South West Africa campaign

South West Africa campaign
Part of African theatre of World War I
The South West Africa campaign in 1915
Date 15 September 1914 – 9 July 1915 (9 months, 3 weeks and 3 days) Location South Africa, Namibia Result Allied victory Territorial changes South West Africa annexed to the Union of South Africa
Belligerents
United Kingdom   South Africa   Portugal Angola	Germany   South West Africa   South African Republic Oukwanyama
Commanders and leaders
Jan Smuts Louis Botha Alves Roçadas Pereira d'Eça	Theodor Seitz Victor Franke Joachim von Heydebreck   † Manie Maritz Jan Kemp Mandume ya Ndemufayo   †
Strength
67,000 South Africans 12,000 Portuguese	3,000 Schutztruppe 7,000 German militia & settlers 12,000 Boer commandos
Casualties and losses
Union of South Africa: 246 killed 560 wounded 782 captured 181 died of disease [1] Portuguese Angola: 810 killed 683 wounded 268 missing or captured [2]	German South West Africa: 103 killed 890 captured 37 field guns lost 22 machine-guns lost South African Republic: 124 killed 229 wounded [3] Ovambo 25 killed 100 wounded

The South West Africa campaign was the conquest and occupation of German South West Africa by forces from the Union of South Africa acting on behalf of the British imperial government at the beginning of the First World War. The South African Prime Minister Louis Botha took the unusual move of directly leading his troops into battle as commander-in-chief, to the frustration of his cabinet. ^[4]

Background

The outbreak of hostilities in Europe in August 1914 had been anticipated and government officials of South Africa were aware of the significance of their common border with the German colony. Prime Minister Louis Botha informed London that South Africa could defend itself and that the Imperial Garrison might depart for France; when the British government asked Botha whether his forces would invade German South West Africa, the reply was yes. South African troops were mobilised along the border between the two countries under the command of General Henry Lukin and Lieutenant-Colonel Manie Maritz early in September 1914. Shortly afterwards another force occupied the port of Lüderitz. The news about the start of the First World War reached German South West Africa on 2 August 1914 via radio-telegraphy. The information was transmitted from the Nauen station via a relay station in Kamina and Lomé in Togo to the radio station in Windhoek.^{[ citation needed ]}

Boer revolt

Main article: Maritz rebellion

There was considerable sympathy among the Boer population of South Africa for the German cause. Only twelve years had passed since the end of the Second Boer War, in which Germany had offered the two Boer republics unofficial support in their war with the British Empire. Lieutenant-Colonel Manie Maritz, heading commando forces on the border of German South West Africa, declared that

The former South African Republic and Orange Free State, as well as the Cape Province and Natal, are proclaimed free from British control and independent, and every [all] White inhabitant[s] of the mentioned areas, of whatever nationality, are hereby called upon to take their weapons in their hands and realise the long-cherished ideal of a Free and Independent South Africa.

— Manie Maritz. ^[5]

Maritz and several other high-ranking officers rapidly gathered forces with a total of about 12,000 rebels in the Transvaal and Orange Free State, ready to fight for the cause in what became known as the Boer revolt (also sometimes referred to as the Maritz rebellion).

The government declared martial law on 14 October 1914 and forces loyal to the government under the command of Generals Louis Botha and Jan Smuts proceeded to destroy the rebellion. Maritz was defeated on 24 October and took refuge with the Germans; the rebellion was suppressed by early February 1915. The leading Boer rebels received terms of imprisonment of six and seven years and heavy fines; two years later they were released from prison, as Botha recognised the value of reconciliation.

German and South African hostilities

A first attempt to invade German South West Africa from the south failed at the Battle of Sandfontein, close to the border with the Cape Colony, where on 26 September 1914 German colonial forces defeated the Union Defence Force (UDF), although the surviving UDF troops were left free to return to South Africa. ^[6] To disrupt South African plans to invade German South West Africa again, the Germans invaded South Africa and the Battle of Kakamas took place over the fords at Kakamas, on 4 February 1915 for control of two fords over the Orange River. The South Africans succeeded in preventing the Germans gaining control of the fords and crossing the river. ^[7]

December 1914: German air raid on an Allied camp at the railway station of Tschaukaib

By February 1915, with the home front secure, the South Africans were ready to invade again. Botha, as a senior and experienced military commander, took command of the invasion, with Smuts commanding the southern forces while he led the northern forces. ^[8] Botha arrived at the coastal German colonial town of Swakopmund, on 11 February to take direct command on the northern contingent, and continued to build up his invasion force at Walfish Bay (Walvis Bay) a South African enclave about halfway along the coast of German South West Africa. In March he advanced from Swakopmund along the Swakop valley with its railway line and captured Otjimbingwe, Karibib, Friedrichsfelde, Wilhelmsthal and Okahandja, reaching the capital Windhuk on 5 May 1915. ^[9]

