List of conflicts by duration

Last updated

The following list ranks wars and times of war or conflict by their duration, including both historical and ongoing battles.

Contents

List

War or conflictStart dateEnd dateDuration
Reconquista 7181492774 years
Anglo-French Wars 11091815706 years
Roman–Persian Wars 54 BC628681 years
Byzantine–Bulgarian wars 6801355675 years
Roman-Germanic wars 113 BC476588 years [1]
Arab–Byzantine wars 6291180551 years
Bulgarian–Serbian wars (medieval) 8181330512 years
Yaqui Wars 15331929396 years
Yemeni–Ottoman conflicts 15381911373 years
Moroccan–Portuguese conflicts 14151769354 years
Russo-Turkish wars 15681918350 years
Arauco War 15361883347 years
Dano-Swedish wars 14701814344 years
Three Hundred and Thirty Five Years' War 16511986335 years, 2 weeks and 4 days
Spanish–Moro conflict 15651898333 years
Apache–Mexico Wars 16001915315 years
American Indian Wars 16091924315 years[ citation needed ]
Ottoman–Persian Wars 15141823309 years
Burmese-Siamese wars 15471855308 years
Han–Xiongnu War 200 BC91290 years
Navajo Wars 16001866266 years
Ottoman–Habsburg wars 15261791265 years
Byzantine–Seljuk wars 10481308260 years[ citation needed ]
Anglo-Scottish Wars 12961547251 years, 5 months, 2 weeks and 1 day
Chechen–Russian conflict 17852024239 years
Warring States period 453 BC223 BC230 years
Muslim conquests of Afghanistan 642870228 years
Polish-Russian Wars 15771794217 years, 10 months, 2 weeks and 1 day
Byzantine–Ottoman wars 12651479214 years[ citation needed ]
Polish–Teutonic War 13081521213 years
Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula 218 BC19 BC199 years
Russian conquest of Siberia 15801778198 years
Crusades 10961291194 years, 9 months and 3 days
Cossack uprisings 15911775184 years
Byzantine–Lombard wars 568751183 years
Russo-Persian Wars 16511828177 years
Spanish conquest of Guatemala 15241697173 years
Spanish conquest of Chiapas 15231695172 years
Genoese–Mongol Wars 13071478171 years
Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars 13681537169 years
Mughal–Sikh wars 16211788167 years
Ottoman–Hungarian wars 13661526160 years
Polish–Swedish wars 15631721158 years
Anglo-Dutch Wars 16521810158 years
Sengoku period 14671615148 years
Australian frontier wars 17881934146 years
Hook and Cod wars 13501490140 years
Mongol invasions and conquests 12061337131 years
Chola-Chalakya Wars 9921120128 years
Early Muslim conquests 622750128 years
Second Hundred Years' War 16891815126 years
Punic Wars 264 BC146 BC118 years
Hundred Years' War 13371453116 years [2]
Russo-Kazan Wars 14371552115 years
Norwegian civil wars 11301240110 years
Jin–Song Wars 11251234109 years
Seleucid–Parthian Wars 238 BC129 BC109 years
Crisis of the Roman Republic 135 BC27 BC108 years
Tuareg rebellions 1916Ongoing108 years
Kurdish separatism in Iran 1918Ongoing106 years
Georgian–Seljuk wars 10991203104 years
Hephthalite–Sasanian Wars 459562103 years
Kurdish rebellions in Turkey 6 March 1921Ongoing103 years, 1 month, 1 week and 3 days
Russo-Circassian War 17631864100 years, 10 months and 4 days
Xhosa Wars 17791879100 years
Zemene Mesafint 17551855100 years
Xinjiang conflict 1931Ongoing93 years
Beaver Wars 1609170192 years
Afghan–Sikh Wars 1751183786 years
Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 1918200385 years
Dagohoy rebellion 24 January 174431 August 182985 years, 7 months and 1 week
Anglo-Afghan War 1839191980 years
Eighty Years' War 1568164880 years [3]
Spanish conquest of Petén 1618169779 years
Korean conflict 15 August 1945Ongoing78 years, 8 months and 1 day
Muslim conquest of Transoxiana 67375178 years
