Sack of Dinant

The Sacking of Dinant
Part of the Rape of Belgium in World War I
Devastated Dinant (top) and as it was a month before the war (bottom)
Sack of Dinant (Belgium)
Native name	Sac de Dinant
Location	Dinant, Namur Province, Wallonia, Belgium
Coordinates	50°15′40″N4°54′43″E / 50.26111°N 4.91194°E / 50.26111; 4.91194
Date	21–28 August 1914
Target	Belgian civilians
Attack type	War crime, massacre
Deaths	674
Perpetrators	Imperial German Army Max von Hausen
Motive	Presumed presence of francs-tireurs

The Sack of Dinant ^{[nb 1]} or Dinant massacre ^{[nb 2]} refers to the mass execution of civilians, looting and sacking of Dinant, Neffe and Bouvignes-sur-Meuse in Belgium, perpetrated by German troops during the Battle of Dinant against the French in World War I. Convinced that the civilian population was hiding francs-tireurs, the German General Staff issued orders to execute the population and set fire to their houses.

674 individuals died due to gunfire, claiming the lives of men, women, and children, as it spread throughout the town from August 23, 1914, and afterward. Dinant lost two-thirds of its domestic properties to the fire. After being stripped of weapons on August 6, the civilian population had been exhorted to abstain from taking up arms against the invaders.

Belgium vehemently protested, and the global community was outraged, referring to the massacre and other outrages perpetrated during the invasion and occupation of Belgium by Germany as the "Rape of Belgium". Denied for many years, it was only in 2001 that the German government issued an official apology to both Belgium and the victims' descendants.

Description

The locations

Dinant circa 1914

The topography of the region significantly influenced the outcome of the Dinant massacre. The town of Dinant, situated mostly on the right bank between the Meuse River and the "Montagne," a rocky outcrop with a citadel, stands four kilometers long from north to south. The bottleneck sections, featuring only a narrow road and towpath, measure a few meters in contrast to the widest part, which spans three hundred meters. Across from the collegiate church, the primary bridge connects the left-bank community of Saint-Médard with the station district. In 1914, a pedestrian bridge linked the Bouvignes-sur-Meuse (left bank) and Devant-Bouvignes (right bank) municipalities. To the north, you'll find the Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe  [ fr ] neighborhood and Leffe faubourg. To the south, the Rivages and Saint-Nicolas right-bank neighborhoods emerge from Froidvau  [ fr ]. On the left bank, opposite the Bayard rock, lies the Neffe village. The town has limited access roads. ^{[1] [2] [3] [4]}

Historical context

Start of World War I

Putting its Schlieffen plan into action, on August 4, 1914, the German army invaded Belgium a few days after sending an ultimatum to the Belgian government  [ fr ] asking it to allow German troops to pass through its borders. King Albert and his government refused to allow neutrality and territorial integrity to be violated. ^[5]

In August 1914, Dinant had a population of 7,890. ^{[6] [7]} On August 6, 1914, Burgomaster Arthur Defoin ordered the population of Dinant to deposit their weapons and ammunition at the town hall - the same measure had been taken in Bouvignes-sur-Meuse. ^{[nb 3] [8] [9]} The mayor explains: ^[10]

"Inhabitants are formally warned that civilians may not engage in any attacks or violence by firearms or other weapons against enemy troops. Such attacks are prohibited by the just gentium and would expose their perpetrators, and perhaps even the town, to the most serious consequences. Dinant, August 6, 1914, A. Defoin".

In the morning of the same day, a company of thirty carabinieri-cyclists ^[11] from the 1er régiment de chasseurs à pied  [ fr ] arrived in Dinant. In the afternoon, the first German reconnaissance patrol made a quick incursion into town. Two uhlans advance into rue Saint-Jacques, and the Garde Civique opens fire, but does not hit them. A hunter-cyclist discharges his rifle, wounding a German and his horse in the arm. He flees on foot and is quickly caught, while the second falls from his horse and is treated by Dr. Remy. In the evening, the vanguard of the French 5th Army, the 148th régiment d'infanterie  [ fr ], took up position to defend the bridges at Bouvignes-sur-Meuse and Dinant. On August 7, the carabinieri-cyclists were recalled to Namur. Skirmishes broke out between the French and Germans over the following days, and a hussar was killed on August 11. The Germans abandoned their scouting missions and used their air force to assess the troops present. ^[12]

German defeat of August 15, 1914

Main article: Battle of Dinant

Two cavalry divisions, under the command of Lieutenant-General von Richtoffen, comprised the vanguard of the 3rd German Army. These divisions consisted of the Guards Cavalry Division and the 5th Division and were supported by 4-5 battalions of chasseurs à pied, along with two groups of artillery and machine guns. The infantry component of over 5,000 men was responsible for crossing the Meuse river between Houx (Belgium)  [ fr ], Dinant, and Anseremme. ^[7]

A 75 mm cannon in action during the French army's major maneuvers of 1913

At 6am on August 15, the Germans began bombing both banks of the Meuse. First of all, they destroyed the civil hospital, which nevertheless bore a huge red cross. The Château de Bouvignes, transformed into a field hospital for wounded French soldiers, suffered the same fate. ^[13] The fighting raged on, with the German army taking the citadel overlooking the town and attempting to cross the Meuse. They were on the verge of succeeding when the French Deligny division, finally authorized to intervene, silenced the enemy artillery with its 75 mm guns and helped repel the assault. ^[14]

The Germans left Dinant, three thousand of their men dead, wounded, prisoners or missing. When, at the top of the citadel, the people of Dinant saw the French flag replace the German colors that had flown there, they sang La Marseillaise. ^[15] In the citadel, the French discover that wounded French soldiers have been brutally killed. A corporal of the 148th was found hanging by his belt from a shrub, his genitals cut off. Over the following week, the enemy troops organized themselves. General Lanrezac and his men moved up the Entre-Sambre-et-Meuse  [ fr ], while von Hausen's troops closed in on the front between Namur and Givet. ^{[16] [17]}

The myth of the francs-tireurs

The Garde Civique in 1914 in Herstal

Since the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, the myth of "francs-tireurs" has been prominent among German soldiers and their leaders. Manuals on the art of warfare, such as Kriegsgebrauch im Landkriege published in 1902, even encouraged officers and troops to be harsh in their treatment of "francs-tireurs." ^[18] This belief significantly influenced the perception and interpretation of events by Saxon troops during August 1914. When patrols did not return or the source of fire couldn't be determined, franc-tireurs were often blamed. ^{[19] [20] [21]} Officers spread rumors, occasionally out of nothing but a desire to incite aggression and animosity among the troops. ^{[22] [23]}

Additionally, the Civic Guard's presence in the invasion's initial stages supports the Germans' view of it as an armed civilian militia. Founded during the Belgian Revolution of 1830, the Civic Guard consists of middle-class citizens whose mission is to protect the territory's integrity. On August 6, the community ordinance disarmed the people of Dinant, but not the Civic Guard, which remained mobilized until the morning of the 15th and was disarmed on the 18th. ^[24]

German officers in a property requisitioned for Colonel Beeger, the military commander of Dinant, and his staff

The crushing defeat on August 15, which left 3,000 soldiers wounded, and the playing of the Marseillaise after the town was liberated intensified the animosity of the occupiers towards the local people. ^[25] "Eight days later, the enemy avenged themselves cruelly on the residents of Dinant." ^[26]

German troops lived with the trauma caused by this defiance from August 21 onwards. Alcohol, which was pillaged from homes, was extensively consumed to maintain morale, ^{[27] [28]} leading to a heightened sense of disorder and chaos that prevailed throughout the subsequent week. ^[29]

The city of Dinant, located at the bottom of a steep, narrow valley, posed difficulties in ascertaining the origin of gunfire ^[30] and locating projectiles that ricocheted off of its rocky terrain. ^[31] Furthermore, French troops situated on the elevated terrain of the left bank would fire whenever a firing angle presented itself. As a result of the disorderly fighting and smoke from fires, numerous German soldiers were unintentionally fired upon by their own allies. ^[32] These circumstances bolstered the German soldiers' belief that they were being targeted by enemy franc-tireurs. ^{[33] [28]} Consequently, the soldiers, whose perception of reality had been distorted to the point of misinterpreting it, believed they had the right to use violence. This impulse, known as "war psychosis" by Arie Nicolaas Jan den Hollander  [ fr ], resulted in their actions. ^{[34] [35]}

The unfolding of events

The day before: "Tomorrow, Dinant all burned and killed!"

On August 21, certain German officers enunciated their intentions unambiguously. A captain informed the parish priest of Lisogne  [ fr ], "Tomorrow, Dinant will be burned and killed! - We have lost too many men!" ^{[36] [37]}

On the night of August 21 to 22, the civilian population of Dinant encountered their first skirmishes, as a German reconnaissance patrol, quickly joined by numerous boisterous soldiers, raided Rue Saint-Jacques. ^[38] It was a diverse battalion comprising members of the 2nd Battalion of the No. 108 Rifle Regiment and collaborating with the 1st Company of the No. 12 Pioneer Battalion. The cruise descended ^{[nb 4]} upon the city from the elevated area of the right bank. It even made it as far as the Meuse. The German forces murdered seven civilians and deployed incendiary explosives to burn down roughly twenty houses, which resulted in the deaths of five people. ^{[39] [40]} For the Germans, it was a "reconnaissance in force" operation. Maurice Tschoffen  [ fr ] characterized it as "the escapade of a group of drunken soldiers." ^[39] According to the war diary of one of the battalions involved, the decision for the raid was made at the brigade level with the intention of taking Dinant. The goal was to "take Dinant [...], drive out the defenders, and destroy the town as much as possible." ^[39] After the war, Soldier Rasch described how, upon reaching the bottom of Rue Saint-Jacques one night, they noticed a lit café and threw a hand grenade into it, ^{[nb 5]} leading to a fusillade. This action only worsened the panic felt as gunfire seemed to come from all directions, even from residential homes. Rasch's company suffered the loss of eight soldiers, and his captain was severely injured. In the end, this tragic event resulted in the deaths of 19 Germans and injuries to 117 others. However, two factors contributed to the increase in German casualties: the use of torches by German troops made them easy targets for French soldiers, and it is possible that, in a state of panic, German soldiers fired upon their fellow troops. This incident reinforced the idea of francs-tireurs as a myth. ^[41]

The initial disturbances caused people to flee from the right bank for their safety. Nonetheless, they had to present a pass issued by the local authority to cross to the left bank. Due to the barricading of Dinant and Bouvignes bridges, some families escaped through tourist barges. ^[42] About 2,500 individuals from Dinant managed to secure refuge behind French lines. ^[43] However, at noon on the 22nd, the French prohibited such crossings as they would impede troop movements. ^[42] The First Corps of the French 5th Army was replaced by the 51st Reserve Infantry Division  [ fr ] and the 273rd Infantry Regiment (France)  [ fr ]. A small group from the British Expeditionary Force was also in the area. ^[44] The 51st Reserve Infantry Division was thus confronted with three German army corps on a front that extended over thirty kilometers. At Dinant, the 273rd Infantry Regiment faced the XIIth Army Corps (1st Saxon Corps) of the entire Saxon Army. As a French assault was not feasible, their strategic location allowed them to obstruct the German XII Corps' crossing of the Meuse. Accordingly, in mid-afternoon, ^[45] the French detonated the Bouvignes-sur-Meuse bridge, while preserving the Dinant bridge. They entrenched themselves on the left bank and waited for the opposing force, while abandoning their efforts to maintain a presence on the right bank. ^{[16] [42] [46]}

August 23, 1914: the Ransack of Dinant

On August 23, 1914, the XIIth Army Corps (1st Saxon Corps) entered the town on four separate routes. ^[47] To the north, the 32nd Division stormed the sector between Houx and the Faubourg de Leffe. The 178th regiment of the 64th brigade advanced through the Fonds de Leffe. As they passed, the Germans killed all civilians. 13 men are shot at Pré Capelle by 6 men of the 103rd Saxon Regiment, and 71 are murdered in the vicinity of the "paper mill". Paul Zschocke, a non-commissioned officer in the 103rd RI, explained that he had been ordered by the company commander to search for the "francs-tireurs" and "shoot anyone he found there". ^[45] Houses were systematically searched, and civilians were either shot or taken to the Prémontrés abbey. At ten o'clock in the morning, the religious, unaware of the fate that was about to befall them, gathered together the 43 men present at the request of the German officers. They were all shot in Place de l'Abbaye. ^{[nb 6] [45]} As for the monks, the Germans held them to ransom under the pretext of having fired on their troops: Major Fränzel, who spoke French, asked them to raise the sum of 60,000 Belgian francs, which was later reduced, after consultation with his superiors, to 15,000 Belgian francs. ^{[48] [49] [50]}

That evening, the 108 civilians ^[51] who had been hiding in the cellars of the large Leffe fabric factory decided to surrender. The director, Remy Himmer  [ fr ], who was also vice-consul of the Argentine Republic, his relatives and some of his workers were immediately arrested. Women and children were sent to the Prémontrés convent; despite his protests to Lieutenant-Colonel Blegen, ^[52] Remy Himmer and 30 men were shot dead in the Place de l'Abbaye, still littered with the morning's corpses. In the evening, the fire was set at the Grande Manufacture. ^[49] The massacre continued throughout the night in the Abbey district: houses were looted and then set on fire, and male civilians were shot. When the Germans left Leffe, only a dozen men were left alive. The 32nd Division built a boat bridge opposite the Pâtis de Leffe and crossed the Meuse. ^{[16] [51] [53]}

Regiments no. 108, no. 182 of the 46th Brigade and the 12th and 48th artillery regiments came down the Rue Saint-Jacques. At 6:30 a.m., their vanguard reached the slaughterhouse, which was soon engulfed in flames. The Germans, finding fewer civilians in the dwellings, set fire to the whole district. The male civilians who had decided to stay were all executed, without exception. In the afternoon, a platoon from the 108th RI ^[54] found around a hundred civilians taking refuge in the Nicaise brewery. The women and children were taken to the Leffe abbey; the men, numbering 30, were taken to rue des Tanneries, lined up along the mur Laurent and executed. Three of them managed to escape under the cover of falling darkness. ^{[16] [53] [54]}

