hijacked a bus, but armed Egyptian tourist police and military forces arrived soon afterwards and engaged in a gun battle with the six terrorists, who were later killed or committed suicide.

Attacks during the 2000s

2004 Sinai bombing

Main article: 2004 Sinai bombings

The 2004 Sinai bombings were three bomb attacks targeting tourist hotels in the Sinai Peninsula, Egypt, on 7 October 2004. The attacks killed 34 people and injured 171. The explosions occurred in the Hilton Taba in Taba and campsites used by Israelis in Ras al-Shitan. In the Taba attack, a truck drove into the lobby of the Taba Hilton and exploded, killing 31 people and wounding some 159 others. Ten floors of the hotel collapsed following the blast. Some 50 kilometers (31 mi) south, at campsites at Ras al-Shitan, near Nuweiba, two more bombings happened. A car parked in front of a restaurant at the Moon Island resort exploded, killing three Israelis and a Bedouin. Twelve were wounded. Another blast happened moments later, targeting the Baddiyah camp, but did not harm anyone because the bomber had apparently been scared off from entering the campground by a guard.

Of the dead, many were foreigners: 12 were from Israel, two from Italy, one from Russia, and one was an Israeli-American. The rest of the dead were believed to be Egyptian. According to the Egyptian government, the bombers were Palestinians who had tried to enter Israel to carry out attacks there but were unsuccessful. The mastermind, Iyad Saleh, recruited Egyptians and Bedouins to gain explosives to be used in the attacks.

April 2005 attacks

Main article: April 2005 Cairo terrorist attacks

The April 2005 attacks in Cairo were three related incidents that took place in Cairo on 7 April and 30 April 2005. Two incidents caused no loss of life other than those of the perpetrators and appear not to have been planned in advance; in the first attack, however, three bystanders were killed. Two groups claimed responsibility – the Mujahedeen of Egypt and the Abdullah Azzam Brigades. In its statement, the latter group said the attacks were in retaliation for the government's clampdown on dissidents in the wake of the Sinai Peninsula bombings. In the early hours of 1 May, security forces arrested some 225 individuals for questioning, mostly from the dead three's home villages and from the area where they lived in Shubra. Particularly keenly sought was Muhammad Yassin, the teenage brother of Ehab Yousri Yassin, whom the police described as the only remaining suspect in the bazaar bomb attack and a material witness to the shooting. Over the course of the weekend, it also emerged that all the attackers were relatives of Ashraf Said, a suspect in the 7 April bombing who was taken in for questioning and died in police custody on 29 April.^{[ citation needed ]}

2005 Sharm el-Sheikh attacks

Main article: 2005 Sharm el-Sheikh attacks

Sharm el-Sheikh is located on the coast of the Red Sea, at the southern tip of the Sinai Peninsula.

The 2005 Sharm el-Sheikh attacks were a series of bomb attacks on 23 July 2005, targeting the Egyptian resort city of Sharm el-Sheikh, located on the southern tip of the Sinai Peninsula. 88 people were killed and over 150 were wounded by the blasts. The bombing coincided with Egypt's Revolution Day, which commemorates Nasser's 1952 overthrow of King Farouk.

The attacks took place in the early morning hours, at a time when many tourists and locals were still out at restaurants, cafés and bars. The first bomb blast, at 01:15 local time (22:15 UTC), was reported in a market in downtown Sharm; shortly after, another was reported to have hit the Ghazala Gardens hotel in the Naama Bay area, a strip of beachfront hotels some 6 km from the town centre.

While the official government toll a few days after the blast was 64, hospitals reported that 88 people had been killed in the bombings. The majority of dead and wounded casualties were Egyptians. Among those killed were 11 Britons, two Germans, one Czech, six Italians, one Israeli, and one American. Other casualties, dead and wounded, included foreign visitors from France, Kuwait, the Netherlands, Qatar, Russia, and Spain.