Anglo-Ashanti wars 1823190077 years
Umayyad conquest of Hispania 71178877 years
Rohingya insurgency 1947Ongoing77 years
Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts 22 October 1947Ongoing76 years, 5 months, 3 weeks and 4 days
Kashmir conflict 22 October 1947Ongoing76 years, 5 months, 3 weeks and 4 days
Ethiopian-Somali wars 1948Ongoing76 years
Insurgency in Balochistan 1948Ongoing76 years
Internal conflict in Myanmar 2 April 1948Ongoing76 years and 2 weeks
Arab–Israeli conflict 15 May 1948Ongoing75 years, 11 months and 1 day
Muslim conquest of Sicily June 827August 90275 years and 2 months
Apache Wars 1849192475 years
Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes 1949Ongoing75 years
Karen conflict 1949Ongoing75 years [4]
French conquest of Algeria 1830190373 years
Dzungar–Qing Wars 1687175871 years
Jewish–Roman wars 6613670 years
Argentine Civil Wars 1814188066 years
Italian Wars 1494155965 years
Darfur Wars of Succession 1722178664 years
South Thailand insurgency 1960Ongoing64 years
Muslim conquest of the Maghreb 64770962 years
Papua conflict 1962Ongoing62 years
Cross border attacks in Sabah 1962Ongoing62 years
Insurgency in Northeast India 1963Ongoing61 years
Sixty Years' War 1754181460 years
Dutch–Portuguese War 1601166160 years
Lelantine War 710 BC650 BC60 years
Colombian conflict 1964Ongoing60 years
Insurgency in Manipur 24 November 1964Ongoing59 years, 4 months, 3 weeks and 2 days
Israeli–Lebanese conflict 14 May 1948August 18, 200658 years, 3 months and 4 days
Naxalite–Maoist insurgency 18 May 1967Ongoing56 years, 10 months, 4 weeks and 1 day
Texas–Indian wars 1820187555 years
Civil conflict in the Philippines 29 March 1969Ongoing55 years, 2 weeks and 4 days
Western Sahara conflict 1970Ongoing54 years
Basque conflict 31 July 195920 October 201152 years, 2 months, 2 weeks and 6 days
Bulgarian–Ottoman wars 1344139652 years
Galicia–Volhynia Wars 1340139252 years
Communist insurgency in Burma 1939198950 years
Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria 968101850 years
Greco-Persian Wars 499 BC449 BC50 years [5]
Moro conflict 29 March 196922 February 201949 years, 10 months, 3 weeks and 3 days
Comanche–Mexico Wars 1821187049 years
Whisky War 17 December 197314 June 202248 years, 5 months and 4 weeks
Cabinda War 8 November 1975Ongoing48 years, 5 months, 1 week and 1 day
Wars of the Diadochi 322 BC275 BC47 years [6]
Caucasian War 1817186447 years
Afghanistan conflict 27 April 1978Ongoing45 years, 11 months, 2 weeks and 6 days[ citation needed ]
Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present) 27 November 1978Ongoing45 years, 4 months, 2 weeks and 6 days
Cold War (Indirect War) (outline) 1946199145 years
Chadian Civil Wars 1965201045 years
Assam separatist movements 1979Ongoing45 years
Kongo Civil War 1665170944 years
Internal conflict in Peru 17 May 1980Ongoing43 years, 10 months, 4 weeks and 2 days
Maoist insurgency in Turkey 12 September 1980Ongoing43 years, 7 months and 4 days
Sino-Dutch conflicts 1620166242 years
Thirty-Eight Years' War 77081141 years[ citation needed ]
Umayyad invasion of Gaul 71975940 years
Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire 1532157240 years
Chichimeca War 1550159040 years
Polish–Czechoslovak border conflicts 1918195840 years
Comanche Wars 1836187539 years
Bab al-Tabbaneh–Jabal Mohsen conflict 1976201539 years
Guatemalan Civil War 13 November 196029 December 199636 years, 1 month, 2 weeks and 2 days [7]
Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 1987Ongoing37 years
French Wars of Religion 1562159836 years
Banana Wars 1898193436 years
Anglo-Powhatan Wars 1610164636 years