During the conflict, furniture looted from nearby houses was used by members of the 182nd RI to construct a barricade. Despite being found unarmed, a young man who was identified as a possible sniper was bound and held as a human shield. As their own troops were firing upon them, the group shot and killed their hostage before retreating. ^[54]

Alexandre Daoust  [ fr ]'s evocation of the shooting at the Tschoffen wall (in the background, the prison) in 1917

The German 100th Regiment descended from Montagne de la Croix and launched an attack on the Saint-Nicolas district. The area was mercilessly ravaged from eight in the morning until eight in the evening. ^{[nb 7] [55]} A witness to these tragic events, Maurice Tschoffen, described the soldiers marching in two lines alongside the houses, with those on the right carefully monitoring those on the left, both with their fingers on the trigger, ready to open fire at any moment. In front of each doorway, groups formed and halted, firing bullets at the houses, with a particular focus on the windows. It was known that the soldiers threw numerous bombs into the cellars. Two men were fatally shot on their doorstep. ^[56] Similar to what occurred on Rue Saint-Jacques, civilians were exploited as human shields on Place d'Armes, resulting in some of them being hit by French bullets fired from across the river. The German forces capitalized on the opportunity to cross the square and make their way to the Rivages area. They proceeded to set houses alight and take the civilians to the Bouille house. Afterward, they dispersed them amongst several outbuildings, the café, forge, and stables. As the fires spread, the Germans directed them towards the prison. ^[56] Eventually, men and women were separated at the base of Croix Mountain. The women and children remained despite being asked to leave, to await news of the fate of their husbands, brothers, and sons. Some men were incarcerated while 137 others were arranged in four rows along Maurice Tschoffen's garden wall. Colonel Bernhard Kielmannsegg ^[57] of the 100th RI issued the execution order, followed by two rounds of platoon gunfire and machine-gun fire shot at the corpses from the Frankinet garden's terrace. ^[58] While around 30 men feigned death, 109 were killed. Most of the wounded individuals escaped from the pile of corpses during the night. In the subsequent days, five of them ^[59] were apprehended and executed. ^{[16] [53] [54] [60]} Major von Loeben, in charge of one of the two execution teams - the other led by Lieutenant von Ehrenthal ^[61] - testified to a German inquiry commission: "I presume that these were the men who had engaged in hostile activities against our troops". ^[61]

To the south of the town, the German 101st Regiment arrived that afternoon via the Froidvau road ^[62] and constructed a boat bridge upstream from Bayard Rock. To the south of the town, the German 101st Regiment arrived that afternoon via the Froidvau road and constructed a boat bridge upstream from Bayard Rock. Several civilians were taken hostages, including a group of Neffe residents forced to cross the river on boats. At around 5 p.m., the Germans encountered intense gunfire from the left bank, despite advancing 40 meters along the Meuse. ^[63] On the basis of the claim that the "French were firing at them", the Germans executed 89 hostages against the wall of the Bourdon garden. The incident claimed the lives of 76, including 38 women and seven children, the youngest being three-week-old Madeleine Fivet. The 101st then crossed the Meuse to Neffe A group of 55 civilians had sought refuge in a small aqueduct underneath the railroad line. Karl Adolf von Zeschau instructed the attack with rifles and grenades, resulting in the deaths of 23 civilians and the injury of 12 others. ^{[16] [53]}

The Dinant bridge was blown up by the French around 6 p.m. on August 23 before they retreated along the Philippeville road. German brutality persisted in the ensuing days before ultimately diminishing. Those who emerged from hiding prematurely frequently paid with their lives. Civilians were compelled to inter the numerous bodies that adorned the pavement and plazas of Dinant and its surroundings. ^{[16] [53]}

Earlier at the prison, the Germans separated the women and children from the men. The men, aware of their fate, received absolution from a priest. Gunfire at the Tschoffen wall confused the prisoners and their jailers, leading some to believe the French were attempting to recapture the town. Ultimately, the execution did not occur, and the prisoners were taken to Bayard Rock. The women and children were then forced to journey on foot to Dréhance  [ fr ] and Anseremme. The 416 men were awaiting deportation to Germany under Captain Hammerstein's command. ^{[16] [53]} They were directed to Marche and then transferred to Melreux (Belgium)  [ fr ] station. The men were divided into groups of 40 and transported in cattle cars to Kassel prison in Germany. ^[64]

The cloister of Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe  [ fr ]

The prisoners' travel was made difficult by the brutality inflicted by German contingents and the local populations they came across. ^[65] Some individuals were executed without trial after experiencing mental breakdowns. The imprisonment conditions were exceedingly harsh, resulting in the passing of some prisoners who were seriously injured during the Dinant trials and deported. Prison regulations prohibit family members from sharing the same cell. Additionally, four inmates were compelled to share 9 m² cells without even a straw mattress. ^[66] During the first eight days, no excursions were permitted. Subsequently, the schedule was adjusted to allow just one outing per week, which was eventually increased to three. In his deposition, Maurice Tschoffen, the King's Public Prosecutor in Belgium  [ fr ], reported that the prison governor informed him that the military authorities in Berlin were convinced that no shots were fired in Dinant. The source of this assertion is unknown. So, there was no justification for our arrest, but I am uncertain why we were ultimately released. ^[67] During a subsequent conversation in Belgium, General von Longchamps shared his findings about the events in Dinant with me. He conveyed, "From my investigation, it appears that no civilians fired at Dinant; however, there might have been some French soldiers disguised as civilians who fired. Additionally, in combat training, individuals can sometimes exceed the limits of their training." ^[67]

Thirty-three clergymen were apprehended at the regimental school in Dinant and subsequently imprisoned in Marche for one month. ^[64]

Dinant in ruins

During the sack, 750 buildings were burnt down or demolished, with two-thirds of the buildings destroyed. ^[68]

• 
  The collegiate church and the destroyed bridge
• 
  The City Hall
• 
  The City Hall and Post Office from the left bank
• 
  Rue Grande
• 
  The Saint-Pierre district
• 
  Saint-Pierre church
• 
  Place Patenier
• 
  The ruins of Belle-vue College
• 
  Dinant was in ruins in March 1915, with only the roads cleared.

The protagonists of the event

The German command

The mission of the XIIth Corps of the 3rd Army: Dinant

Max von Hausen commander of the 3rd German Army

The Third German Army was under the command of Saxon Max von Hausen. This army was divided into three corps. The XII Corps (1st Saxon Corps), commanded by Karl Ludwig d'Elsa, was tasked with taking Dinant and crossing the Meuse at that location. The XII Corps was further divided into two divisions: the 32nd Infantry Division, commanded by Lieutenant-General Horst Edler von der Planitz  [ fr; de ], and the 23rd Infantry Division, led by Karl von Lindeman. ^{[69] [70]}

Explaining the opinions of the war leaders, General Jakob von Hartmann stated, "While it is regrettable for individuals to suffer the consequences of being used as examples, it is beneficial for the community as a whole when strict punishment is imposed. In times of national war, terrorism becomes a necessary military principle." ^[71] Max von Hausen, a veteran of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, advised the civilian population to avoid taking up arms against German troops. Consequently, the watchword at all levels of command was to "treat civilians with the utmost rigor." ^[70]

The German General Staff received the first concrete reports of snipers in the east as the 3rd Army concentrated. The civilian population, allegedly incited by a biased press, the clergy, and the government, is allegedly acting on prearranged instructions. In light of this, it is imperative that we respond to this situation with utmost seriousness and stringent measures, without any hesitation. ^[71]

The German belief in the "franc-tireurs myth" resulted in them taking the harshest possible action against the civilian population. During the Battle of Dinant, certain battalions and regiments were given orders to terrorize the civilian population. This instruction was issued as part of the battle against the French. ^[72]

German advance in August 1914

This was the situation with Infantry Regiment No. 178, commanded by Colonel Kurt von Reyher, who was himself under the command of Brigade Commander General Major Morgenstern-Döring. The troops were instructed to use energetic means ^[73] and act ruthlessly without any consideration towards the fanatical rebels. ^[74] Major Kock of the 2nd Battalion was directed by Von Reyher to "purge the houses". Captain Wilke, who commanded the 6th and later the 9th company, initiated several operations to terrorize the civilian population, particularly in the Fonds de Leffe and at the abbey. ^{[70] [75]}

As per the 23rd Infantry Division's understanding, executions, looting, and burning in Les Rivages, St. Nicolas district, and Neffe, to the south of the city were mainly carried out by the 101st Saxon Grenadier Regiment, headed by Colonel Meister, and the 100th Infantry Regiment, headed by Lieutenant-Colonel Kilmannsegg, under Staff Warrant Officer Karl Adolf von Zeschau's coordination. Major Schlick, who commanded the 3rd and 4th companies of RI no. 101, demonstrated exceptional activity during these operations. ^{[76] [77]}

Following the sacking of Leffe, the 178th RI crossed the Meuse after the French troops withdrew and arrived in Bouvignes-sur-Meuse. There, it committed numerous violent acts that resulted in the death of 31 individuals. ^[78] Delayed for one week, the German Third Army pursued its advance, leaving a country ravaged by looting, arson, and executions of civilians in its wake. The Germans faced two enemies - the French and the imagined francs-tireurs. ^[79]

In February 1915, the first issue of the clandestine La Libre Belgique asserted, "There is something more robust than the Germans; it is the truth." ^[80]

The victims

674 civilians ^{[nb 8]} died during the siege of Dinant, including 92 women, 18 over the age of 60, and 16 under the age of 15. Out of the 577 men, 76 were over the age of 60 and 22 were under the age of 15. The oldest victim was 88 years old, while 14 children were under the age of 5, with the youngest only 3 weeks old. ^[81]

A list of the victims' names was quickly circulated through an obituary. The first edition, published in 1915 by Dom Norbert Nieuwland, contains 606 names. ^[82] The military authority occupying the area demanded that the population provide copies of the obituary, under threat of severe punishment. ^[83]

In 1922, Nieuwland and Schmitz recorded 674 victims (including 5 missing), ^[84] and in 1928, Nieuwland and Tschoffen reported the same number of victims and missing persons. ^[85] Finally, just before the centennial, Michel Coleau and Michel Kellner revised the obituary and identified a total of 674 victims and three unidentified individuals. ^[86]