A group calling itself the Abdullah Azzam Brigades (a reference to militant Islamist ideologue Abdullah Yusuf Azzam) was the first to claim responsibility for the attacks. On a website the group stated that "holy warriors targeted the Ghazala Gardens hotel and the Old Market in Sharm el-Sheikh" and claimed it has ties to Al-Qaeda. Additional claims were later made by two other groups calling themselves the "Tawhid and Jihad Group in Egypt" and "Holy Warriors of Egypt".

2006 Dahab bombings

Main article: 2006 Dahab bombings

The seaside town of Dahab is located on the Gulf of Aqaba

The Dahab bombings of 24 April 2006 were three bomb attacks on the Egyptian resort city of Dahab. The resorts are popular with Western tourists and Egyptians alike during the holiday season.

At about 19:15 local time on 24 April 2006 – a public holiday in celebration of Sham Al-Nasseim (Spring festival or Easter) – a series of bombs exploded in tourist areas of Dahab, a resort located on the Gulf of Aqaba coast of the Sinai Peninsula. One blast occurred in or near the Nelson restaurant, one near the Aladdin café (both being on both sides of the bridge), and one near the Ghazala market. At least 23 people were killed, mostly Egyptians, but including a German, Lebanese, Russian, Swiss, and a Hungarian. ^[86] Around 80 people were wounded, including tourists from Australia, Denmark, France, Germany, Israel, South Korea, Lebanon, the Palestinian Territories, United Kingdom, and the United States. ^[87]

The governor of South Sinai reported that the blasts might have been suicide attacks, but later Habib Adly, the interior minister of Egypt said that the devices were nail bombs set off by timers, and Egyptian TV also reported that the bombs were detonated remotely. Later investigations revealed the blasts were suicide attacks, set off by Bedouins, as in earlier attacks in the Sinai. ^[88]

These explosions followed other bombings elsewhere in the Sinai Peninsula in previous years: in Sharm el-Sheikh on 23 July 2005 and in Taba on 6 October 2004.

Egyptian security officials have stated that the attacks were the work of an Islamic terror organisation called Jama'at al-Tawhīd wal-Jihad (Monotheism and Jihad). ^[89]

2008 Sudan kidnapping

In September 2008, a group of eleven European tourists and eight Egyptians were kidnapped during an adventure safari to one of the remotest sites in Egypt deep in the Sahara desert and taken to Sudan. They were subsequently released unharmed. ^[90]

2009 Khan el-Khalili bombing and February 2009 Cairo terrorist attacks

Main articles: 2009 Khan el-Khalili bombing and February 2009 Cairo terrorist attacks

In February 2009, the Khan el-Khalili bombing killed a French schoolgirl on a class trip in Cairo. It is often discussed as the first of the February 2009 Cairo terrorist attacks.

2009 Hezbollah plot

Main article: 2009 Hezbollah plot in Egypt

In April 2009, Egypt said it had uncovered a Hezbollah plot to attack tourist sites in the Sinai, causing tension with the Shia group from Lebanon.

Attacks since 2010

Al-Qidiseen church bombing (2011)

Main article: 2011 Alexandria bombing

A car bomb explosion outside a church in the north Egyptian city of Alexandria killed at least 23 people and injured 43 following the evening service held at the church causing clashes between Coptic church members at the scene and the surrounding policemen. ^[91] The attack saw governments around the world warn international travellers of the dangers of visiting the country, highlighting a likelihood of further terrorist attacks and possibility of kidnappings in Sinai.