Nagorno-Karabakh conflict 20 February 19881 January 202435 years, 10 months, 1 week and 5 days
Holy Man's Rebellion 1901193635 years
Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir 1989Ongoing35 years
Abkhaz–Georgian conflict 1989Ongoing35 years
Georgian–Ossetian conflict 1989Ongoing35 years
Sectarianism in Pakistan 1989Ongoing35 years
Internal conflict in Bangladesh 1989Ongoing35 years
DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey 1 April 1990Ongoing34 years, 2 weeks and 1 day
Ayutthaya-Lan Na War 1441147433 years
Somali Civil War May 1991 [nb 1] Ongoing32 years and 11 months
Wars of the Roses 1455148732 years [15]
First War of Scottish Independence 1296132832 years [16]
Casamance conflict 1982201432 years
Anglo-Mysore Wars 1767179932 years
Libyan resistance movement 1911194332 years
Second Viking invasion of the British Isles 980101232 years
Insurgency in Laos 3 December 1975200832 years
Oromo conflict 1992Ongoing32 years
Aceh War 1873190431 years [17]
Āfāqī Khoja Holy War 1826185731 years
The Troubles 1968199830 years
Thirty Years' War 1618164830 years [18]
Chiapas conflict 1994201430 years
Eritrean War of Independence 1 September 196129 May 199129 years, 8 months, 3 weeks and 2 days
Norman Conquest of Sicily May 1061February 109129 years and 9 months
Murid War 1830185929 years
Insurgency in Aceh 4 December 197615 August 200528 years, 8 months, 1 week and 4 days
Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine 1 March 192015 May 194828 years, 2 months and 2 weeks
Portuguese Restoration War 1640166828 years [19]
Nicaraguan Revolution 1962199028 years
FULRO insurgency 20 September 1964October 199228 years
Insurgency in Meghalaya 1996Ongoing28 years
Allied Democratic Forces insurgency 1996Ongoing28 years
Communist insurgency in Sarawak December 19623 November 199027 years, 11 months and 2 days
Peloponnesian War 431 BC404 BC27 years [20]
New Zealand Wars 1845187227 years
Angolan Civil War 1975200227 years [21]
Russo-Finnish wars 27 January 191819 September 194426 years, 7 months, 3 weeks and 2 days
Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen 1998Ongoing26 years
Communal conflicts in Nigeria 1998Ongoing26 years
Sri Lankan Civil War 23 July 198318 May 200925 years, 9 months, 3 weeks and 4 days
Mughal–Maratha Wars September 1681May 170725 years and 8 months
Livonian War 1558158325 years [22]
Spanish American wars of independence 1808183325 years
Insurgency in Ogaden February 22, 1994August 12, 201824 years, 5 months and 3 weeks
Indonesian occupation of East Timor 7 December 197531 October 199923 years, 10 months, 3 weeks and 3 days
South African Border war 26 August 196621 March 199024 years
First Punic War 264 BC241 BC23 years
Second Afar insurgency 1995July 18, 201823 years
Silesian Wars 1740176323 years
War on terror 14 September 2001Ongoing [23] 22 years, 7 months and 2 days
Laotian Civil War 9 November 19532 December 197522 years, 3 weeks and 2 days
Second Sudanese Civil War 1983200522 years
Italian Unification Wars 1848187022 years
Occupation of Araucanía 1861188322 years
Norman conquest of England 1066108822 years
Kandyan Wars 1796181822 years
Little War in Hungary 1530155222 years
Chinese Civil War 1 August 19277 December 194922 years
Insurgency in the Maghreb 11 April 2002Ongoing22 years and 5 days
Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989) 17 June 19682 December 198921 years, 5 months, 2 weeks and 1 day
United States occupation of Nicaragua 1912193321 years
Lazic War 54156221 years
Great Northern War 1700172121 years [24]
Ottoman conquest of Habesh 1557157821 years
Muslim conquest of Persia 63365421 years