See the obituary [86]
#	Surname	Name	Sex	Age	<15 years old	Profession	Location
1	Absil	Joseph	M	46		weaver	Paper Mill
2	Absil	Lambert	M	59		stone mason	Devant-Bouvignes
3	Adnet	Ferdinand	M	48		car rental	Tschoffen Wall
4	Alardo	Isidore	M	20		cultivator	Bonair
5	Alardo	Joseph	M	18		cultivator	Herbuchenne (Alardo farm)
6	Alardo	Martin	M	53		farmer	Bonair
7	Alardo	Martin Désiré	M	17		cultivator	Bonair
8	Altenhoven	Marie	F	14	yes		Rue du faubourg Saint-Nicolas
9	Anciaux	Euphrosine	F	85		pensioner	Place d'Armes and prison
10	Anciaux	Robert	M	32		police officer	Al' Bau
11	Andre	Marie	F	88		without profession	Bourdon Wall
12	Andrianne	Victor	M	59		janitor	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
13	Angot	Emile	M	48		threader	Tschoffen Wall
14	Ansotte	Hector	M	18		student	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza or surroundings
15	Ares (Aeres)	Armand	M	33		carpenter	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza or surroundings
16	Ares (Aeres)	Emile	M	66		pig farmer	Tschoffen Wall
17	Baclin	Jules	M	32		marble mason	Paper Mill
18	Bailly	Félix	M	41		employee	Place d'Armes and prison
19	Balleux	Félix	M	16 months	yes		Bourdon Wall
20	Banse	Gustave	M	30		weaver	Entrance to Fonds de Leffe
21	Bara(s)	Auguste	M	15		student	Bourdon Wall
22	Barre	Georges	M	55		employee	Collège communal
23	Barthelemy	Gustave	M	30		factory worker	Laurent Wall
24	Barthelemy	Jean-Baptiste	M	23		weaver	Laurent Wall
25	Barzin	Léopold	M	71		honorary deputy court clerk	Rue Saint-Pierre
26	Bastin	Herman	M	33		postal worker	Tschoffen Wall
27	Batteux	Marie	F	42		servant	Rue Grande
28	Bauduin	Edouard	M	42		employee	Tschoffen Wall
29	Baujot	Alfred	M	46		boatman	Bourdon Wall
30	Baujot	Maria	F	5	yes		Bourdon Wall
31	Baujot	Marthe	F	13	yes	schooler	Bourdon Wall
32	Baussart	Dieudonnée	F	78		housewife	Rue des Fossés
33	Bertulot	Ernest	M	48		marble mason	Pré Capelle
34	Betemps	Auguste	M	27		gardener	Bourdon Wall
35	Betemps	Maurice	M	19 months	yes		Bourdon Wall
36	Bietlot	Charles	M	76		without profession	Rue Saint-Pierre
37	Bietlot	Jean	M	40		brewery worker (warehouseman)	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza or surroundings
38	Biname	Alphonse	M	37		cement manufacturer	Tschoffen Wall
39	Blanchard	Henri	M	48		weaver	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
40	Bon	Célestin	M	74		domestic	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
41	Bony (Frère Herman-Joseph)	Jean-Antoine	M	60		religious (convers)	Leffe (aqueduct)
42	Bouchat	Théophile	M	68		trader	Tienne d'Orsy
43	Bouche	Gustave	M	53		cobbler	Paper Mill
44	Bouille	Amand	M	36		blacksmith	Tschoffen Wall
45	Bourdon	Alexandre	M	74		trader	Bourdon Wall
46	Bourdon	Edmond	M	62		deputy court clerk	Bourdon Wall
47	Bourdon	Henri	M	17		student	Bourdon Wall
48	Bourdon	Jeanne -Henriette	F	33		seamstress	Bourdon Wall
49	Bourdon	Jeanne-Marie	F	13	yes	schooler	Bourdon Wall
50	Bourdon	Joseph	M	56		cabaretier	Rue Sax
51	Bourdon	Louis	M	39		cultivator	Neffe (aqueduct)
52	Bourguet	Eugène	M	30		journalist	Tschoffen Wall
53	Bourguignon	Clotilde	F	68		without profession	Bourdon Wall
54	Bourguignon	Edmond	M	16 months	yes		Neffe (aqueduct)
55	Bourguignon	Jean-Baptiste	M	29		truck driver	Neffe (aqueduct)
56	Bovy	Adèle	F	29		housewife	Rue Saint-Pierre
57	Bovy	Constant	M	23		automobile driver	Jardins du Casino
58	Bovy	Héloïse	F	23		factory worker	Rue Saint-Pierre
59	Bovy	Marcel	M	4	yes		Rue Saint-Pierre
60	Bradt	Julien	M	33		cobbler	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza or surroundings
61	Brihaye	Alfred	M	25		hotel garçon	Impasse Saint-Roch
62	Broutoux	Emmanuel	M	54		employee mortgage office	Tschoffen Wall
63	Bulens	Alfred	M	26		threader	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
64	Bulens	Henri	M	53		threader	Paper Mill
65	Bulens	Louis	M	51		factory worker	Paper Mill
66	Bultot	Alexis	M	34		cultivator	Malaise Farm
67	Bultot	Alphonse	M	20		employee	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
68	Bultot	Camille	M	14	yes	weaver	Neffe (aqueduct)
69	Bultot	Emile	M	39		weaver	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
70	Bultot	Joseph	M	29		cultivator	Malaise Farm
71	Bultot	Jules	M	31		cultivator	Malaise Farm
72	Bultot	Léonie	F	39		housewife	Neffe (aqueduct)
73	Bultot	Norbert-Adelin	M	35		truck driver	Neffe (aqueduct)
74	Bultot	Norbert-Alfred	M	9	yes	schooler	Neffe (aqueduct)
75	Burnay	Zoé	F	22		housewife	Bourdon Wall
76	Burniaux	Ernest	M	36		clothes cutter	Neffe-Anseremme
77	Burton	Euphrasie	F	75		market gardener	Bourdon Wall
78	Calson	Alfred	M	61		carpenter	Paper Mill
79	Capelle	Joseph-Jean	M	62		cultivator	Pré Capelle
80	Capelle	Joseph-Martin	M	35		postage factor	Paper Mill
81	Carriaux	Charles	M	36		maneuver	Leffe (convent)
82	Cartigny	Henri	M	25		factory worker (terrassier)	Paper Mill
83	Cartigny	Hubert	M	53		marble mason	Pré Capelle
84	Cartigny	Léon	M	28		factory worker	Paper Mill
85	Casaquy	Auguste	M	49		journalist	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
86	Cassart	Alexis	M	17		factory worker	Laurent Wall
87	Cassart	Camille	M	?		factory worker	?
88	Cassart	François	M	36		factory worker	Paper Mill
89	Cassart	Hyacinthe	M	43		factory worker	Laurent Wall
90	Chabotier	Joseph	M	38		weaver	Tschoffen Wall
91	Chabotier	Jules	M	18		weaver	Tschoffen Wall
92	Chabotier	Louis	M	16		factory worker	Entrance to Fonds de Leffe
93	Charlier	Anna	F	15		without profession	Neffe (aqueduct)
94	Charlier	Auguste	M	56		valet parker	Rue des Basses Tanneries
95	Charlier	Georgette	F	9	yes	schooler	Neffe (aqueduct)
96	Charlier	Henri	M	40		weaver	Leffe (convent)
97	Charlier	Jules	M	35		journalist	Impasse Saint-Roch
98	Charlier	Maurice	M	16		employee to the railway	Neffe (aqueduct)
99	Charlier	Saturnin	M	40		store garçon	Neffe (aqueduct)
100	Charlier	Théodule	M	48		glassmaker	Tschoffen Wall
101	Charlot	Léon	M	25		weaver	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
102	Cletie	Léopold	M	32		security guard	Bourdon Wall
103	Colignon	Georges	M	16		weaver	Tschoffen Wall
104	Colignon	Joseph	M	46		weaver	Tschoffen Wall
105	Colignon	Lambert	M	43		dressmaker	Paper Mill
105	Colignon	Louis	M	38		weaver	Tschoffen Wall
107	Colignon	Victor	M	42		weaver	Rue du faubourg Saint-Nicolas
108	Colin	Auguste	M	60		mason	Rue Sax
109	Colin	Héloïse	F	75		without profession	Rue Grande
110	Collard	Emile	M	75		cobbler	Bourdon Wall
111	Collard	Florent	M	39		ceiling operator	Tschoffen Wall
112	Collard	Henri	M	37		ceiling operator	Tschoffen Wall
113	Collard	Joseph	M	77		former railway worker	Bourdon Wall
114	Colle	Camille	M	47		trader	Tschoffen Wall
115	Colle	Georges	M	19		student	Tschoffen Wall
116	Colle	Henri	M	22		house painter	Tschoffen Wall
117	Colle	Léon	M	16		student	Tschoffen Wall
118	Collignon	Arthur	M	16		weaver	Entrance to Fonds de Leffe
119	Collignon	Camille	M	30		weaver	Paper Mill
120	Collignon	Xavier	M	55		weaver	Entrance to Fonds de Leffe
121	Corbiau	Paul	M	61		renter	Tschoffen Wall
122	Corbisier	Frédéric	M	17		gas-plant fitter	Rue Saint-Pierre
123	Corbisier	Joseph	M	42		gas-plant fitter	Rue Saint-Pierre
124	Couillard	Armand	M	34		cabinetmaker	Tienne d'Orsy
125	Couillard	Auguste	M	71		cabinetmaker	Rue Saint-Jacques
126	Coupienne	Camille	M	32		baker	Rue Saint-Pierre
127	Coupienne	Emile	M	54		cobbler	Laurent Wall
128	Coupienne	Henri	M	38		rattacheur	Tschoffen Wall
129	Coupienne	Joseph-Camille	M	36		weaver	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
130	Coupienne	Joseph	M	58		cobbler	Rue Saint-Pierre
131	Coupienne	Victor	M	51		brewery worker	Leffe (convent)
132	Croin	Lambert	M	46		weaver	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
133	Culot	Edouard	M	59		trader	Tschoffen Wall
134	Culot	Florent	M	24		entrepreneur	Pré Capelle
135	Culot	Gustave	M	24		factory worker	Bourdon Wall
136	Culot	Henri	M	48		storekeeper	Bourdon Wall
137	Dachelet	Camille	M	20		domestic	Pré Capelle
138	Dachelet	Zéphyrin	M	17		domestic	Pré Capelle
139	Dandoy	Gustave	M	44		brewery worker	Tschoffen Wall
140	Darville	Arthur	M	26		employee	Entrance to Fonds de Leffe
141	Dasty	Désiré	M	74		renter	Neffe-Anseremme
142	Dauphin	Camille	M	18		weaver	Neffe-Dinant
143	Dauphin	Désiré	M	35		storekeeper	Neffe-Anseremme
144	Dauphin	Joséphine	F	20		weaver	Neffe-Dinant
145	Dauphin	Léopold	M	49		weaver	Neffe-Dinant
170	De Muyter	Constantin	M	60		storekeeper	Rue Saint-Pierre
146	Defays	Marie	F	54		housewife	Rue Saint-Pierre
147	Dehez	Sylvain	M	43		agent d'assurances	Paper Mill
148	Dehu	Victorien	M	48		journalist	Paper Mill
149	Delaey	Arthur	M	20		weaver	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
150	Delaey	Emile	M	24		weaver	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
151	Delaey	Camille-Alexis	M	23		rattacheur	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
152	Delaey	Camille-Antoine	M	48		weaver	Paper Mill
153	Delaey	Georges	M	16		rattacheur	Paper Mill
154	Delaey	Philippe	M	20		gas worker	Rue Saint-Pierre
155	Delaire	Marie	F	36		housewife	Rue Saint-Pierre
156	Delcourt	Louis	M	56		maneuver	Herbuchenne (?)
157	Delieux	Thérèse	F	38		housewife	Neffe (aqueduct)
158	Delimoy	Victorine	M	81		without profession	Neffe-Anseremme
159	Dellot	Charles	M	32		journalist	Impasse Saint-Roch
160	Dellot	Jules	M	29		journalist	Montagne de la Croix
161	Deloge	Alphonse	M	58		butcher	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
162	Deloge	Edmond	M	23		butcher	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
163	Deloge	Eugène	M	15		weaver	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
164	Deloge	Ferdinand	M	44		construction foreman	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
165	Delvaux	Henri	M	54		piano manufacturer	Alardo farm
166	Delvigne	Jules	M	48		carpenter	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza or surroundings
167	Demillier	Arthur	M	24		hotel garçon	Saint-Médard
168	Demotie	Elisée	M	41		doucheur	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
169	Demotie	Modeste	M	45		weaver	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
171	Deskeuve	Jean	M	39		state roadmender	Bourdon Wall
172	Deskeuve	Marie	F	36		market gardener	Bourdon Wall
173	Dessy	Jules	M	38		storekeeper	Paper Mill
174	Detinne	Augustine	F	61		housewife	Rue des Fossés
175	Dewez	François	M	32		blacksmith	Pré Capelle
177	Didion	Callixte	M	20		hotel garçon	Saint-Médard
176	Diffrang	Emile	M	49		weaver	Bourdon Wall
178	Disy	Georges	M	34		weaver	Leffe (convent)
179	Disy	Jacques	M	55		journalist	Leffe (impasse St-Georges)
180	Disy	Julien	M	68		storekeeper	Tschoffen Wall
181	Disy	Luc	M	35		weaver	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza or surroundings
182	Disy	Vital	M	48		weaver	Laurent Wall
183	Dobbeleer	Jules	M	36		confectioner	Impasse Saint-Roch
184	Dome	Adolphe	M	48		professor	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
185	Domine	Ernest	M	51		state roadmender	Bourdon Wall
187	Donnay	Léon	M	36		house painter	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
188	Donné	Camille	M	36		weaver	Paper Mill
186	Dony	Pierre-Joseph Adelin	M	70		janitor	Collège communal
189	Dubois	Joseph	M	62		journalist	Paper Mill
190	Dubois	Xavier	M	44		colporteur	Bourdon Wall
191	Duchene	Emile	M	49		mill fabric driver	Paper Mill
192	Duchene	Ernest	M	55		weaver	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza or surroundings
193	Dufrenne	Renée	F	37		housewife	Neffe (aqueduct)
200	Dujeux	François	M	39		truck driver	Tschoffen Wall
194	Dumont	Clémentine	F	38		housewife	Bourdon Wall
195	Dupont	Joseph	M	8	yes	schooler	Bourdon Wall
196	Dupont	Léon	M	38		security guard	Bourdon Wall
197	Dupont	René	M	10	yes	schooler	Bourdon Wall
198	Dure	Léon	M	50		journalist	Bouvignes
199	Dury	Emile	M	49		cobbler	Bourdon Wall
201	Eliet	Arthur	M	56		weaver	Paper Mill
202	Eloy	Waldor	M	37		teacher	Pré Capelle
203	Englebert	Alexis	M	61		journalist	Malaise Farm
204	Englebert	Victor-Joseph	M	60		garçon-brewer	Paper Mill
205	Étienne	Auguste	M	23		valet parker	Bourdon Wall
206	Eugene	Emile	M	39		cultivator (domestic)	Mouchenne
207	Evrard	Jean-Baptiste	M	38		weaver	Paper Mill
208	Fabry	Albert	M	44		trader	Tschoffen Wall
209	Fallay	Jacques	M	44		trader	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza or surroundings
210	Fastres	François	M	68		mason	Promenade de Meuse
211	Fastres	Odile	F	42		market gardener	Bourdon Wall
212	Fauconnier	Auguste	M	39		storekeeper	Tschoffen Wall
213	Fauconnier	Théophile	M	44		employee (Leffe factory)	Tschoffen Wall
214	Fauquet	Antoine-Zéphyrin	M	22		weaver	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
215	Fauquet	Louis	M	30		hairdresser	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
216	Fauquet	Théophile	M	52		weaver	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
217	Fecherolle	Henri	M	40		plombier	Tschoffen Wall
218	Fecherolle	Henri	M	46		weaver	Tschoffen Wall
219	Fecherolle	Joseph	M	33		weaver	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
220	Fecherolle	Marcel	M	17		weaver	Tschoffen Wall
221	Feret	Alphonse	M	38		valet parker	Laurent Wall
222	Feret	Louis	M	16		weaver	Laurent Wall
223	Ferre	Pierre	M	63		religious	Place de Meuse
224	Fevrier	Eugène	M	33		storekeeper	Impasse Saint-Roch
225	Fevrier	Georges	M	31		ouvrier tanneur	Tschoffen Wall
226	Fievet	Arnould	M	72		without profession	Devant-Bouvignes
227	Fievez	Auguste	M	59		house painter	Tschoffen Wall
228	Fievez	Camille	M	55		house painter	Rue Saint-Pierre
229	Finfe	Jean	M	23		factory worker	Tschoffen Wall
230	Finfe	Joseph	M	60		quarry worker	Tschoffen Wall
231	Finfe	Julien	M	32		weaver	Tschoffen Wall
232	Firmin	Alexis	M	19		dressmaker	Tschoffen Wall
233	FIRMIN	Joseph-Léon	M	43		dressmaker	Montagne de la Croix