The Germans offered terms under which they would surrender but Botha refused them. ^[8] On 12 May Botha declared martial law and having cut the colony in half, divided his forces into four contingents under Coen Brits, Lukin, Manie Botha and Myburgh. Brits went north to Otjiwarongo, Outjo and Etosha Pan which cut off German forces in the interior from the coastal regions of Kunene and Kaokoveld. The other three columns fanned out into the north-east. Lukin went along the railway line running from Swakopmund to Tsumeb. The other two columns advanced on Lukin's right flank, Myburgh to Otavi junction and Manie Botha to Tsumeb and the line's terminus. The men who commanded these columns, having fought in Boer commandos, moved rapidly. ^[9] The German forces in the north-west made a stand at the Battle of Otavi on 1 July but were beaten and surrendered at Khorab on 9 July 1915. ^[10]

German mounted troops in South West Africa

Smuts landed with another South African force at the naval base at Luderitzbucht (now Angra Pequena). Having secured the town Smuts advanced inland, capturing Keetmanshoop on 20 May. Here he met two columns that had advanced over the border from South Africa, one from the coastal town of Port Nolloth and the other from Kimberley. ^[11] Smuts advanced north along the railway line to Berseba and after two days fighting captured Gibeon on 26 May. ^{[8] [12]} The Germans in the south were forced to retreat northwards towards their capital and Botha's forces. Within two weeks the German forces in the south were faced with certain destruction and Governor Sietz surrendered at Korab, north of Windhoek, on 9 July 1915. ^[9] When the Germans provided lists of the names of approximately 2,200 troops under their command, Botha told the German delegation that he had been tricked, as he knew that the Germans had 15,000 men. Victor Franke, the German commander, replied, "If we had 15,000 men then you wouldn't be here and we wouldn't be in this position". ^[13]

German and Portuguese hostilites

Main article: German campaign in Angola

Portuguese troops embarking for southern Angola

Before an official declaration of war between Germany and Portugal (March 1916), in the German campaign in Angola German and Portuguese troops fought several times on the border between German South West Africa and Portuguese Angola. The Germans won most of these clashes and were able to occupy the Humbe region in southern Angola until Portuguese control was restored a few days before the successful South African campaign defeated the Germans. The German offensive into Angola spurred the native Ovambo to revolt against Portuguese rule. The ensuing Ovambo Uprising was not fully suppressed by Portuguese and British forces until after the end of World War One.

Aftermath

Casualties

South African casualties were 113 killed,153 died of injury or illness and 263 wounded. ^{[lower-alpha 1]} German casualties were 103 killed,890 taken prisoner,37 field guns and 22 machine-guns captured. ^[3]

Post-war

Main article: Namibia

After defeating the German force in South West Africa, South Africa occupied the colony and then administered it as a League of Nations mandate territory from 1919. Although the South African government desired to incorporate South West Africa into its territory, it never officially did so, although it was administered as the de facto fifth province, with the white minority having representation in the whites-only Parliament of South Africa, as well as electing their own local administration the SWA Legislative Assembly. The South African government also appointed the SWA administrator, who had extensive powers. When the League was superseded by the United Nations in 1946, South Africa refused to surrender the mandate and the United Nations General Assembly revoked it. In 1971 the International Court of Justice issued an "advisory opinion" declaring South Africa's administration to be illegal. ^[15]

Notes

1. In the official history, J. J. Collyer, the official historian, wrote that the Union forces suffered 88 men killed, 25 died of wounds, 153 died of injuries and illness and 263 men were wounded. ^[14]

Footnotes

1. Mitchell & Smith 1931, pp. 263–264.
2. Fraga 2010.
3. Strachan 2001, p. 568.
4. "Botha, Louis | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)". encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
5. Bunting 1964, p. 332.
6. Strachan 2001, pp. 550, 555.
7. Strachan 2001, pp. 550, 552, 554.
8. Tucker & Wood 1996, p. 654.
9. Crafford 2005, p. 102.
10. Strachan 2001, pp. 556–557.
11. Strachan 2001, pp. 559–565.
12. Burg & Purcell 2004, p. 59.
13. Mansfeld 2017, pp. 141–142.
14. Collyer 1997, p. 152.
15. ACED 2017.