On 23 January 2011, the Egyptian minister of interior Habib El Adli stated that Ahmed Lotfi Ibrahim Mohammed confessed to monitoring Christian and Jewish places of worship and sending pictures of the Qideseen church in Alexandria to the Army of Islam. He confessed that he had visited Gaza several times and was involved in planning the attack. ^[92] British intelligence revealed that Muhammad Abd al-Hadi, leader of Jundullah, recruited Abdul Rahman Ahmed Ali who was told to park the car, which would be exploded by remote control. ^[93]

Sinai insurgency (since 2011)

Main article: Sinai insurgency

The Sinai insurgency comprises a series of actions by Islamist militants in the Sinai peninsula, initiated in early 2011 as a fallout of the 2011 Egyptian Revolution. The actions of those Islamist elements, largely composed of tribesmen among the local Bedouins, drew a harsh response from interim Egyptian government since mid-2011 known as Operation Eagle. However, attacks against government and foreign facilities in the area continued into 2012, resulting in a massive crackdown by the new Egyptian government nicknamed Operation Sinai. In May 2013, following an abduction of Egyptian officers, violence in the Sinai surged once again. Following the 2013 Egyptian coup d'état, which resulted in the ousting of Mohamed Morsi, "unprecedented clashes" have occurred. ^[94]

2014 attack on border guards

Main article: July 2014 Al-Wadi Al-Gedid attack

On 20 July 2014, at least 21 Egyptian soldiers were killed, and 4 injured in the Al-Wadi Al-Gedid attack when armed gunmen attacked a border checkpoint in the New Valley Governorate . ^[95]

Terrorism in Egypt since 2013 transition

Main article: Insurgency in Egypt (2013–present)

Since the 2013 military coup, more than 500 persons have been killed in a new wave of terrorism.

2015 downing of Metrojet Flight 9268

Main article: Kogalymavia Flight 9268

On 31 October 2015 Metrojet Flight 9268 mysteriously dropped out of the sky over the Sinai Peninsula killing all 224 passengers on board. It was an international chartered passenger flight, operated by Russian airline Kogalymavia (branded as Metrojet), following departure from Sharm el-Sheikh International Airport, Egypt, en route to Pulkovo Airport, Saint Petersburg, Russia. The aircraft, an Airbus A321-231, was carrying mostly tourists, there were 219 Russian, four Ukrainian, and one Belarusian. With its death toll of 224 people, the crash of Flight 9268 is the deadliest both in the history of Russian aviation and within Egyptian territory. It is also the deadliest air crash involving an aircraft from the Airbus A320 family, and the deadliest plane crash of 2015. IS has now several times claimed responsibility for the incident, and authorities from several countries now agree that the most plausible scenarios is bomb smuggled on board at the airport. Pictures are circulating on the internet showing internally caused ruptures^{[ citation needed ]}. Many countries race to upgrade airport security measures over fears that IS plans more such attacks. ^[96]

Church of Saints Peter & Paul bombing (2016)

Main article: Botroseya Church bombing

On 11 December 2016, an explosion occurred next to the Saint Mark's Coptic Orthodox Cathedral complex in Cairo, at the Church of Saints Peter & Paul. The cathedral is the seat of the Coptic Orthodox Pope, in Cairo's Abbasia district. The explosion killed as many as 29 people, mostly women and children, and injured many more. The Islamic State claimed responsibility. President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi declared a national period of mourning for three days.

Red Sea resort attacks (2016–17)

Main articles: 2016 Hurghada attack and 2017 Hurghada attack

On 8 January 2016, two suspected militants, armed with a melee weapon and a signal flare, allegedly arrived by sea and stormed the Bella Vista Hotel in the Red Sea city of Hurghada, stabbing two foreign tourists from Austria and one from Sweden. ^{[97] [98]} (Early reports incorrectly stated that the victims were one German and one Danish national. ^[99] ) One of the attackers, 21-year-old student Mohammed Hassan Mohammed Mahfouz, was killed by the security personnel. The other attacker was injured. ^[100] The Islamic State claimed responsibility. ^[101]

On 14 July 2017 Abdel-Rahman Shaaban, a former university student from the Nile Delta region, swam from a public beach to each of two resort hotel beaches at Hurghada on the Red Sea and stabbed five German and one Czech tourists, all women, killing two German women. One Czech tourist was in clinical death as of 26 July and died a day later in a hospital in Cairo. The perpetrator shouted that the Egyptian hotel personnel who gave pursuit after that stabbings at the second beach should "Stay back, I am not after Egyptians." Nevertheless, hotel personnel pursued and captured the attacker. ^{[102] [103]}