Conflict in the Niger Delta 2003Ongoing21 years
War in Darfur 26 February 2003Ongoing21 years, 1 month and 3 weeks
Eumeralla Wars 1840186020 years
War of the Sicilian Vespers 1282130220 years
Somaliland campaign 1900192020 years
Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict 19772 December 199720 years
Kivu conflict 2004Ongoing20 years
Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency 2004Ongoing20 years
Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 16 March 2004Ongoing20 years and 1 month
Iran–PJAK conflict 1 April 2004Ongoing20 years, 2 weeks and 1 day
War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) 7 October 200115 August 202119 years, 10 months, 1 week and 1 day
Vietnam War (outline) 1 November 195530 April 197519 years, 5 months, 4 weeks and 1 day [25]
Byzantine–Sasanian War of 572–591 57259119 years
Miao Rebellion (1854–1873) 1854187319 years
Gothic War 53555419 years[ citation needed ]
Insurgency in Paraguay 27 August 2005Ongoing18 years, 7 months, 2 weeks and 6 days
Jeroboam's Revolt 931 BC913 BC18 years
Communist insurgency in Thailand 1965198318 years
Basmachi movement 1916193418 years
Mahdist War 1881189918 years
Second Punic War 218 BC201 BC17 years
Ethiopian Civil War 12 September 19744 June 199116 years, 8 months, 3 weeks and 2 days
First Sudanese Civil War 18 August 195527 March 197216 years, 7 months, 1 week and 2 days
Bolivian War of Independence 1809182516 years
Chilean War of Independence 1810182616 years
Western Sahara War 30 October 19756 September 199115 years, 10 months and 1 week
Great Turkish War 14 July 168326 January 169915 years, 6 months, 1 week and 5 days
Lebanese Civil War 13 April 197513 October 199015 years and 6 months
Rhodesian Bush War 4 July 196412 December 197915 years, 5 months, 1 week and 1 day
Morean War 1684169915 years
Jewish–Babylonian War 601 BC586 BC15 years
Cambodian–Vietnamese War 30 April 197723 October 199114 years, 5 months, 3 weeks and 2 days
Third Indochina War 1978199214 years
Dhofar Rebellion 1962197614 years
Years of Lead (Italy) 1968198214 years
Taiping Rebellion 1850186414 years
Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700) 1686170014 years
Abyssinian–Adal war 1529154314 years
Marcomannic Wars 16618014 years
Second Sino-Japanese War 18 September 19319 September 194513 years, 11 months, 3 weeks and 1 day
Portuguese Colonial War 4 February 196125 April 197413 years, 2 months and 3 weeks
Darul Islam rebellion August 1949September 196213 years, 3 weeks and 5 days
War of the Spanish Succession 9 July 170211 July 171513 years and 2 days
Peruvian War of Independence 1811182413 years
Venezuelan War of Independence 1810182313 years
Wars of Alexander the Great 336 BC323 BC13 years
Syrian civil war 15 March 2011Ongoing13 years, 1 month and 1 day
Napoleonic Wars 18 May 180320 November 181512 years, 6 months and 2 days [26]
Burundian Civil War 21 October 199315 April 200612 years, 5 months, 3 weeks and 4 days
Haitian Revolution 21 August 17911 January 180412 years, 4 months, 1 week and 4 days
Malayan Emergency 16 June 194812 July 196012 years, 3 weeks and 5 days
Salvadoran Civil War 15 October 197916 January 199212 years, 3 months and 1 day
Iraqi no-fly zones conflict 1991200312 years
Wars of the Three Kingdoms 1639165112 years
Cimbrian War 113 BC101 BC12 years
Sino-Vietnamese conflicts (1979–1991) 1979199112 years
Guinea-Bissau War of Independence 23 January 196310 September 197411 years, 7 months, 2 weeks and 4 days
Queen Anne's War March 8, 1702July 13, 171311 years, 4 months and 5 days
Mexican War of Independence 16 September 181027 September 182111 years, 1 week and 4 days