References

• Bunting, B. (1964). The Rise of the South African Reich . London: Penguin. ISBN   978-0-904759-74-7 – via Archive Foundation.
• Burg, David F.; Purcell, L. Edward (2004). Almanac of World War I (Illus. ed.). University Press of Kentucky. ISBN   978-0-8131-9087-7 – via Archive Foundation.
• Collyer, John Johnston (1997) [1937]. The Campaign in German South-West Africa 1914–1915 (facs. repr. The Battery Press and the Imperial War Museum, Department of Printed Books, Nashville TN and London ed.). Pretoria: The Government Printing and Stationery Office. ISBN   978-0-89839-273-9.
• Crafford, F. S. (2005) [1943]. Jan Smuts: A Biography (repr. ed.). Kessinger Publishing. ISBN   978-1-4179-9290-4.
• Fraga, L. A. (2010). Do intervencionismo ao sidonismo: os dois segmentos da política de guerra na 1a República, 1916–1918[From Interventionism to Sidonism: The two Segments of the War Policy in the 1st Republic, 1916–1918] (in Portuguese). Coimbra: Universidade de Coimbra. ISBN   978-989-26-0034-5.
• Mansfeld, Eugen (2017). The Autobiography of Eugene Mansfeld: A Settler's Life in Colonial Namibia. London: Jeppestown Press. ISBN   978-0-9570837-4-5.
• Mitchell, Thomas John; Smith, G. M. (1931). Casualties and Medical Statistics of the Great War. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Committee of Imperial Defence. London: HMSO. OCLC   14739880.
• "Namibian War of Independence 1966–1988". Armed Conflict Events Database. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
• Strachan, H. (2001). The First World War: To Arms. Vol. I. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN   0-19-926191-1.
• Tucker, S.; Wood, L. M. (1996). Tucker, Spencer; Wood, Laura Matysek; Murphy, Justin D. (eds.). The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia (illus. ed.). Taylor & Francis. ISBN   978-0-8153-0399-2.
• Zollmann, Jakob (2016a). Naulila 1914. World War I in Angola and International Law. doi:10.5771/9783845271606. ISBN   978-3-8452-7160-6.

Further reading

• Cana, Frank Richardson (1922). "German East Africa"  . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 31 (12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company. pp. 223–224.
• Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). "German South-West Africa"  . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 800–804.
• Historicus Africanus (2011), Der 1. Weltkrieg in Deutsch-Südwestafrika 1914/15, 1. Band; 2nd edition. Windhoek: Glanz & Gloria Verlag. ISBN   978-99916-872-1-6
• Historicus Africanus (2012), Der 1. Weltkrieg in Deutsch-Südwestafrika 1914/15, 2. Band, "Naulila", Windhoek: Glanz & Gloria Verlag. ISBN   978-99916-872-3-0
• Historicus Africanus (2014), Der 1. Weltkrieg in Deutsch-Südwestafrika 1914/15, 3. Band, "Kämpfe im Süden", Windhoek: Glanz & Gloria Verlag. ISBN   978-99916-872-8-5
• Historicus Africanus (2016), Der 1. Weltkrieg in Deutsch-Südwestafrika 1914/15, 4. Band, "Der Süden ist verloren", Windhoek: Glanz & Gloria Verlag. ISBN   978-99916-909-2-6
• Historicus Africanus (2016), Der 1. Weltkrieg in Deutsch-Südwestafrika 1914/15, 5. Band, "Aufgabe der Küste", Windhoek: Glanz 6 Gloria Verlag. ISBN   978-99916-909-4-0
• Historicus Africanus (2017), Der 1. Weltkrieg in Deutsch-Südwestafrika 1914/15, 6. Band, Aufgabe der Zentralregionen", Windhoek: Glanz & Gloria Verlag. ISBN   978-99916-909-5-7
• Historicus Africanus (2018), Der 1. Weltkrieg in Deutsch-Südwestafrika 1914/15, 7. Band, Der Ring schließt sich", Windhoek: Glanz & Gloria Verlag. ISBN   978-99916-909-7-1
• Historicus Africanus (2018), Der 1. Weltkrieg in Deutsch-Südwestafrika 1914/15, 8. Band, Das Ende bei Khorab", Windhoek: Glanz & Gloria Verlag. ISBN   978-99916-909-9-5
• Krömer, Bernd; Krömer, Holger (2018). Fotografische Erinnerungen an Deutsch-Südwestafrika: Der 1. Weltkrieg in Deutsch-Südwestafrika. Vol. III. Windhoek: Glanz & Gloria. ISBN   978-9-99-169098-8.
• Paice, Edward (2007). Tip and Run: The Untold Tragedy of the Great War in Africa. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN   978-0-297-84709-0.
• Patterson, H. "First Allied Victory: The South African Campaign in German South West Africa, 1914–1915". Military History Journal. 13 (2). The South African Military History Society. ISSN   0026-4016 . Retrieved 10 May 2013.
• Stejskal, James (2014). The Horns of the Beast: The Swakop River Campaign in South West Africa: 1914–1915. Solihull: Helion. ISBN   978-19099-827-89.
• Walker, H. F. B. (1917). A Doctor's Diary in Damaraland . London: Edward Arnold. OCLC   3586466 . Retrieved 2 March 2014– via Archive Foundation.

External links

• Africa portal

• The Battle of Sandfontein
• Hypertext version of The Rise of the South African Reich, Brian Bunting, Chapter 1. Source for the quotation of Manie Maritz
• Sol Plaatje, Native Life in South Africa: Chapter XXIII — The Boer Rebellion
• 90th anniversary of German defeat in South West Africa from the Great War Society
• Chronology of Events in the Defense of the Portuguese African Colonies, 1914–1920 (in Portuguese)