Palm Sunday 2017 church bombings

Main article: Palm Sunday church bombings

On Palm Sunday 9 April 2017, explosions occurred in St. George's Church in Tanta and St. Mark's Cathedral in Alexandria. 30 people were killed at St. George's and 17 at St. Mark's. ^{[104] [105]}

Minya Coptic Christian bus attack (2017)

Main article: 2017 Minya attack

On 26 May 2017, masked gunmen opened fire on a convoy carrying Egyptian Coptic Christians in Minya, Egypt, killing at least 28 and injuring 26. ^[106]

Arish attack 2017

Main article: 2017 Sinai attack

On 24 November 2017, approximately 40 gunmen attacked the al-Rawda mosque near El-Arish Sinai during Friday prayers, killing 311 people and injured at least 122. While no group claimed responsibility for the attack, ^[107] the Islamic State's Wilayat Sinai branch was strongly suspected. ^[108] On 25 November, the Egyptian public prosecutor's office, citing interviews with survivors, said the attackers brandished the Islamic State flag. ^{[109] [110]} In an interview in the Islamic State magazine Rumiyah (January 2017 issue five) an insurgent Islamic State commander condemned Sufi practices and identified the district where the attack occurred as one of three areas where Sufis live in Sinai that Islamic State intended to "eradicate." ^[111]

Saint Menas church attack 2017

Main article: 2017 Saint Menas church attack

On 29 December 2017, in Helwan, Cairo, Egypt, a gunman opened fire at the Coptic Orthodox Church of Saint Menas and a nearby shop owned by a Coptic man, killing ten citizens and a police officer and injuring around ten people. ^{[112] [113]} He was wounded by police and arrested. Investigators said he had carried out several attacks in the last year. ^{[114] [113]} According to Amaq News Agency, the perpetrator of the attack belonged to the Islamic State group. ^[115]

Bombing in Giza region (2018)

On 28 December 2018, three Vietnamese tourists and an Egyptian tour guide were killed after a roadside bomb struck a tourist bus in the Giza region near Cairo. At least 11 people were wounded. ^[116] On 29 December, 40 alleged terrorists were killed by the Egyptian security personnel during raids in the Giza and North Sinai regions. ^[117]

Cairo bombing (2019)

Main article: 2019 Cairo bombing

On 4 August 2019, at least 20 people were killed and 47 injured after a car, heavily loaded with a bomb, collided with other vehicles, causing an explosion outside National Cancer Institute in Cairo. The interior ministry stated that the car was on its way to a location, where the explosives were to be used to carry out a terrorist operation. ^[118]

Alexandria shooting (2023)

On 8 October 2023 an Egyptian policeman killed two Israeli tourists and one Egyptian civilian in Alexandria, a third Israeli was injured and the gunman was shortly apprehended and arrested by the Egyptian police. ^[119]

See also

• List of terrorist attacks
• Mohammed Atta
• Muhammad abd-al-Salam Faraj
• Terrorism and tourism in Egypt
• Timeline of terrorism in Egypt (2013–present)