Dano-Swedish War 1501151211 years
Pool Department insurgency 1997200811 years
Insurgency in Punjab 1984199511 years
Sierra Leone Civil War 23 March 199118 January 200210 years, 9 months, 3 weeks and 5 days
Nepalese Civil War 13 February 199621 November 200610 years, 9 months, 1 week and 1 day
Houthi insurgency in Yemen 18 June 20046 February 201510 years, 7 months, 2 weeks and 5 days
Yugoslav Wars 31 March 199112 November 200110 years, 7 months, 1 week and 5 days
Algerian Civil War 26 December 19918 February 200210 years, 1 month, 1 week and 6 days
Somaliland War of Independence 6 April 198118 May 199110 years, 1 month, 1 week and 5 days
Russo-Ukrainian War 20 February 2014Ongoing10 years, 1 month, 3 weeks and 6 days
Yemeni Civil War 16 September 2014Ongoing9 years and 7 months
Soviet–Afghan War 24 December 197915 February 19899 years, 1 month, 3 weeks and 1 day
Iraq War 20 March 200315 December 20118 years, 8 months, 3 weeks and 4 days
American Revolutionary War 19 April 17753 September 17838 years, 4 months, 2 weeks and 1 day
Aksumite-Persian wars 5705788 years
Iran–Iraq War 22 September 198020 August 19887 years, 10 months, 4 weeks and 1 day
War of the Austrian Succession 16 December 174018 October 17487 years, 10 months and 2 days
World War II September 1, 1939September 2, 19456 years and 1 day
Jebel Akhdar War 30 January 195410 October 19595 years, 8 months, 1 week and 3 days
Paraguayan War 186418705 years, 3 months, 2 weeks and 2 days
Second Congo War 2 August 199818 June 20034 years, 10 months, 2 weeks and 2 days
Russian Civil War 7 November 191716 June 19234 years, 7 months, 1 week and 2 days
World War I (outline) 28 July 191411 November 19184 years, 3 months and 2 weeks
American Civil War (outline)12 April 18619 April 18653 years, 11 months and 4 weeks
Philippine-American War 4 February 1899July 2, 19023 years, 3 months, 4 weeks and 1 day
War of Attrition 1 July 19677 August 19703 years, 1 month and 6 days
Spanish Civil War 17 July 19361 April 19392 years, 9 months, 2 weeks and 1 day
War of 1812 18 June 181217 February 18152 years, 8 months, 4 weeks and 2 days
Nigerian Civil War 6 July 196715 January 19702 years, 7 months, 1 week and 2 days
Crimean War 16 October 185330 March 18562 years, 5 months and 2 weeks
Tigray War 3 November 20203 November 20222 years
War of the Polish Succession 10 October 17333 October 17351 year, 11 months, 3 weeks and 2 days
Mexican-American War 25 April 18462 February 18481 year, 9 months, 1 week and 1 day
Toyota War 16 December 198611 September 19878 months, 3 weeks and 5 days
Gulf War 2 August 199028 February 19916 months, 3 weeks and 5 days
Spanish-American War 21 April 189813 August 18983 months, 3 weeks and 2 days
Insurgency of Ilinden–Preobrazhenie 2 August 1903November 19032 or 3 months
Falklands War 2 April 198214 June 19822 months, 1 week and 5 days
Austro-Prussian War June 14, 1866July 22, 18661 month, 1 week and 1 day
Turkish-Cypriot War of 1974 20 July 197418 August 19744 weeks and 1 day
Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 3 December 197116 December 19711 week and 6 days
Russo-Georgian War 1 August 200812 August 20081 week and 4 days
Six Day War 5 June 196710 June 19676 days
Football War 14 July 196918 July 19694 days
Wagner Group rebellion 23 June 202324 June 20231 day
2023 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes 19 September 2023 (13:17)20 September 2023 (13:00)23 hours 43 minutes
2008 Invasion of Anjoun 25 March 2008 (05:00)25 March 2008 (12:00)7 hours
Anglo-Zanzibar war 27 August 1896 (09:00)27 August 1896 (09:37)38 minutes