234	Firmin	Joseph	M	16		apprenti-mechanic	Tschoffen Wall
235	Firmin	Léon	M	18		typographer (dressmaker)	Tschoffen Wall
236	Fisetie	Camille	M	50		trader	Tschoffen Wall
237	Fivet	Auguste	M	36		accountant	Tschoffen Wall
238	Fivet	Ferdinand	M	25		cabinetmaker	Bourdon Wall
239	Fivet	Mariette	F	3 weeks	yes		Bourdon Wall
240	Flostroy	Emile	M	31		baker	Tschoffen Wall
241	Fondaire	Ernest	M	46		stone mason	Paper Mill
242	Fondaire	Marcel	M	14	yes		Paper Mill
243	Fondaire	Pauline	F	18		factory worker	Fonds de Leffe
244	Fondaire	Robert	M	16		weaver	Paper Mill
245	Fonder	François	M	62		trader	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza or surroundings
246	Fonder	Jean-Baptiste	M	31		architecte	Tschoffen Wall
247	Fontaine	Désiré	M	32		pianiste	Laurent Wall
248	Gaudinne	Alphonse	M	47		mason	Bourdon Wall
249	Gaudinne	Edouard	M	24		carpenter	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
250	Gaudinne	François	M	54		carpenter	Paper Mill
251	Gaudinne	Florent	M	7	yes	schooler	Bourdon Wall
252	Gaudinne	Joseph	M	71		drainer	Herbuchenne
253	Gaudinne	Jules	M	16		carpenter	Paper Mill
254	Gaudinne	René	M	18			Quartier de « La Dinantaise »
255	Gelinne	Georges	M	27		dressmaker (railway worker)	Tschoffen Wall
256	Gelinne	Gustave	M	28		bodybuilder	Tschoffen Wall
257	Genet	Alfred	M	35		cook	Tschoffen Wall
258	Genon	Gilda	M	19 months	yes		Bourdon Wall
259	Genot	Félicien	M	64		iron turner	Leffe (convent)
260	Georges	Adelin	M	34		carpenter	La « Cité »
261	Georges	Alexandre	M	36		carpenter	Montagne de la Croix
262	Georges	Alfred	M	36		weaver	Paper Mill
263	Georges	Amand	H	53		employee	Leffe (convent)
264	Georges	Apolline	F	54		housewife	Neffe-Dinant
265	Georges	Auguste	M	58		chauffeur to the gas factory	Rue Saint-Pierre
266	Georges	Auguste	M	39		dressmaker	Place d'Armes and prison
267	Georges	Camille	M	36		baker	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
268	Georges	Henri	M	68		locksmith	Entrance to Fonds de Leffe
269	Georges	Joseph	M	44		weaver	Entrance to Fonds de Leffe
270	Georges	Louis	M	28		employee	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
271	Geudvert	Albert	M	17		weaver	Paper Mill
272	Geudvert	Emile	M	54		cobbler	Paper Mill
273	Giaux	Victor	M	49		carpenter	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
274	Gillain	Alfred	M	64		mechanic	Rue des Basses Tanneries
275	Gillain	Robert	M	14	yes	weaver	Neffe-Dinant
276	Gillet	Jules	M	28		marble mason	Tschoffen Wall
277	Gillet	Omer	M	45		blacksmith	Bouvignes
278	Goard	François	M	60		without profession	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
279	Goard	Marie-Louise	F	5	yes		Rue Grande (?)
280	Godain	Clément	M	48		sand moulder	Tschoffen Wall
281	Godinne	Georges	M	17		journalist	Paper Mill
282	Goffaux	Marcel	M	18		rattacheur	Paper Mill
283	Goffaux	Pierre	M	48		factory worker	Paper Mill
284	Goffin	Eugène	M	47		brewery worker	Tschoffen Wall
285	Goffin	Eugène	M	15		domestic	Entrance to Fonds de Leffe
286	Gonze	François	M	25		carpenter	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza or surroundings
287	Gonze	Léopold	M	65		cobbler	Paper Mill
288	Grandjean	Désiré	M	56		charpentier	Fonds de Leffe
289	Grenier	Joseph	M	46		journalist	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza or surroundings
290	Grigniet	François	M	26		employee	Tschoffen Wall
291	Guerry	Joseph	M	31		employee (district police station)	Neffe-Anseremme
292	Guillaume	Charles	M	38		trader	Fonds des Pèlerins
293	Guillaume	Emile	M	44		teacher	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
294	Gustin	Edmond	M	10	yes	schooler	Neffe (aqueduct)
295	Gustin	Marguerite	F	20		seamstress	Neffe (aqueduct)
296	Habran	Emile	M	31		cooper	Paper Mill
297	Halloy	Gustave	M	48		mason	Herbuchenne
298	Hamblenne	Catherine	F	51		housewife	Bourdon Wall
299	Hamblenne	Hubert	M	45		carpenter	Entrance to Fonds de Leffe
300	Hansen	Alexis	M	54		maneuver	Impasse Saint-Georges
301	Hardy	Edouard	M	50		weaver	Neffe-Dinant
302	Hardy	Octave	M	39		basket maker	Neffe-Dinant
303	Hastir	Thérèse	F	80		housewife	La « Cité »
304	Haustenne	Emile	M	30		quarry worker	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza or surroundings
305	Hauteclaire	Henri	M	44		quarry worker	Herbuchenne
306	Hautot	Emile	M	30		cultivator	Herbuchenne (Alardo farm)
307	Hautot	Joseph	M	34		cultivator	Près de Bonair
308	Henenne	René	M	21		weaver	Rocher Bayard
309	Hennuy	Alexis	M	43		weaver	Entrance to Fonds de Leffe
310	Hennuy	Georges	M	14	yes	factory worker	Entrance to Fonds de Leffe
311	Hennuy	Gustave	M	36		weaver	Entrance to Fonds de Leffe
312	Hennuy	Jules	M	18		weaver	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza or surroundings
313	Hennuy	Marcel	M	15		weaver	Entrance to Fonds de Leffe
314	Henrion	Alphonse	M	41		weaver	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza or surroundings
315	Henry	Camille	M	30		factory worker	Devant-Bouvignes
316	Henry	Désiré	M	27		threader	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza or surroundings
317	Herman	Alphonse	M	48		house painter	Rue Saint-Jacques
318	Herman	Joseph	M	29		journalist	Paper Mill
319	Herman	Juliette	F	13	yes	schooler	Neffe-Anseremme
320	Hiernaux	Jules	M	41		confectioner (baker)	Laurent Wall
321	Himmer	Remy	M	65		factory manager	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
322	Hopiard	Emile	M	29		commerce employee	Tschoffen Wall
323	Hotielet	Arthur	M	36		factory worker	Paper Mill
324	Houbion	Eugène	M	76		boatman	Rocher Bayard
325	Houbion	Jules	M	50		cooper	Sœurs de la Charité
326	Huberland	Camille	M	28		employee	Tschoffen Wall
327	Hubert	Octave	M	36		police officer	Tschoffen Wall
328	Hubin	Emile	M	77		ceiling operator	Rue Saint-Pierre
339	Jacqmain	Auguste	M	51		dressmaker	Entrance to Fonds de Leffe
329	Jacquet	Alexandre	M	66		weaver	Leffe (convent)
330	Jacquet	Camille	M	29		weaver	Paper Mill
331	Jacquet	Gaston	M	41		baker	Rue Saint-Pierre
332	Jacquet	Gustave-Edmond	M	63		miller	Pré Capelle
333	Jacquet	Gustave	M	23		cultivator	Pré Capelle
334	Jacquet	Henri	M	55		valet parker (weaver)	Paper Mill
335	Jacquet	Joseph	M	45		garde-chasse	Montagne de la Croix
336	Jacquet	Jules	M	65		traveling salesman	Tschoffen Wall
337	Jacquet	Louis	M	36		weaver	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza or surroundings
338	Jacquet	Victor	M	60		factory worker	Paper Mill
340	Jassogne	Léon	M	26		cobbler	Tschoffen Wall
341	Jassogne	Théodorine	F	27		factory worker	Aux Caracolles
342	Jaumaux	Camille	M	44		weaver	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
343	Jaumaux	Georges	M	18		factory worker	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
344	Jaumot	Alexandre	M	36		journalist	Tschoffen Wall
345	Junius	Joseph	M	43		mechanic	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza or surroundings
346	Junius	Prosper	M	51		professor	Laurent Wall
347	Kestemont	François	M	21		café garçon	Tschoffen Wall
348	Kinif	Joseph	M	61		baker	Rue Saint-Pierre
349	Kinique	Edmond	M	57		storekeeper	Bourdon Wall
350	Kinique	Joseph	M	19		diamond dealer	Bourdon Wall
351	Kinique	Jules	M	13	yes	student	Bourdon Wall
352	Kinique	Louise	F	21		housewife	Bourdon Wall
353	Laffut	Isidore	M	61		construction foreman	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza or surroundings
354	Laforet	Adolphe	M	23		weaver	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
355	Laforet	Alphonse	M	34		weaver	Tschoffen Wall
356	Laforet	Camille-Alphonse	M	55		brewery worker	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
357	Laforet	Camille-Victor	M	18		brewery worker	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
358	Laforet	Joseph	M	37		weaver	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
359	Laforet	Xavier	M	31		brewery worker	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
360	Lagneau	Ernest	M	67		factory worker	Bourdon Wall
361	Lahaye	Eugène	M	47		baker	Laurent Wall
362	Lahaye	Joseph	M	55		baker	Leffe (convent)
363	Laloux	Charlotte	F	32		housewife	Neffe (aqueduct)
364	Laloux	Victor-Lambert	M	76		stone mason	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza or surroundings
365	Lamand	Marie	F	31		housewife	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza or surroundings
366	Lambert	François	M	45		weaver	Tschoffen Wall
367	Lambert	Victor	M	43		truck driver (brewer)	Impasse Saint-Roch
368	Lamberty	Louis	M	32		cooper	Tschoffen Wall
369	Lamour	Emile	M	27		cabinetmaker	Rue Saint-Pierre
370	Laurent	Joseph	M	56		trader	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
371	Laurent	Marie	F	57		journalist	Saint-Médard
372	Laverge	Mélanie	F	38		housewife	Impasse Saint-Roch
373	Lebrun	Alphonse	M	33		dressmaker	Tschoffen Wall
374	Lebrun	Henri	M	48		postal worker	Bourdon Wall
375	Lebrun	Joseph-François	M	19		dressmaker	Place d'Armes and prison
376	Lebrun	Joseph	M	59		journalist	Impasse Saint-Roch
377	Leclerc	Olivier	M	53		cultivator	Pré Capelle
378	Leclerc	Pierre	M	25		cultivator	Pré Capelle
379	Lecocq	Louis	M	53		organist	Tschoffen Wall
380	Lecomte	Joséphine	F	73		housewife	Bourdon Wall
381	Ledent	Gilles	M	29		terrassier	Rocher Bayard
382	Legros	Marie	F	51		trader	Place d'Armes and prison
383	Lejeune	Charles	M	20		wood turner	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
384	Lemaire	Camille	M	17		butcher	Impasse Saint-Roch
385	Lemaire	Jean	M	41		dressmaker	Tschoffen Wall
386	Lemaire	Jules	M	42		butcher	Tschoffen Wall
387	Lemer	Charles	M	13	yes	schooler	Anseremme (Brasserie)
388	Lemer	François	M	53		ceiling operator	Tschoffen Wall
389	Lemineur	Joséphine	F	72		without profession	Aux Caracolles
390	Lemineur	Jules	M	44		locksmith	Tschoffen Wall
391	Lempereur	Jeanne	F	16		telephonist	Neffe-Anseremme
392	Lenain	Théodule-Jean-Joseph	M	40		construction foreman (Leffe factory)	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza or surroundings
393	Lenain	Théodule	M	17		employee	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza or surroundings
394	Lenel	Auguste	M	21		hairdresser	Tschoffen Wall
395	Lenoir	Victor	M	58		journalist	Saint-Médard
396	Leonard	Françoise	F	25		housewife	Bourdon Wall
397	Lepage	Camille	M	53		valet parker (domestic)	Tschoffen Wall
398	Lepas	Louise	F	16		factory worker	Saint-Médard
399	Libert	Léon	M	21		factory worker	Dry les Wennes
400	Libert	Nestor	M	30		pig farmer	Entrance to Fonds de Leffe
401	Limet	Jules	M	46		weaver	Leffe (rue St-Georges)
402	Lion	Alexis	M	41		house painter	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
403	Lion	Amand	M	63		clockmaker	Rue Sax
404	Lion	Arthur	M	26		weaver	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza or surroundings
405	Lion	Charles	M	40		dressmaker	Rue Saint-Pierre
406	Lion	Joseph	M	28		traveling salesman	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
407	Lion	Joseph	M	69		typographer	Rue Saint-Pierre
408	Lion	Jules	M	27		clockmaker	Rue Sax
409	Lissoir	Camille	M	33		butcher (cooper)	Entrance to Fonds de Leffe
410	Lissoir	Pierre	M	71		cultivator	Entrance to Fonds de Leffe
411	Longville	Félix	M	63		police commissioner	Rue Saint-Pierre
412	Looze	Marie	F	43		housewife	Bourdon Wall
413	Louis	Benjamin	M	15		weaver	Laurent Wall
414	Louis	Désiré	M	55		construction foreman	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
415	Louis	Désiré	M	20		employee	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
416	Louis	Vital	M	18		factory worker	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
417	Louis	Xavier	M	51		construction foreman (Leffe factory)	Laurent Wall
418	Lupsin	Alphonse	M	59		quarry worker	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
419	Maillen	Marie-Thérèse	F	42		trader	Hauteurs de la rive droite
420	Manteau	Edmond	M	70		cabaretier	Impasse Saint-Roch
421	Maquet	Elvire	F	22		factory worker	Aux Caracolles
422	Marchal	Camille	M	44		weaver	Leffe (convent)
423	Marchal	Henri	M	18		dressmaker	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
424	Marchal	Jules	M	47		storekeeper	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
425	Marchal	Michel	M	50		dressmaker	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
426	Marchot	Gilda	F	2	yes		Bourdon Wall
427	Marchot	Joseph	M	46		wheelwright	Bourdon Wall
428	Maretie	Hubert	M	38		employee	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
429	Maretie	Joseph	M	42		construction foreman	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza or surroundings
430	Marine	Joseph	M	55		brewery worker	Montagne de la Croix
431	Marlier	Flore	F	58		greengrocer	Rue des Fossés
432	Marsigny	Madeleine	F	22		without profession	Les Rivages
433	Martin	Alphonse	M	62		farm domestic	Herbuchenne
434	Martin	Henriette	F	19		factory worker	Bourdon Wall
435	Martin	Joseph	M	23		factory worker	Bourdon Wall
436	Martin	Marie	F	17		factory worker	Bourdon Wall
437	Martin	Pierre	M	60		knifemaker	Bourdon Wall
438	Masson	Camille	M	42		construction foreman (Leffe factory)	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
439	Masson	Victor	M	39		construction foreman (Leffe factory)	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
440	Matagne	Clotilde	F	71		without profession	Neffe-Anseremme
441	Materne	Jules	M	70		market gardener	Rue Saint-Jacques
442	Mathieu	Emile	M	51		mechanic	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
443	Mathieux	Auguste	M	67		commissionnaire	Tschoffen Wall
444	Mathieux	Eugène	M	69		brewery worker	Rue Saint-Pierre
445	Mathieux	François	M	23		dressmaker	Tschoffen Wall
446	Maudoux	Armand	M	46		gluer	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza or surroundings
447	Maurer	Octave	M	31		brewery worker	Tschoffen Wall
448	Maury	Alphonse	M	48		blacksmith	Tschoffen Wall
449	Mazy	Antoine	M	49		carpenter	Fonds de Leffe
450	Mazy	Joseph-Julien	M	55		brewery worker	Tschoffen Wall