References

1. Kirkpatrick, David (3 February 2018). "Secret Alliance: Israel Carries Out Airstrikes in Egypt, With Cairo's O.K." The New York Times . Retrieved 25 August 2022. For more than two years, unmarked Israeli drones, helicopters and jets have carried out a covert air campaign, conducting more than 100 airstrikes inside Egypt, frequently more than once a week — and all with the approval of President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi...Mr. Sisi's spokesman, Col. Ahmed Ali, denied it.
2. "Donald Trump's New World Order". The New Yorker . 18 June 2018. Archived from the original on 20 June 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018. Recently, coöperation among Israel and the Gulf states has expanded into the Sinai Peninsula, where M.B.Z. has deployed Emirati forces to train and assist Egyptian troops who have been fighting militants with help from Israeli military aircraft and intelligence agencies. U.A.E. forces have, on occasion, conducted counterterrorism missions in Sinai.
3. "Perpetrators of second Rafah massacre arrested". Daily News Egypt. 1 September 2013. Archived from the original on 7 October 2013. Retrieved 9 November 2013.
4. "Egypt sentences 14 to death for 2011 Sinai attacks". The Times of Israel . 24 September 2012. Archived from the original on 16 December 2013. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
5. "Jihadists attack international peacekeeper base in Egypt's Sinai - FDD's Long War Journal". longwarjournal.org. 15 September 2012. Archived from the original on 18 August 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
6. Joscelyn, Thomas; Weiss, Caleb (23 July 2015). "Former Egyptian special forces officer leads Al Murabitoon". Long War Journal. Archived from the original on 16 October 2018. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
7. "Deadly attacks in Sinai highlight the region's growing instability". American Enterprise Institute . 23 July 2013. Archived from the original on 3 February 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2016.
8. "Ansar al Sharia Egypt in the Sinai". Long War Journal. 6 July 2013. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014.
9. "Hassm expands armed operations from Sinai into Nile Delta". Mada Masr . 27 March 2017. Archived from the original on 7 August 2017. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
10. "Egypt's Sinai desert: A haven for malcontents". The Economist. 13 July 2013. Archived from the original on 16 July 2013. Retrieved 17 July 2013.
11. "Jund al Islam claims credit for Sinai suicide car bomb attacks". The Long War Journal. 12 September 2013. Archived from the original on 24 September 2013. Retrieved 9 October 2013.
12. "(Allied) Popular Resistance Movement". Tahrir Institute for Middle East Policy. 9 April 2015. Archived from the original on 20 February 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
13. "Egypt army arrests head of Sinai radical militant group, dozens others". Ahram Online. 1 November 2013. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
14. "Jaysh al-Islam". Tahrir Institute for Middle East Policy . 22 July 2014. Archived from the original on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2016.
15. "Al Furqan Brigades". Terrorism Research & Analysis Consortium. Archived from the original on 3 February 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
16. "Ajnad Misr". Terrorism Research & Analysis Consortium. Archived from the original on 3 February 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
17. "'State of Sinai' claim attacks as part of 'IslamiYouth Uprising'". Daily News Egypt. 29 November 2014. Archived from the original on 5 December 2014. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
18. Bill Roggio, Mujahideen Shura Council denies involvement in Sinai assault, Long War Journal (Foundation for Defense of Democracies) 6 August 2012 Archived 15 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine
19. "Egypt arrests Sinai leading militant". Xinhua News Agency. 17 October 2014. Retrieved 10 November 2014.
20. "Egypt kills senior leader of Ansar Beit al-Maqdis". Worldbulletin. 10 December 2013. Retrieved 26 December 2013.
21. "North Sinai tribal leader kills 4 Islamist militants". Mada Masr. 2 August 2014. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