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Various start dates have been offered for when the civil war in Somalia began. The Central Bank of Somalia, [8] the United Nations, [9] [10] the US Office of the Secretary of Defense, [11] and Necrometrics all assert that the conflict started in 1991, after the ouster of the Siad Barre administration. [12] Political scientist James Fearon argues that the start of the conflict could be dated to 1981, when armed Isaaq clan militias began to launch small-scale attacks against the Barre regime and its Isaaq members, to the razing of the Isaaq majority town of Hargeisa in 1988 by state forces, or to 1991, following the collapse of the Barre administration and the commencement of interclan warfare. For analytical purposes, he settles on 1991 for the start date of a new civil war, on the grounds that the fighting had begun previously, but that a major party to the conflict was defeated. [13] Robinson writes that the "civil war had effectively begun by 1987", referring to Compagnon. [14]

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mohammed Said Hersi Morgan</span> Former Minister of Defence of Somalia

Major General Mohammed Said Hersi Morgan, also known as General Morgan or Colonel Morgan, is a Somali military and faction leader. He was the son-in-law of Siad Barre and Minister of Defence of Somalia. He hails from the Majeerteen Darood clan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Somali Air Force</span> Air warfare branch of Somalias military

The Somali Air Force is the air force of Somalia. Called the Somali Aeronautical Corps (SAC) during its pre-independence period (1954–1960), the Somali Air Force was renamed as such after Somalia gained independence in 1960. Ali Matan Hashi, Somalia's first pilot and person principally responsible for organizing the SAF, was its founder and served as its first Chief. At one point, the Somali Air Force had the strongest airstrike capability in the Horn of Africa. But by the time President Siad Barre fled Mogadishu in 1991, it had completely collapsed. The SAF headquarters was technically reopened in 2015.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Isaaq genocide</span> 1987–1989 Genocide of Isaaq in north Somalia

The Isaaq genocide, also known as the Hargeisa holocaust, was the systematic, state-sponsored genocide of Isaaq civilians between 1987 and 1989 by the Somali Democratic Republic, under the dictatorship of Siad Barre, during the Somaliland War of Independence. The number of civilian deaths in this massacre is estimated to be between 50,000 and 100,000, according to various sources, whilst local reports estimate the total civilian deaths to be upwards of 200,000 Isaaq civilians. The genocide also included the levelling and complete destruction of the second and third largest cities in the Somali Republic, Hargeisa and Burao, respectively, and had caused up to 500,000 Somalis of the region, primarily of the Isaaq clan, to flee their land and cross the border to Hartasheikh in Ethiopia as refugees in what was described as "one of the fastest and largest forced movements of people recorded in Africa", which resulted in the creation of the world's largest refugee camp then (1988), with another 400,000 being displaced. The scale of destruction led to Hargeisa being known as the 'Dresden of Africa'. The killings happened during the Somali Civil War and have been referred to as a "forgotten genocide".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Somaliland Peace Process</span> Peace process in Somaliland

The Somaliland Peace Process refers to the series of grassroot initiatives that brought peace to Somaliland after the collapse of central government of Somalia. In conjunction with the Somali National Movement, communities in Somaliland negotiated a series of truces to end hostilities and address the grievances between the communities who were often on opposing sides to the Barre regime.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Somaliland National Army</span> Land warfare branch of Somalilands military