451	Mazy	Lucien	M	26		weaver	Malaise Farm
452	Mazy	Ulysse	M	41		dressmaker	Paper Mill
453	Menu	Hubert	M	39		longshoreman	Impasse Saint-Roch
454	Mercenier	Nicolas	M	72		domestic	Collège communal
455	Meura	Alfred	M	40		cobbler	Tschoffen Wall
456	Meurat	Emile	M	7	yes	schooler	Neffe (aqueduct)
457	Meurat	Eva	F	6	yes	schooler	Neffe (aqueduct)
458	Meurat	Victor	M	2.5	yes		Neffe (aqueduct)
459	Meurisse	Marcelline	F	59		housewife	Rocher Bayard
461	Michel	Emile	M	27		dressmaker	Rue Saint-Pierre
462	Michel	Hyacinthe	M	57		journalist	La « Cité »
463	Michel	Jules	M	39		storekeeper	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
464	Michel	Lambert	M	63		baker	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
465	Michel	Léon-Victor	M	36		employee	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
466	Michel	Léon-Louis	M	49		rag merchant	Au Couret
470	Migeotte	Adolphe	M	62		cultivator	Paper Mill
471	Migeotte	Alphonse	M	15		rattacheur	Paper Mill
472	Migeotte	Camille	M	19		weaver	Paper Mill
473	Migeotte	Constant	M	14	yes		Paper Mill
474	Migeotte	Emile	M	32		valet parker (pig farmer)	Paper Mill
475	Migeotte	Henri	H	16		rattacheur	Paper Mill
476	Migeotte	Louis	M	50		threader	Paper Mill
467	Milcamps	Jules	M	36		assistant clerk	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza or surroundings
468	Milcamps	Lucien	M	68		former lock keeper	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza or surroundings
469	Minet	Marie	F	45		housewife	Bourdon Wall
460	MlChat	Andrée	F	3	yes		Place d'Armes and prison
477	Modave	Nestor	M	40		cultivator	Pré Capelle
478	Monard	Jules	M	79		renter	Pont d'Amour
479	Monin	Alphonse	M	14	yes	weaver	Entrance to Fonds de Leffe
480	Monin	Arthur	M	25		weaver	Laurent Wall
481	Monin	Charles	M	26		factory worker	Paper Mill
482	Monin	Eugène	M	19		factory worker	Laurent Wall
483	Monin	Félix	M	53		threader	Paper Mill
484	Monin	Fernand	M	55		trader	Place de Meuse
485	Monin	Jean-Baptiste	M	47		weaver	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza or surroundings
486	Monin	Henri	M	28		factory worker	Paper Mill
487	Monin	Hyacinthe	M	53		weaver	Laurent Wall
488	Monin	Jules	M	40		brewer	Laurent Wall
489	Monin	Nicolas	M	56		baker	Neffe (aqueduct)
490	Monin	Pierre	M	27		weaver	Paper Mill
494	Monty	Alexandre	M	39		re-mortar	Paper Mill
495	Morelle	Joseph	M	69		charron	Bourdon Wall
496	Morelle	Jules	M	17		student	Bourdon Wall
497	Morelle	Marguerite	F	11	yes	schooler	Bourdon Wall
498	Mossiat	Frédéric	M	27		confectioner	Tschoffen Wall
499	Mossiat	Jules	M	38		sommelier	Tschoffen Wall
500	Mosty	Eugène	M	58		brewery worker	Laurent Wall
501	Moussoux	Léon	M	55		hotelier	Rue Saint-Jacques
491	Mouton	Jules	M	48		trader	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
492	Mouton	Justine	F	76		housewife	Neffe-Anseremme
493	Mouton	René	M	19		employee	Paper Mill
502	Naus	Charles	M	57		mechanic	Leffe (rue Longue)
503	Naus	Joséphine	F	67		housewife	Rue Saint-Pierre
504	Nepper	Emile-Thomas	M	16		student	Paper Mill
505	Nepper	Emile	M	41		butcher	Tschoffen Wall
506	Nepper	Louis	M	42		cultivator	Paper Mill
507	Neuret	Auguste	M	22		weaver	Tschoffen Wall
508	Nicaise	Gustave	M	77		renter	Laurent Wall
509	Nicaise	Léon	M	75		renter	Laurent Wall
510	Ninite	Nelly	F	24		housewife	Les Rivages
511	Noel	Alexandre	M	40		ceiling operator	Laurent Wall
512	Ory	Louis-Joseph	M	27		baker	Tschoffen Wall
514	Pairoux	Alfred	M	45		butcher	Tschoffen Wall
513	Panier	Fernand	M	38		pharmacist	Tschoffen Wall
515	Paquet	Armand-Joseph	M	30		boilermaker (labourer)	Paper Mill
516	Paquet	Armand-François	M	27		wood turner	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza or surroundings
517	Paquet	Émilie	F	76		housewife	Indéterminé
518	Paquet	Floris	M	22		threader	Dry les Wennes
519	Paquet	Louis	M	34		pharmacist	Tschoffen Wall
520	Paquet	Marie	F	37		housewife	Bourdon Wall
521	Paquet	Marie-Joséphine	F	19		without profession	Bourdon Wall
522	Patard	Marie	F	57		housewife	Neffe-Anseremme
523	Patigny	Jean-Baptiste	M	43		truck driver	Tschoffen Wall
524	Patigny	Henri	M	47		hotel garçon	Tschoffen Wall
525	Pecasse	Florent	M	56		weaver (tannery worker)	Entrée des Fonds de Leffe
526	Pecasse	Hermance	F	38		store manager	Rue Grande
527	Pecasse	Joseph	M	38		quarry worker	Rue du faubourg Saint-Nicolas
528	Peduzy	Joseph	M	50		cooper	Tschoffen Wall
529	Perez Villazo	Vicente	M	20		domestic (cook)	Collège communal
530	Perreu	Nicolas-Urbain	M	40		religious	Leffe (aqueduct)
531	Petit	Joseph	M	17		factory worker	La « Cité »
532	Petit	Noël	M	12	yes		La « Cité »
533	Philippart	Jean	M	59		clothes cutter	Tschoffen Wall
534	Pierard	Olivier	M	67		renter	Tschoffen Wall
535	Pierre	Adrien-Joseph	M	73		journalist	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza or surroundings
536	Pietie	Adrien-Victor	M	20		traveling salesman	Leffe (impasse St-Georges)
537	Pietie	Joseph	M	45		baker	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza or surroundings
538	Pinsmaille	Adèle	F	44		market gardener (seamstress)	Bourdon Wall
539	Pinsmaille	Charles	M	34		typographer	Quartier de « La Dinantaise »
540	Pinsmaille	Marie	F	49		housewife	Bourdon Wall
542	Pire	Antoine	M	21		weaver	Entrance to Fonds de Leffe
543	Pire	Emile	M	53		weaver	Entrance to Fonds de Leffe
544	Piret	Joseph	M	47		factory worker	Paper Mill
545	Piret	Victor	M	63		postal worker	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
546	Pirlot	Félicie	F	67		market gardener	Bourdon Wall
547	Pirot	Joseph	M	38		quilter	Tschoffen Wall
548	Pirson	Alexandre	M	52		brewery worker	Devant-Bouvignes
549	Pirson	Narcisse	M	47		postal worker	Route de Namur
541	Pl Raux	Adelin	M	32		cattle merchant	Pré Capelle
550	Polita	Joachim	M	32		carpenter	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
551	Polita	Léon	M	37		weaver	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza or surroundings
552	Pollet	Auguste	M	43		market gardener (carrier)	Bourdon Wall
553	Pollet	Edouard	M	15		weaver	Neffe (aqueduct)
554	Pollet	Eugénie	F	36		seamstress	Bourdon Wall
555	Pollet	Louise	F	46		housewife	Bourdon Wall
556	Pollet	Nelly	F	12 months	yes		Bourdon Wall
557	Poncelet	Gustave	M	22		gas worker	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
558	Poncelet	Henri	M	61		journalist	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
559	Poncelet	Henriette	F	54		housewife	Bourdon Wall
560	Poncelet	Pierre	M	32		weaver	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza or surroundings
561	Poncelet	Victor	M	41		industriel (dinandier)	Leffe (rue Longue)
562	Poncin	Jules	M	48		stone mason	Rue de la Grêle
563	Ponthieux	François	M	84		gardener	Indéterminé
564	Prignon	Octave	M	40		municipal collector	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza or surroundings
565	Questiaux	Ferdinand	M	51		weaver	Paper Mill
566	Quoilin	Anselme	M	53		employee	Laurent Wall
567	Quoilin	Anselme	M	28		employee	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
568	Quoilin	Désiré	M	59		construction foreman	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
569	Quoilin	Fernand	M	33		employee	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
570	Quoilin	Joseph	M	56		construction foreman	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza or surroundings
571	Rase	Emma	F	50		without profession	Bourdon Wall
572	Rasseneux	Léopoldine	F	19		factory worker	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza or surroundings
573	Ravet	François-Eugène	M	50		entrepreneur (carpenter)	Paper Mill
574	Ravet	François-Albert	M	37		wood turner	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza or surroundings
575	Ravet	Joseph	M	39		wood turner	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza or surroundings
576	Remacle	Victor	M	68		journalist	Fonds de Leffe
577	Remy	Eudore	M	39		medic	Rue Sax
578	Renard	Albert	M	27		pig farmer	Tschoffen Wall
579	Rifflart	Nestor	M	55		weaver	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza or surroundings
580	Roba	Simon-Joseph	M	48		deputy commissioner of police	Tschoffen Wall
581	Rodrigue	Jean	M	5 months	yes		Les Rivages
582	Rolin	Jules	M	43		employee (croupier)	Bourdon Wall
583	Romain	Camille	M	40		commissionnaire	Impasse Saint-Roch
584	Romain	Henri	M	30		farm worker	Impasse Saint-Roch
585	Ronv(E)Aux	Emile	M	66		carpenter	Paper Mill
586	Ronv(E)Aux	Joseph	M	38		carpenter	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza or surroundings
587	Roucoux	Edmond	M	17		cobbler	Impasse Saint-Roch
588	Roucoux	Maurice	M	16		weaver	Impasse Saint-Roch
589	Rouelle	Marcelline	F	40		housewife	Rue Saint-Jacques
590	Rouffiange	Charles	M	68		mason	Entrance to Fonds de Leffe
591	Rouffiange	Désiré	M	32		weaver	Paper Mill
592	Roulin	Germaine	F	20		lingerie	Neffe-Anseremme
593	Roulin	Henriette	F	12	yes	schooler	Neffe-Anseremme
594	Roulin	Joseph	M	23		storekeeper	Bourdon Wall
595	Sanglier	Joseph	M	37		employee (factory worker)	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
596	Sarazin	Hortense	F	59		housewife	Entrance to Fonds de Leffe
597	Sauvage	Auguste	M	22		employee	Impasse Saint-Roch
598	Sauvage	Joseph	M	28		weaver	Impasse Saint-Roch
599	Schelbach	Jules	M	59		bourrelier	Les Rivages
600	Schram	Arthur	M	28		weaver	Pont d'Amour
601	Schram	Egide	M	64		wood turner	Pont d'Amour
602	Seguin	Jules	M	67		weaver	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
603	Seha	Vital	M	59		dressmaker	Neffe (aqueduct)
604	Servais	Adolphe	M	63		former municipal secretary	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
605	Servais	Georges	M	26		cabinetmaker	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
606	Servais	Léon	M	23		baker	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
607	Servais	Louis	M	18		wood turner	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
608	Serville	Guillaume	M	51		farm domestic	Rondchêne
609	Sibret	Alfred	M	18		cultivator	Rue Saint-Jacques
610	Simon	Auguste	M	22		basket maker	Place Saint-Nicolas
611	Simon	Étienne	M	78		renter	Laurent Wall
612	Simon	Florian	M	39		factory worker	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
613	Simon	Léon	M	55		house painter	Tienne d'Orsy
614	Simonet	Arthur	M	47		employee (weaver)	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
615	Simonet	Félix	M	72		renter	Laurent Wall
616	Sinzot	Léon	M	43		railway worker	Laurent Wall
617	Solbrun	Elie	M	40		valet parker (baker)	Rue Saint-Pierre
618	Somme	Adelin	M	25		electrician	Tschoffen Wall
619	Somme	Constant	M	39		carpenter	Tschoffen Wall
620	Somme	Grégoire	M	48		cobbler	Tschoffen Wall
621	Somme	Hyacinthe	M	26		baker	Tschoffen Wall
622	Somme	Léon	M	18		electrician	Tschoffen Wall
623	Soree	Vital	M	15		factory worker	Tschoffen Wall
624	Sovet	Emile	M	32		cook	Bourdon Wall
625	Struvay	Claire	F	2	oui		Bourdon Wall
626	Struvay	René	M	11	yes	schooler	Bourdon Wall
627	Taton	Ferdinande	F	62		housewife	Rue Saint-Jacques
628	Texhy	Joseph	M	39		weaver	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza or surroundings
629	Thianche	Désiré	M	30		warehouseman (foundry worker)	Tschoffen Wall
630	Thibaux	Maurice-Edmond	M	15		student	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza or surroundings
631	Thirifays	Marie-Thérèse-Adèle	F	57		without profession	Leffe
632	Thirifays	Lambert	M	33		renter	Impasse Saint-Roch
633	Thomas	Joseph	M	33		baker	Leffe (convent)
634	Toussaint	Céline	F	33		housewife	Neffe (aqueduct)
635	Toussaint	Joseph	M	56		weaver	Tschoffen Wall
636	Toussaint	Louis	M	32		gluer	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza or surroundings
637	Toussaint	Marie	F	66		housewife	Pont d'Amour
638	Toussaint	Victor	M	24		fountain engineer	Impasse Saint-Roch
639	Trinteler	Eugène	M	47		fish merchant	Place de Meuse
640	Van Buggenhout	Jean	M	37		concrete worker	Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe Plaza
641	Vandeputie	Henriette	F	21		servant	Bouvignes
642	Vanderhaegen	Arthur	M	36		weaver	Bourdon Wall
643	Vanheden	Pauline	F	55		trader	Place de Meuse
644	Vaugin	Augustin-Arille	M	64		pig farmer	Impasse Saint-Roch
645	Verenne	Arthur-Antoine	M	24		weaver	Entrance to Fonds de Leffe
646	Verenne	Arthur-Gilles	M	48		valet parker	Tschoffen Wall
647	Verenne	Marcel	M	17		cabinetmaker	Impasse Saint-Roch
648	Verenne	Georges	M	20		employee	Tschoffen Wall
649	Vilain	Alexandre	M	40		trader	Rue Saint-Jacques
650	Vilain	Fernand	M	34		professor de musique	Tschoffen Wall
651	Vinstock	Fernand	M	25		weaver	Tschoffen Wall
652	Vinstock	Frédéric	M	57		valet parker	Tschoffen Wall
653	Vinstock	Jules	M	15		student	Tschoffen Wall
654	Vinstock	Louis	M	19		weaver	Neffe-Dinant
655	Warnant	Alzir	M	34		journalist	Paper Mill
656	Warnant	Félix	M	24		journalist	Paper Mill
657	Warnant	Pierre	M	24		showman	Leffe (impasse St-Georges)
658	Warnant	Urbain	M	30		journalist	Paper Mill
659	Wartique	Rachel	F	20		without profession	Neffe-Anseremme
660	Warzee	Octave	M	47		construction foreman	Bourdon Wall
661	Wasseige	Jacques	M	19		student	Tschoffen Wall
662	Wasseige	Pierre	M	20		employee	Tschoffen Wall
663	Wasseige	Xavier	M	43		banker	Tschoffen Wall
664	Watrisse	Emile	M	28		weaver	Bourdon Wall
665	Wilmotie	Camille	M	23		streetcar conductor (cashier)	Impasse Saint-Roch
666	Winand	Antoine-Ignace	M	36		dressmaker	Rue Saint-Pierre
667	Winand	Victor	M	30		cobbler	Rue Saint-Pierre
668	Zwollen	Edouard	M	38		marchand de charbons (factory worker)	Paper Mill
669	Zwollen	Georges	M	15		weaver	Fonds de Leffe
670	Zwollen	Joseph	M	42		weaver	Fonds de Leffe
+671	Bouchat	Adolphine	F	2 months 1/2
+672	Demotie	Henri	M
+673	Étienne	Joseph	M	55
+674	Polita	Raymond	M	21
+	unknown 1		M				Pont d'Amour
+	unknown 2		M				Tschoffen Wall
+	unknown 3		M				Neffe (linen marked H.A)