22. Bill Roggio (27 June 2012). "Abdullah Azzam Brigades names leader, advises against attacks in Syria's cities". The Long War Journal. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
23. "Founder of Islamist militant group Ajnad Misr killed: Police spokesman". Ahram Online. 5 April 2015. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
24. "Egypt terrorist group confirms leader's death". Ahram Online. 9 April 2015. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
25. "Al-Jihadeya Al-Salafeya leader Al-Zawahiri captured". Daily News Egypt. 17 August 2013. Archived from the original on 20 August 2013. Retrieved 22 August 2013.
26. "2 militants killed in North Sinai". Ahram Online. 31 August 2014. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 8 September 2014.
27. "Egypt army kills 15 militants in Sinai". Xinhua. 9 October 2014. Archived from the original on 15 October 2014. Retrieved 9 October 2014.
28. Kalin, Michael Georgy (20 May 2015). "Islamic State's Egypt affiliate urges attacks on judges - recording". Reuters UK. Archived from the original on 3 February 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2015.
29. "Egypt army says it killed Sinai-based leading militant - statement". Aswat Mariya. 1 August 2015. Archived from the original on 1 August 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
30. "Egypt says top militant killed". Arab News. 2 August 2015. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 2 August 2015.
31. "Egypt says top terrorist in ISIS-linked group killed in shootout". CNN. 9 November 2015. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
32. "Sisi: Egyptians chose 'the difficult path'". 10 January 2017. Archived from the original on 12 January 2017. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
33. "Sinai, Egypt's unsolved problem". Ahram Online. 18 July 2013. Archived from the original on 19 July 2013. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
34. "Egypt has lost more than 3,000 in fight against militants since 2013, says El Sisi". The national News. 27 April 2022. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
35. "IDF Soldier Killed, Another Wounded in Border Attack". 21 September 2012. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
36. "Egypt's long, bloody fight against the Islamic State in Sinai is going nowhere". The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
37. Walsh, Declan; Kirkpatrick, David D. (25 November 2017). "In Egypt, Furious Retaliation but Failing Strategy in Sinai". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
38. "Many Egyptian troops killed or wounded in North Sinai". Archived from the original on 21 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
39. "The Heavy Civilian Toll in Sinai". Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
40. "Death toll in Egypt mosque attack rises to more than 300". 25 November 2017. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
41. "Russian plane crash in Egypt: It's too early to determine cause, officials say". 2 November 2015. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
42. "South Korean church mourns after Egypt bombing". The Japan Times . Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
43. "Three Vietnamese tourists, guide killed by Egypt roadside bomb". The Straits Times . 29 December 2018. Archived from the original on 30 December 2018. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
44. "Croatian hostage 'killed by IS in Egypt'". BBC News. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
45. Murphy, Caryle Passion for Islam : Shaping the Modern Middle East: the Egyptian Experience, Scribner, 2002, p.4
46. "FBI – Most Wanted Terrorists". Fbi.gov. 11 September 2001. Retrieved 11 July 2015.
47. Chamieh, Jebran, Traditionalists, Militants and Liberal in Present Islam, Research and Publishing House, [1994?], p.140
48. Ghada Hashem Talhami (2007). Palestine in the Egyptian Press: From Al-Ahram to Al-Ahali. Lexington Books. p. 87. ISBN   978-0-7391-1784-2.
49. Ruthven, Malise, Islam in the World, Penguin Books, 1984, p. 312
50. Chamieh, Jebran, Traditionalists, Militants and Liberal in Present Islam, Research and Publishing House, [1994?], p.141
51. Ruthven, Malise, Islam in the World, Penguin Books, 1984, p.314
52. S. Teveth, Ben-Gurion's spy: the story of the political scandal that shaped modern Israel. Columbia University Press, 1996, ISBN   0-231-10464-2