The Somaliland National Army, is the land force and largest branch of the Somaliland Armed Forces is based in the Somaliland capital of Hargeisa. There are approximately under 100,000 active members. The Somaliland National Army is composed entirely of professionals and volunteers due to the army not being mandatory of conscription. Some Somaliland battalions operate near the Puntland border due to a border dispute.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Somaliland War of Independence</span> 1981–1991 conflict part of Somali Civil War

The Somaliland War of Independence was a rebellion waged by the Somali National Movement (SNM) against the ruling military junta in Somalia led by General Siad Barre lasting from its founding on 6 April 1981 and ended on 18 May 1991 when the SNM declared what was then northern Somalia independent as the Republic of Somaliland. The conflict served as the main theater of the larger Somali Rebellion that started in 1978. The conflict was in response to the harsh policies enacted by the Barre regime against the main clan family in Somaliland, the Isaaq, including a declaration of economic warfare on the clan-family. These harsh policies were put into effect shortly after the conclusion of the disastrous Ogaden War in 1978.

The 1988 Hargeisa-Burao offensive was a major offensive conducted during the Somaliland War of Independence in May 1988 by the Somali National Movement on the cities of Hargeisa and Burao, then the second and third largest cities of Somalia. The SNM captured Burao on 27 May within two hours, while the SNM entered Hargeisa on 29 May, overrunning most of the city apart from its airport by 1 June. During the offensive the Somali National Army committed gross human rights violations, including attacking the civilian population using heavy artillery and tanks.

References

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  6. ↑ Romm, James (2012). Ghost on the throne : the death of Alexander the Great and the war for crown and empire (1st ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN   978-0307271648.
  7. ↑ Chauche, Victor Perera; photographs by Daniel (1995). Unfinished conquest : the Guatemalan tragedy. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN   0520203496.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ↑ "Board of Directors". Central Bank of Somalia. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
  9. ↑ "UN senior official calls for widespread support for Somali Government reform efforts" (PDF). United Nations. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
  10. ↑ "Somalia - UNOSOM II: Background". United Nations. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
  11. ↑ "Richard B. Cheney - George H.W. Bush Administration". US Office of the Secretary of Defense. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
  12. ↑ "Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls and Casualty Statistics for Wars, Dictatorships and Genocides". Users.erols.com. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
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  14. ↑ Robinson, Colin (2016). "Revisiting the rise and fall of the Somali Armed Forces, 1960–2012". Defense & Security Analysis. 32 (3): 237–252. doi:10.1080/14751798.2016.1199122. S2CID   156874430.
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  17. ↑ Martinkus, John (2004). Indonesia's secret war in Aceh (1. publ. ed.). Milsons Point, N.S.W.: Random House. ISBN   174051209X.
  18. ↑ Wilson, Peter H. (2011). The Thirty Years War : Europe's tragedy (1st Harvard University Press pbk. ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN   978-0674062313.
  19. ↑ Birmingham, David (2003). A concise history of Portugal (2. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN   0521536863.
  20. ↑ Kagan, Donald (2004). The Peloponnesian War. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN   0142004375.
  21. ↑ III, W. Martin James (2011). A political history of the civil war in Angola, 1974–1990 (Pbk. ed.). New Brunswick, [N.J.], U.S.A.: Transaction Publishers. ISBN   978-1412815062.
  22. ↑ Stevens, Carol B. (2007). Russia's wars of emergence : 1460–1730. Harlo [u.a.]: Pearson Longman. ISBN   978-0582218918.
  23. ↑ "Will the 'War on Terror' ever end?". BBC News . Retrieved 12 September 2021.
  24. ↑ Frost, Robert I. (2000). The northern wars : war, state, and society in northeastern Europe, 1558 – 1721 ([Nachdr.] ed.). Harlow [u.a.]: Longman. ISBN   0582064295.
  25. ↑ Karnow, Stanley (1997). Vietnam, a history (2nd rev. and updated ed.). New York, N.Y.: Penguin Books. ISBN   0140265473.
  26. ↑ Rothenberg, Gunther E. (2006). The Napoleonic Wars. [Washington, D.C.]: Smithsonian Books. ISBN   006085121X.
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