The witnesses

Map of massacre sites

Just a few days after the events that struck Dinant, residents in the local community made the decision to document their personal accounts, allowing for the reconstruction of the events as they occurred. Three depositions from the Bishopric of Namur and the Abbey of Maredsous are noteworthy. The witnesses provide evidence that: ^[87]

"The whole family was gathered at my parents' house, which backed onto the rock behind the homes of Joseph Rondelet and the widow Camille Thomas, on rue Saint-Pierre. My father, who worked in Mianoye (Assesse), was absent. On Sunday, August 23, at around 4 p.m., when we saw Germans settling into the Café Rondelet, whose owners had fled the day before, and drinking themselves into a stupor, we fled into the mountains. My mother, who had stood in front of us with 4-year-old Marcel in her arms, raised the hand that was still free. Nevertheless, the soldiers fired on us: a first bullet broke Marcel's arm, a second hit my mother in the wrist and a third blew her brains out. Other bullets hit my sisters Adèle and Éloïse, who fall. While Léon, Aline and Paul fled to one side, I managed to hide in a rock, where I remained until Monday evening. Then the Germans discovered me and, along with others, took me to the Premonstratensians, where I found those of my family still alive. Little René, my sister Éloïse's son, had been taken in by Mme Barzin and Mme Coupienne by order of the Germans. Arthur Bietlot, who buried our dead, declares that little Marcel's corpse was literally in pieces. Constantin Demuyter was buried with ours, but I don't know how he got there. Eugène Mathieu's corpse was also found in our garden, but a little higher up."

— Albine Bovy, Rapport no 431

The 76 victims of the "Bourdon Wall"

"Early in the morning of August 23, the cannon sounded and we thought we were witnessing a battle similar to that of the 15th . Taking advantage of a slight lull, at around 10 a.m., my father and I opened the front door to get a better idea of what was going on in the street. We quickly closed it, spotting German soldiers at the barracks, who had raised their rifles at the sight of us, and went underground. Some time later, we hear the sound of windows being broken and doors being kicked in. Soon we could clearly hear the blows of an axe shaking ours. My parents decided to open the door, and were already in the corridor, when the door gave way under the blows of these energetic men who burst into the house, shouting like demons, and unloading their weapons at point-blank range. My father, hit in the chest, staggered back a few steps, clung to his cutting table and fell: he was dead. My mother, hit in the shoulder, cries out in pain and takes refuge in the cellar, while my grandmother, trying to help her mortally wounded son, is herself hit by a bullet in the back of the neck that sends her sprawling to the ground. A fourth shot hit my grandfather, seated in an armchair, killing him. Seeing me, the bandits unload their weapons on me, but the bullets whistle past my ears without hitting me. The soldiers, convinced that they had spared no one, withdrew, and soon all around me was dead silence." ^[88]

— Maurice Lion, Rapport no 426

"No sooner had we arrived in front of the Bourdon wall than we were fired upon; I fell. Alexandre Bourdon was on top of me. Around 9 p.m., I tried to get up; they immediately fired in my direction, but as I was below Bourdon, it was he who was hit. I could then see what was going on around me. I heard a baby crying and asking for a drink - it was little Gilda Marchot, aged 2. A German immediately approached, put the barrel of his rifle in the child's mouth and fired! Disgusted, I turned to the other side and saw a soldier carrying something at the end of his bayonet; I recognized the body of my little niece, Mariette Fivet, who was three weeks old. After playing with this child's corpse, the soldier laid it on the ground and put his foot on its stomach to remove his bayonet... The next day, I buried the bodies of my brother, my sister-in-law and little Mariette, 22 days old. I found that the baby's cloths were all torn in the stomach and filled with blood." ^[89]

— Camille Fivet, Rapport no 475

Immediate response to the massacre

Illustration of the Rape of Belgium by the New York Tribune

Thomas-Louis Heylen, the Bishop of Namur, informed Pope Benedict XV of the situation. A large part of the world's population was outraged. A group of 93 German intellectuals issued the "Manifesto of the 93," a document attempting to absolve their army. On May 10, 1915, the German Empire Foreign Office released a White Book to the world, seeking to prove that "the German troops, unfortunate in their circumstances, were brutally tested in Dinant by savage and unfaithful attacks from a fanatic population." ^[90]

The Cooreman government responded in its Grey Book of 1916 with the statement, "He is twice guilty who, after violating the rights of others, attempts to justify himself with audacity by attributing false faults to his victim." ^[91] The Anglo-Saxon press was outraged and referred to the events as "The Rape of Belgium," a term now associated with the atrocities experienced by Belgian civilians in August and September 1914. ^[92]

For his part, the Bishop of Namur responds to the Germans following the publication of their White Book:

"We are only waiting for the moment when the impartial historian can come to Dinant, see for himself what happened there, and interview the survivors. There are enough of them left to reconstruct all the facts in their truth and sincerity. Then it will become clear that there has never been a time when the innocence of the victims has been more clearly demonstrated, and the guilt of the perpetrators more obvious. Events will resolve themselves in the unleashing, within an army, of a cruelty as useless as it is inexplicable. Then the universe, which has already judged with extreme and just rigor the massacre of nearly seven hundred civilians and the destruction of an ancient city, with its monuments, archives and industries, will appreciate with even greater severity this new procedure which, to clear itself of a deserved accusation, stops at nothing and transforms unjustly sacrificed victims into assassins." ^[93]

Post-war trials

Building that housed Leipzig's Reichsgericht in 1921

At the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was compelled by the Allies to conduct a set of trials for purported German war criminals known as the Leipzig Trials, which occurred in 1921. In February 1920, the Allied extradition list had 853 names ^[86] of chiefs of the former German regime accused of committing heinous acts against civilians, wounded or prisoners of war. Out of the 853, only 43 names were registered with the German Reichsgericht. France called for the trial of 11 individuals, Belgium for 15, Great Britain for 5, and Italy, Poland, Romania, and Yugoslavia for 12. ^[94] However, these instructions did not pertain to the Dinant massacre.

The trial of a nation's own citizens for war crimes was a new development. Nonetheless, the Leipzig trials were unsatisfactory for the Allies as German justice swiftly absolved the defendants or found mitigating circumstances. The sentences handed down were deemed weak or even symbolic in relation to the committed crimes. ^[94]

The French and Belgians indicted 7 generals in regards to the exactions committed by the 3rd German Army. On May 9, 1925, a court martial in Dinant sentenced German officers, found guilty in absentia of sacking the town. Finally, at the end of 1925, the court in Leipzig rejected all these judgments and took no further action. ^[95]

Among the seven generals was Colonel Johann Meister  [ fr; de ], who commanded the 101st Grenadier Regiment  [ fr; de ]. He was acquitted due to insufficient evidence. The ruling was rooted in the German investigations of 1915 and 1920, which echoed the arguments presented in the White Book on the francs-tireurs. Lastly, the court recognized the occurrence of hostage executions but found no proof that they were conducted unlawfully. ^[95]

Remembrance

Paul Deschanel, President of the French Chamber of Deputies, at the August 23, 1919 commemorations in Dinant

Commemorations

On August 23, 1919, Paul Deschanel, the president of the French Chamber of Deputies, honored the victims of Dinant. Jean Schmitz and Norbert Nieuwland utilize this speech to demonstrate Dinant's distinctiveness among other Belgian and French towns that were martyred: ^[96]

"'Dinant is one of the stations on the bloody road by which humanity has risen, in pain, to justice'. These were the words of Paul Deschanel, then President of the French Chamber, as he stood over the ruins of the town and the graves of its victims on August 23, 1919, the anniversary of the Sack of Dinant. And he was right. Of all the martyred towns on the Western Front - and God knows there were many in both France and Belgium - no one would deny Dinant first place. Dinant has paid a high enough price for this dismal honor, moreover, for it not to be haggled over; For it is not only a past of glory and prosperity that it has seen wiped out in the space of a few hours, it is not only historical memories and works of art that it has seen destroyed by the incendiary torch - other towns have suffered materially more than the Mosan city, but they are already coming back to life - no, what places the town of Dinant at the top of the long list of martyred cities is its obituary. It mourns nearly seven hundred of its children who are no longer with us and who, innocent victims, were cowardly murdered by the enemy without any prior judgment having been passed, without any proof of guilt having been formulated against them." ^[96]

Memorials and monuments

On August 20, 1922, a commemorative monument was unveiled at "La Papeterie" (Ravet sawmill). The monument, which can still be viewed today, pays tribute to 68 individuals who were shot at this location. Despite being destroyed in 1940, the monument remains a testament to the tragedy that occurred at this site. ^[97]

Additionally, two bronze plaques were inaugurated by the Compagnie des Bronzes de Bruxelles on that same day at the former fabric factory site to honor its director, Remy Himmer, and his 147 employees. Lost for some time, the objects were discovered in a public dump in Anseremme in 1956 and kept in the Fonds de Leffe until 2005, when they were finally returned to their original place. ^[97]

On August 23, 1923, a neo-classical monument was erected in Neffe which, unfortunately, was damaged by the Germans in 1940. The monument commemorates the 81 victims, including 23 individuals killed at the aqueduct and the Neffe citizens executed at the "Bourdon Wall." ^[97]

On August 23, 1927, the "Altar of the Fatherland" was unveiled in the courtyard of the town hall in the presence of the Crown Prince of Belgium. This monument was created by Brussels sculptor Frans Huygelen  [ fr ], and it represents an allegory of the victorious Fatherland in several bronze groups. ^[97] The occasion was also marked with the inauguration of commemorative steles in different parts of the city, including the "Tschoffen Wall". This impressive bronze relief is 1.4 meters tall and 3.5 meters long and was crafted by the same artist. The blue stone base bears the inscription: "Pieux hommage du souvenir dinantais aux 674 victimes innocentes de la furie teutonne dont 116 trouvèrent la mort ici, le 23 août 1914" (A sincere tribute of Dinant memory to the innocent victims of German savagery, 116 of whom died here on August 23, 1914). ^[97] In 1927, a commemorative monument was also erected at the "Mur Bourdon" site. The sculpture, depicting a firing squad holding women and children at gunpoint, has since been lost. The Sacré-Coeur, inaugurated on October 5, 1930, pays homage to the 83 individuals, seven of whom were children aged between three weeks and two years, who perished at the site. ^[97]

Erected in Leffe on Place de l'Abbaye at "À la cliche de bois", this structure replaced an earlier memorial built around 1920. Notably, the former Servais house bears a commemorative plaque sculpted by Frans Huygelen portraying a bust of Christ on the cross as a tribute to the 243 Leffe victims. ^[97]

On August 23, 1936, a monument honoring the 23,700 Belgian civilian victims of August and September 1914, which included the 674 victims of the sack of Dinant, was unveiled at the Place d'Armes (Furore Teutonico). The monument was created by sculptor Pierre de Soete ^[97] and features a central hand with two fingers reaching upwards as a sign of promise. The central stele repeats the Dinant oath, commemorating the victims.