53. Murphy, Caryle Passion for Islam : Shaping the Modern Middle East: the Egyptian Experience, Scribner, 2002, p.57
54. Kepel, Gilles, Muslim Extremism in Egypt by Gilles Kepel, English translation published by University of California Press, 1986, p. 74
55. Qutbism: An Ideology of Islamic-Fascism Archived 9 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine by Dale C. Eikmeier. From Parameters , Spring 2007, pp. 85–98.
56. Sayyid Qutb, Milestones, p. 11
57. "Sayyid Qutb's Milestones". tripod.com.
58. Sayyid Qutb, Milestones, p.55
59. Sayyid Qutb, Milestones, p.12
60. Sayyid Qutb, Milestones, p.101-103
61. Sayyid Qutb, Milestones, p.21, 132
62. Sayyid Qutb, Milestones, p.150, 155, 157
63. Sayyid Qutb, Milestones, p. 7, 136, 139
64. The Age of Sacred Terror by Daniel Benjamin and Steven Simon, New York: Random House, c2002, p. 63
65. Kepel, Gilles, Muslim Extremism in Egypt by Gilles Kepel, English translation published by University of California Press, 1986, p. 93
66. Musallam, Adnan (2005). From Secularism to Jihad: Sayyid Qutb and the Foundations of Radical Islamism. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 183–4. ISBN   978-0-275-98591-2.
67. Sageman, Marc, Understanding Terror Networks by Marc Sageman, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004, p. 28
68. Sageman, Marc, Understanding Terror Networks by Marc Sageman, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004, p.29
69. Kepel, Gilles, Muslim Extremism in Egypt by Gilles Kepel, English translation published by University of California Press, 1986, p. 70, 96
70. Kepel, Gilles, Muslim Extremism in Egypt by Gilles Kepel, English translation published by University of California Press, 1986, p. 97
71. "Muslim Fundamentalists Sentenced in Egypt". The New York Times. Associated Press. 3 September 1989. Retrieved 30 April 2014.
72. Kifner (15 May 1987). "Egypt Breaks All Diplomatic Ties With Iran". The New York Times. p. 7. Retrieved 30 April 2014.
73. "Yasser Borhami". Ahram Online. 19 November 2011. Retrieved 30 April 2014.
74. Sageman, Marc, Understanding Terror Networks, Marc Sageman, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004, p. 31
75. "Armed Conflict Year Index". Onwar.com. Retrieved 11 July 2015.
76. Sageman, Marc, Understanding Terror Networks by Marc Sageman, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004, pp. 33,4
77. William B. Quandt (2010). The Middle East: Ten Years After Camp David. Brookings Institution Press. p. 99. ISBN   978-0-8157-2052-2.
78. "1990 Global Terrorism: Middle East Overview". Fas.org. Retrieved 11 July 2015.
79. "Egyptian Sniper Kills 4 in Israel – tribunedigital-chicagotribune". Articles.chicagotribune.com. 26 November 1990. Retrieved 11 July 2015.
80. "Egyptian policeman kills 3 IDF soldiers in border shootings; is shot dead". www.timesofisrael.com. 3 June 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
81. "Two Israeli tourists killed in shooting attack at Egyptian tourist site". www.timesofisrael.com. 8 October 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
82. Sageman, Marc, Understanding Terror Networks by Marc Sageman, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004, p. 33
83. Murphy, Caryle Passion for Islam : Shaping the Modern Middle East: the Egyptian Experience, Scribner, 2002, pp. 82–3
84. "1996: Greek tourists killed by Egyptian gunmen". BBC. 18 April 1996. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
85. "CNN – Terrorists kill 9 tourists in Cairo attack – Sept. 18, 1997". www.cnn.com. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
86. "Egypt ties Dahab blasts to other attacks". CNN. 26 April 2006. Archived from the original on 14 December 2006. Retrieved 23 January 2007.
87. "Dahab blasts pinned on suicide bombers : Mail & Guardian Online". Archived from the original on 13 December 2006. Retrieved 23 January 2007.
88. Nahmias, Roee (20 June 1995). "Dahab bombers were Sinai Bedouins – Israel News, Ynetnews". Ynetnews. Ynetnews.com. Retrieved 11 July 2015.
89. Al, Asharq (25 February 2015). "Re-directed Link – ASHARQ AL-AWSAT". Aawsat.com. Retrieved 11 July 2015.
90. "19 kidnapped Western and Egyptian nationals released unharmed". Direct Travel. 29 September 2008. Retrieved 20 January 2013.
91. Yolande Knell (1 January 2011). "Egypt bomb kills 21 at Alexandria Coptic church". BBC. Retrieved 20 January 2013.