"Before God and before Men, on our honor and conscience, without hatred and without anger, penetrated by the importance of the oath we are about to take, we all swear that we did not, in August 1914, know, see or know of anything that could have constituted an act of illegitimate violence against the troops of the invader."

The Germans destroyed it in May 1940 during World War II. ^[98]

On August 23, 2014, a new memorial with a complete list of the victims was inaugurated on the banks of the Meuse to mark the centenary of the massacre in the presence of the King and the authorities.

• Some Dinant memorials
• 
  Memorial to the 674 victims (Tschoffen wall)
• 
  The national monument to the civilian victims of 1914-1918, destroyed in 1940
• 
  The Dinant oath

Belated apology from Germany

The centenary memorial (on the left bank of the Meuse)

On May 6, 2001, the German government, led by Secretary of State for Defense Walter Kolbow, issued an official apology 87 years after the events in question for the atrocities committed against the Dinant population in 1914. ^[99]

"[...] And that's why I'm here today. I would like to ask you all to forgive the injustices that Germans once committed in this country. I ask this because I believe that such a request is more necessary than ever, precisely at a time when the process of European unification is intensifying, a Europe in which our two countries are jointly pursuing a policy aimed at preventing the recurrence of such crimes and suffering." ^[100]

The local authorities stated that granting forgiveness in the name of the deceased was not within their purview, but they appreciated the effort to reconcile and move forward, particularly for the benefit of younger generations. Following this, a symbolic act was carried out by young Belgians and Germans who raised the German flag on the Dinant bridge, which had previously been the only flag missing among the display of other European flags. ^[68]

Historiography

Published by Canon Jean Schmitz and Dom Norbert Nieuwland in 1922

The immediate post-massacre research

Written accounts of the Dinant massacres were collected in the winter of 1914, with the initial purpose of recording testimonies and compiling a precise list of victims. Professor Joseph Chot, who received Philippe Pétain in August 1914, ^[101] searched for eyewitness accounts throughout the Namur region. ^[102] Dom Norbert Nieuwland of Maredsous Abbey published the first obituary with a list of 606 names. The text was repeatedly published, even by foreign press, to the point where the German military command prohibited its dissemination. ^[83]

The press, predominantly British but also including that of neutral nations, shared firsthand accounts of civilians and informative pamphlets that condemned the conduct of the German Heer. The army was accused of violating the agreements established by Germany pursuant to the Hague Convention of 1907. Occasionally, the desire for emphasis prompted certain journalists to cross the line even further, as stated by Edouard Gérard: ^[103]

"People of letters more concerned, it seems, with 'monetizing our disaster' - the expression is not mine - than with contributing to "bringing the truth to light", have already published high fantasy accounts. This is an insult to the memory of our martyrs."

Belgium is often viewed as a victimized country by both the British and Americans, who refer to the tragic events as the "rape of Belgium." ^[92] It is noteworthy that some Americans are not aware of the United States' humanitarian involvement. ^[104]

Although the German response was delayed, 93 German intellectuals issued a "manifesto to civilized nations," attempting to absolve their army of any wrongdoing. ^[90]

The February 1915 German White Book posited that imperial troops encountered francs-tireurs, who were organized, armed, and trained by the Belgian government. Both men and women, and even children, subjected the troops to numerous underhand attacks, resulting in significant losses. The attacks necessitated a response, which could only be violent. In response to the allegations in the German White Book, Mgr Thomas-Louis Heylen, the Bishop of Namur, released a Protestation contre les accusations du Livre Blanc allemand in October 1915. Further opposition to the White Book came from Belgium, which published its own Grey Book in May 1916. ^[105]

Cardinal Mercier also called for the gathering of accurate and objective information on the atrocities committed by the Germans as early as 1914, independent of the State's efforts to produce its Grey Book.

In response to a request, Mgr Thomas-Louis Heylen assigned his secretary, Canon Jean Schmitz, the responsibility of collecting testimonies and documents to create an accurate account of all the suffering the country underwent due to the Germans' "monument of hypocrisy and lies." ^[105] Due to Jean Schmitz's role within the bishopric, he was able to enlist the support of all 719 parishes in the diocese. He quickly recognized the challenge of producing an organized and unbiased account. He joined forces with the vicar-general to gather evidence, documentation, and photographic evidence of the perpetrators' actions. ^[106] On October 31, 1915, the initial report was forwarded to the military governor, Moritz von Bissing, along with neutral country representatives and Pope Benedict XV. ^[106]

Cardinal Mercier appointed Dom Norbert Niewland from Maredsous Abbey to complete a corresponding task, unaware another was already assigned. In November 1918, they joined forces, combining their documentation of over 2,000 testimonies collected during the four-year war to cross-check their sources for objectivity. ^[107]

This material resulted in the publication of seven volumes of "Documents pour servir à l'histoire de l'invasion allemande dans les provinces de Namur et de Luxembourg" between 1919 and 1924. Volume IV, which is divided into two parts, focuses on the Battle of Dinant. The initial section on the conquest of the Meuse was released in June 1921, while the second section on the town's sacking was released in April 1922. ^[108]

The archives of Jean Schmitz were be held at the bishopric of Namur, while Dom Norbert Nieuwland's archives were stored at the abbey of Maredsous. The documentation was made available to researchers early on. The Jean Schmitz archives comprise 41 boxes that have all been classified and indexed by an archivist. ^{[nb 9]} Meanwhile, those of Norbert Nieuwland consist of just one box pertaining to the 1914-1918 period. They were hastily buried in a metal box during World War II and were found to be largely degraded by its end. In 1938, a portion of Jean Schmitz's documents were relocated to the State Archives in Namur  [ fr ] and cataloged in 1991. ^{[nb 10]} The Jean Schmitz archival collection contains 4.54 linear meters of records, predominantly composed of themed files. Regrettably, the approach used by Jean Schmitz, which involved fragmenting and thematically organizing the original documents, renders the reconstruction of the initial parish reports a laborious undertaking. ^[109]

Already praised in the 1920s, Schmitz and Nieuwland's work remains highly regarded by contemporary historians researching the topic. According to John Horne and Alan Kramer, the documentation is exceptional. ^[110]

Interwar period

Propaganda drawing by painter Felix Schormstädt for the Illustrirte Zeitung in September 1914

An emphatic vision of the massacre by American artist George Bellows in 1918

In the 1920s, Dinant unveiled multiple memorials. Germany was offended by the use of the terms "German barbarism" and "Teutonic fury" and criticized the Belgian government for reviving the "legend of atrocities". The controversy resurfaced. ^[112] In 1927, Professor Christian Meurer, ^[113] commissioned by the Reichstag to investigate the events of August 1914, submitted his conclusions. ^[114] The Weimar Republic endorsed the text, which reaffirmed the presence of "franktireurkriegers" and supported the thesis of the White Book. Norbert Nieuwland and Maurice Tschoffen responded with their book "Le Conte de fée des francs-tireurs de Dinant: Réponse au rapport du professor Meurer de l'Université de Würzburg." ^[115] Meurer criticized Tschoffen for insulting Germany in his response to Tschoffen's ^[116] first reports in the Belgian government's XXth report.

"Third criticism of my reports. 'They contain nothing but insults against the Germans', you write. This is not true, Professor, and you know it. I defy you to cite an insulting expression you've read in them; there isn't one! I reported the facts; I didn't qualify them. I didn't need to; they were self-explanatory. Furthermore, I agree with you on the principle that insults are not arguments, and I think that expressions such as 'dirty inventions', 'bestial cruelties', 'atrocities that could not be more repulsive' are more the stuff of pamphlets than of history. I gather them from your work. To conclude this letter, I search in vain for the polite formula appropriate to the nature of our relationship. Please allow me, Professor, not to use any. ^[117]

— Maurice Tschoffen, King's Public Prosecutor in Dinant

During the interwar period, revisionist literature emerged, even in English-speaking countries, due to the dynamics of pacification. ^[118]

In May 1940, during World War II, the occupying forces used the pretext that it was an affront to justify the dynamiting of the memorial to the 674 victims of August 1914. The memorial, entitled "furore teutonico," was erected in 1936 on the Place d'Armes. ^[98] In the 1950s, there was an ongoing dispute over whether to include the events of August 1914 in history textbooks. During the 1960s, historians from Germany, Belgium, and France collaborated on the matter. Specifically, Belgians Fernand Mayence  [ fr ], Jean de Sturler, and Léon van der Essen, worked alongside Germans Franz Petri, Hans Rothfels, and Werner Conze. ^[119]

Events and recent historical research

In 1994, John Horne and Allan Kramer published an article ^[120] analyzing the campaign diaries of German soldiers present in Belgium during August 1914. This publication successfully debunked the legend of German atrocities committed in Belgium during World War I. ^[118] Since 1995, historians including Michel Coleau, Aurore François, Michel Kellner, Vincent Scarniet, Axel Tixhon, and Frédéric Vesentini have conducted research on the episode. Thanks to first-hand accounts and German documents such as war diaries, and eyewitness accounts, the facts have been established. These historians have contextualized and analyzed the evidence.

In 2001, John Horne and Allan Kramer published German Atrocities, which was subsequently translated into French in 2005 under the title 1914. Les Atrocités allemandes  [ fr ], subtitled La Vérité sur les crimes de guerre en France et en Belgique. The sacking of Dinant is now recognized as a reality.

However, in August 2017, art historian Ulrich Keller reignited the controversy ^[121] in his book Schuldfragen: Belgischer Untergrundkrieg und deutsche Vergeltung im August 1914 (Questions de culpabilité: guerre clandestine belge et représailles allemandes en août 1914). ^[122] The author posits that civilian gunfire towards the German army was the catalyst for the German response towards the population. The analysis draws from archival documents in Berlin, showing the finding of Belgian and French soldiers' uniforms in Dinant without accompanying weapons. The author concludes that soldiers disguised themselves as civilians to shoot at German soldiers. He examined the injuries sustained by certain soldiers, which were unlikely to have been inflicted by conventional weaponry but rather by shotguns. ^[121]

However, Horne and Kramer, in their book, concede that it cannot be entirely discounted that in isolated instances, civilians might have opened fire on the enemy to defend themselves (as allowed by the Second Hague Conference of 1907), ^[123] but they emphasize the sporadic occurrence of such incidents. Military historian Fernand Gérard urged Angela Merkel to request that her government make a formal denial. ^[124] The municipal council of Dinant officially and unanimously denounced the allegations in Keller's book at its November 27, 2017 meeting, and also urged the federal government to take the same position. ^[125] The German newspaper Die Welt now concurs with Axel Tixhon's findings. Although the Belgian militia (the Garde Civique) may have fired on the Germans, ^{[nb 11]} there was no occurrence of Franktireurkrieg ("francs-tireurs war") in Dinant. The latter was a fabrication of the German soldiers' imagination. Lastly, as Keller's conclusions rely solely on the latter's accounts, their validity is questionable. ^[121] Axel Tixhon, a historian who specializes in the events of August 1914, argues that this work faces a challenge as it pursues objectives that differ from those of scientific research. ^[126]

Linked personalities

Philippe Pétain and Charles de Gaulle

Philippe Pétain inaugurates the L'Assaut monument by sculptor Alexandre Daoust at the citadel's French cemetery on the 11th.

L'Assaut monument in May 2019

Two significant individuals who played vital roles in World War II were present in Dinant. Firstly, 58-year-old Philippe Pétain served as a colonel under Charles Lanrezac, commander-in-chief of the 5th French Army during the war. Colonel Pétain led the 4th Brigade of the 1st Army Corps and arrived in Dinant on August 13. He stayed with Joseph Chot, ^{[nb 12]} a professor of history, and his spouse during his time there. ^[101]

The other influential figure was Charles de Gaulle, who was only 23 years old at the time and served as a young lieutenant. He encountered his baptism by fire on August 15, 1914. ^[127] He led the first section of the 11th company of the Arras 33rd infantry regiment  [ fr ], under the command of General Duplessis. ^[128] Following a forced march, he arrived in Dinant on the night of August 14–15. Observing that the Germans had not yet occupied the town, his unit rested on the ground in a street in Dinant's faubourg Saint-Médard. In his 2014 published war diaries, he provides detailed descriptions of the events from the 15th, including the circumstances leading to his injury as his unit crossed the Dinant bridge (now named after him) to support the troops engaged in the battle for the citadel. ^[129]

"I've barely crossed the twenty meters or so that separate us from the entrance to the bridge when I receive a whiplash-like blow to the knee that makes me miss my footing. The first four with me are also mowed down in the blink of an eye. I fall, and Sergeant Debout falls on top of me, killed stiff! Then, for half a minute, I'm surrounded by a hail of bullets. I can hear them cracking on the cobblestones and parapets, in front, behind and beside me! I also hear them thud into the corpses and wounded strewn across the ground. I think to myself: 'My man, you're there!' Then, on reflection: 'The only chance you've got of getting out of this is to drag yourself across the road to a house that's luckily open next door.'" ^[129]

He crawled on his stomach while clutching his sabre that was secured to his wrist by a lanyard and eventually made it to Madame Meurice's residence. The house was filled with civilians and soldiers, including a French Major who lost control after sustaining an injury to the head. The injured soldier was then transported to Charleroi via Anthée and finally to the Hôpital Saint-Joseph  [ fr ] in Paris where he underwent surgery. ^{[130] [129]}

On September 11, 1927, Philippe Pétain, who was then serving as the vice-president of the Conseil supérieur de la guerre , visited Dinant with his aide-de-camp, Captain de Gaulle. Together, they inaugurated the L'Assaut monument, which had been sculpted by Alexandre Daoust. The monument was located in the French cemetery of the Dinant citadel. ^[131]

On August 15, 2014, a statue of Lieutenant de Gaulle was erected just before the entrance to the bridge on the left bank. There is a commemorative plaque at the exact place where he was wounded, which marks the episode that had a significant impact on his life. The plaque raises the question of why he survived while many others were left behind. ^[129]

Prince Maximilian of Saxony

At the time of the events, Maximilian von Sachsen, the brother of King Frederick-Augustus III of Saxony, served as chaplain to the German 23rd Division during the invasion of Belgium. He witnessed the atrocities committed by his army and later affirmed these observations.