92. Awad, Marwa (23 January 2011). "Egypt blames Gaza militants for church bomb". Reuters. Retrieved 20 January 2013.
93. "The British Intelligence: The Egyptian Interior exploded the church | Philip Brennan". Archived from the original on 12 May 2011. Retrieved 8 February 2011.
94. "Clashes in Sinai over Morsi removal". Ahram Online. 5 July 2013. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
95. "Gunmen kill 21 Egyptian soldiers near Al- Farafra Oasis". IANS. news.biharprabha.com. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
96. "Egypt admits bomb most likely scenarios for downing Metrojet". ABCNews.com. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
97. Hatem, Ahmed (15 July 2017). "Egypt knife attacker first sat, spoke with 2 German victims". ABC News. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
98. "Attack at Hotel in Egypt Injures European Tourists". The New York Times. 8 January 2016. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
99. "Egypt hotel attack: Three tourists wounded by assailants in Hurghada resort". The Independent. 8 January 2016. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
100. "Egypt attack: Three tourists stabbed at Hurghada hotel". BBC. 9 January 2016. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
101. Walsh, Declan (14 July 2017). "European Tourists Stabbed at a Beach Resort in Egypt; 2 Die". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
102. Sanchez, Raf (16 July 2017). "Two tourists killed and four wounded in Egypt beach resort stabbing". The Telegraph. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
103. Regev, Dana (15 July 2017). "Egypt's tourism industry suffers a critical blow". DW. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
104. "Palm Sunday church bombings in Egypt kill 44, wound dozens". The Chicago Tribune. 9 April 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2017.
105. Germany, SPIEGEL ONLINE, Hamburg (9 April 2017). "Terror in Ägypten: Zweiter Anschlag auf Christen – Präsident Sisi beruft Sicherheitsrat ein – SPIEGEL ONLINE – Politik". SPIEGEL ONLINE. Retrieved 9 April 2017.
106. "Egypt Coptic Christians killed in bus attack". BBC News. BBC. 26 May 2017. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
107. Ian Lee, Laura Smith-Spark and Hamdi Alkhshali. "Egypt hunts for killers after mosque attack leaves at least 235 dead". CNN. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
108. "The Latest: Egypt says death toll in mosque attack up to 200". Associated Press. 24 November 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
109. "Gunmen in Egypt mosque attack carried Islamic State flag, prosecutor says". Reuters. Retrieved 25 November 2017.
110. Omar Fahmy; Patrick Marke (25 November 2017). "Gunmen in Egypt mosque attack carried Islamic State flag, prosecutor says". Reuters.
111. Walsh, Declan; Youssef, Nour (24 November 2017). "Militants Kill 305 at Sufi Mosque in Egypt's Deadliest Terrorist Attack". The New York Times.
112. "Mass funeral to be held for Helwan church victims: Coptic Orthodox Church – Egypt Independent". 29 December 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
113. "Gunman kills 11 in attacks on Coptic church, Christian-owned shop in E". Reuters. 30 December 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
114. "Gunman attacks Cairo Christians". BBC News. 29 December 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
115. "رسميًا.. داعش يُعلن مسؤوليته عن هجوم كنيسة مارمينا بحلوان" . Retrieved 30 December 2017.
116. "At least 4 dead in Egypt tourist bus bombing near pyramids". CNN. 28 December 2018. Retrieved 29 December 2018.
117. "Egypt security forces kill 40 suspected terrorists in raids – report". CNN. 29 December 2018. Retrieved 29 December 2018.
118. "Egypt: potential terror motive in Cairo blast probed". ANSAmed. 5 August 2019. Retrieved 5 August 2019.
119. "Two Israelis, one Egyptian shot dead in Alexandria, Israeli foreign ministry says". Reuters . 8 October 2023.

Bibliography

• Kepel, Gilles, Muslim Extremism in Egypt by Gilles Kepel, English translation published by University of California Press, 1986,
• Qutb, Sayyid (1981). Milestones. The Mother Mosque Foundation. (paging in notes is from this edition)
• Qutb, Sayyid (2007). Milestones (PDF). Maktabah Publishers. Retrieved 11 December 2020.