"If I could have foreseen this march through Belgium and all the things that went with it, I would have refused to follow the army as a military chaplain." ^{[132] [133]}

Hermann Hoffmann, a German chaplain, discusses in his memoir how in September 1914, he encountered another volunteer chaplain in Belgium, Prince Max, brother of the King of Saxony, whose neutrality had been violated. With tears in his eyes, Prince Max expressed that if a just god existed, Germany would lose the war due to the atrocities committed in Belgium. ^[132]

Finally, some historians of Dinant identify Maximilien de Saxe as the officer who intervened after the Tschoffen Wall shoot-out to prevent a potential mass execution at Dinant prison, though there is no evidence to support this claim. ^[134] However, it is known that he intervened in Sorinnes  [ fr ], a few kilometers away, to halt the execution of civilians. ^[132]

See also

• War crimes in World War I
• German occupation of Belgium during World War I
• German atrocities of 1914
• Rape of Belgium
• Massacre of Tamines
• Couillet Treaty

Notes

1. French: sac de Dinant
2. French: massacre de Dinant; German: Massaker von Dinant
3. "To the inhabitants of the City of Dinant. Notice is given to the inhabitants, under penalty of immediate arrest, to bring to the police office all wireless telegraphy transmission or reception equipment, firearms and ammunition in their possession. In Dinant, August 6, 1914. Le Bourgmestre, A. Defoin."
4. The troop consisted of around 150 men. They had requisitioned a vehicle on which they had mounted a machine gun (Coleau et al., 2014, p. 226).
5. This was the Hôtel Saint-Jacques café on the corner of Route de Ciney (Lipkes 2007, p. 263).
6. The shooting took place at a place called "à la Cliche de Bois". After a first volley, an officer intervened and said: "The hour of Justice is over: those who are still alive can get up, they are free...", the survivors got up and were mowed down by a second volley (Evrard 1919, p. 8).
7. Statement by Lieutenant-Colonel Kielmannsegg.
8. In addition to these 674 identified victims, there were three whose bodies could not be identified, bringing the total number of victims to 677.
9. by Anne Cherton.
10. by Michel Majoros.
11. and no later than August 15th.
12. This is the same Joseph Chot who collected invaluable accounts of the massacres (see Historiography section).

References

1. Tschoffen 1917, p. 5.
2. Schmitz & Nieuwland 1922, p. 25 et sq..
3. Horne & Kramer 2011, p. 84.
4. Coleau et al. 2014, p. 97, Michel Coleau, chap. « Chronique d'une descente en enfer ».
5. Kossmann 1978, pp. 520–521.
6. Nieuwland & Tschoffen 1928, p. 14.
7. Coleau 2014, p. 14.
8. Tschoffen 1917, p. 11.
9. François & Vesentini 2000, p. 67.
10. Tschoffen 1917, p. 12.
11. François & Vesentini 2000, p. 58.
12. Schmitz & Nieuwland 1922, p. 34.
13. Coleau et al. 2014, p. 142, Michel Coleau, chap. « Chronique d'une descente en enfer ».
14. Coleau et al. 2014, p. 177, Michel Coleau, chap. « Chronique d'une descente en enfer ».
15. Coleau et al. 2014, p. 190, Michel Coleau, chap. « Chronique d'une descente en enfer ».
16. Schmitz & Nieuwland 1922, p. 20 et sq..
17. Schmitz & Nieuwland 1922, p. 32 et sq..
18. François & Vesentini 2000, p. 69.
19. François & Vesentini 2000, p. 70.
20. Nieuwland & Tschoffen 1928, p. 34-35 and 45.
21. Horne & Kramer 2011, p. 111-163.
22. Tschoffen 1917, p. 105 and 223.
23. François & Vesentini 2000, p. 82.
24. Schmitz & Nieuwland 1922, p. 42.
25. Lipkes 2007, p. 257.
26. Schmitz & Nieuwland 1922, p. 38.
27. Schmitz & Nieuwland 1922, p. 46 and 245.
28. François & Vesentini 2000, p. 75.
29. François & Vesentini 2000, p. 66.
30. Schmitz & Nieuwland 1922, p. 180.
31. Schmitz & Nieuwland 1922, p. 188.
32. Lipkes 2007, p. 265.
33. François & Vesentini 2000, p. 74.
34. François & Vesentini 2000, p. 72.
35. Horne & Kramer 2011, p. 401.
36. Schmitz & Nieuwland 1922, p. 41.
37. Lipkes 2007, p. 260.
38. Coleau et al. 2014, p. 225, Michel Coleau, chap. « Chronique d'une descente en enfer ».
39. Horne & Kramer 2011, p. 85.
40. Nieuwland & Tschoffen 1928, p. 10.
41. Horne & Kramer 2011, p. 87.
42. Lipkes 2007, p. 268.
43. François & Vesentini 2000, p. 59.
44. Horne & Kramer 2011, p. 83.
45. Horne & Kramer 2011, p. 88.
46. Lipkes 2007, p. 261.
47. Coleau et al. 2014, p. 244, Michel Coleau, chap. « Chronique d'une descente en enfer ».
48. Tschoffen 1917, p. 159.
49. Horne & Kramer 2011, p. 89.
50. Lipkes 2007, p. 281.
51. Lipkes 2007, p. 285.
52. ^(fr) Léon Maccas, La guerre de 1914: les cruautés allemandes, réquisitoire d'un neutre (Nouvelle édition), Nouvelle librairie nationale, Paris, 1915 BnF   365662009.
53. Schmitz & Nieuwland 1922, p. 50 et sq..
54. Horne & Kramer 2011, p. 90.
55. Schmitz & Nieuwland 1922, p. 102.
56. Schmitz & Nieuwland 1922, p. 22.
57. Clarinval 2014, p. 15.
58. Clarinval 2014, p. non numérotées.
59. Lipkes 2007, p. 335.
60. Horne & Kramer 2011, p. 91.
61. Horne & Kramer 2011, p. 92.
62. Horne & Kramer 2011, p. 93.
63. Horne & Kramer 2011, p. 94.
64. Schmitz & Nieuwland 1922, p. 259 et sq..
65. Schmitz & Nieuwland 1922, p. 271 et sq..
66. Schmitz & Nieuwland 1922, p. 275 et sq..
67. Schmitz & Nieuwland 1922, p. 276.
68. ^(fr) Jean-Philippe Petit, "Dinant Le 6 mai sera le jour du 'rapprochement' Le drapeau allemand flottera sur le pont", Le Soir, 14 march 2001 (read online)
69. Coleau 2014, p. 28 et sq..
70. ^(fr) Axel Tixhon. "Ex Cathedra: Qui étaient les bourreaux de Dinant en 1914 ?". Matélé.be. Ex Cathedra.
71. ^(de) "Militärische Notwendigkeit und Humanität" in Deutsche Rundschau, t. XIII, p. 117, quoted by Schmitz & Nieuwland 1922 , p. 12.
72. Tschoffen 1917, p. 55 et sq..
73. Schmitz & Nieuwland 1922, p. 56.
74. Schmitz & Nieuwland 1922, p. 91.
75. Lipkes 2007, p. 271.
76. Schmitz & Nieuwland 1922, p. 185.
77. Gérard 1919, p. 163.
78. Horne & Kramer 2011, p. 96.
79. Horne & Kramer 2011, p. 98.
80. Horne & Kramer 2011, p. 456.
81. Nieuwland & Tschoffen 1928, p. 104.
82. Nieuwland 1915.
83. Schmitz & Nieuwland 1922, p. 280.
84. Schmitz & Nieuwland 1922, p. 324.
85. Nieuwland & Tschoffen 1928, p. 85.
86. Bibliothèque nationale de France. Liste des personnes désignées par les Puissances alliées pour être livrées par l'Allemagne en exécution des articles 228 à 230 du traité de Versailles et du protocole du 28 juin 1919 (PDF) (in French).
87. Schmitz & Nieuwland 1922, p. 115.
88. Schmitz & Nieuwland 1922, p. 110.
89. Schmitz & Nieuwland 1922, p. 196.
90. Tschoffen 1917, p. 50.
91. Schmitz & Nieuwland 1922, p. 9.
92. Zuckerman 2004.
93. Schmitz & Nieuwland 1922, p. 11.
94. Horne & Kramer 2011, p. 499 et sq..
95. Horne & Kramer 2011, p. 511.
96. Schmitz & Nieuwland 1922, p. 5.
97. Coleau et al. 2014, p. 299 et sq., Michel Coleau, chap. « Lieux de souffrance, lieux de mémoire en terre dinantaise ».
98. Lipkes 2007, p. 671.
99. ^(fr) Jean-Yves Le Naour (2016). 1914, la grande illusion. Place des éditeurs.
100. Jean-Philippe Petit, Dinant L'Allemagne demande pardon, 87 ans après Dinant Quatre-vingt-sept ans après le sac de la ville, Le Soir, 7 may 2001, consulted on 28 march 2019.
101. ^(fr) Pierre Pellissier, Philippe Pétain, Hachette, 1980 (repr. FeniXX), 384 p. (ISBN 9782706232336)
102. Horne & Kramer 2011, p. 455.
103. Gérard 1919, p. 3.
104. Branden Little (1 January 2014). "La mobilisation humanitaire des villes américaines en faveur de l'aide à la Belgique, 1914-1918". Cahiers Bruxellois – Revue d’histoire urbaine – Archives Ville de Bruxelles. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
105. Scholtes 2013, p. 161.
106. Scholtes 2013, p. 162.
107. Scholtes 2013, p. 163.
108. Scholtes 2013, p. 165.
109. Scholtes 2013, p. 166.
110. Horne & Kramer 2011, p. 33.
111. Illustrierte Zeitung, No. 3714, september 1914
112. Horne & Kramer 2011, p. 556 et sq..
113. Christian Meurer (1856-1935) - source Worldcat
114. ^(de) Christian Meurer, Völkerrecht im Weltkrieg. 1914-1918, Berlin, 1927
115. Nieuwland & Tschoffen 1928.
116. Tschoffen 1917.
117. Nieuwland & Tschoffen 1928, p. 74-75.
118. François & Vesentini 2000, p. 54.
119. Brüll 2014, p. 37 et sq..
120. J. Horne and H. Kramer, "German 'Atrocities' and Franco-German Opinion, 1914: The Evidence of German Soldiers' Diaries", Journal of Modern History, no 66, 1994, p. 1-33 (introduction).
121. ^(de) Sven Felix Kellerhoff, "Die Belgier, nicht ein Haar besser als die Kosaken!", Die Welt, december 2017.
122. Ulrich Keller (2017). Schuldfragen: Belgischer Untergrundkrieg und deutsche Vergeltung im August 1914 (in German). Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh. ISBN   9783657787449.
123. Horne & Kramer 2011.
124. ^(fr) Christian Laporte, "Un historien militaire belge interpelle Angela Merkel: l'étonnante relecture allemande des massacres d'août 14", La Libre, november 2017 (read online)
125. "23. Condamnation officielle des accusations de participation de la population dinantaise contre l'invasion allemande en 1914", in Dinant, Procès-verbal du conseil communal du 27 novembre 2017 (read online [PDF]), p. 24 ff.
126. ^(fr)matele.be, "On ne peut pas laisser dire que le massacre de 1914 était dû à une résistance des Dinantais", november 2017 (Accessed 31 august 2019).
127. Coleau et al. 2014, p. 154 et sq., Michel Coleau, chap. « Chronique d'une descente en enfer ».
128. Coleau et al. 2014, p. 114-115, Michel Coleau, chap. « Chronique d'une descente en enfer ».
129. De Gaulle 2014, p. non numérotées.
130. ^(fr) Frédérique Neau-Dufour, La Première guerre de Charles de Gaulle: 1914-1918, Tallandier, 2013, 384 p., ISBN   979-1-02100-445-0
131. ^(fr) Christian Ferrier, Discours inaugural de la statue à l'effigie de Charles de Gaulle, Dinant, 15 august 2014.
132. De Volder 2018, p. 30.
133. Schmitz & Nieuwland 1922, p. 7.
134. Clarinval 2014.

Bibliography

• Brüll, Christoph (2014). "Le Poids d'août 1914 dans les relations belgo-allemandes, 1914-1964" [The Weight of August 1914 in Belgian-German relations, 1914-1964](PDF). Bulletin du CLHAM (in French). 137. Université de Liège. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 October 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
• Clarinval, Willy (March 2014). "Quel est cet officier allemand qui sauva 300 Dinantais, le 23 août 1914, d'un second massacre près de la prison?: Contribution à l'étude des événements d'août 1914 à Dinant" [Who is this German officer who saved 300 Dinant residents, on August 23, 1914, from a second massacre near the prison?: Contribution to the study of the events of August 1914 in Dinant](PDF). Traces Mosanes. Archived from the original on June 9, 2019. Retrieved October 30, 2023.
• Coleau, Michel; et al. (2014). Dinant: Août 1914 - Les rives sanglantes[Dinant: August 1914 - The bloody banks] (in French). Les éditions namuroises. ISBN   9782875510594.
• Coleau, Michel (June 2014). Août 1914. Dinant, une Cité victime de l'affrontement franco-allemand [August 1914. Dinant, a city victim of the Franco-German confrontation](PDF) (in French). Les éditions namuroises. pp. 14–19. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 October 2023.
• De Gaulle, Charles (2014). Lettres, notes et carnets, t. 1 : 1905-1918 (in French). Place des éditeurs. ISBN   9791021004450.
• Gérard, Edouard (1919). La Mort de Dinant (in French). Archived from the original on 31 March 2019.
• François, Aurore; Vesentini, Frédéric (2000). "Essai sur l'origine des massacres du mois d'août 1914 à Tamines et à Dinant" [Essay on the origin of the massacres of August 1914 in Tamines and Dinant](PDF). History Notebooks of Present Times (in French). 7. CEGESOMA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 October 2023.
• Horne, John N.; Kramer, Alan (2011). 1914, les atrocités allemandes: la vérité sur les crimes de guerre en France et en Belgique[German Atrocities, 1914: A History of Denial]. Texto (in French). Translated by Benoît, Hervé (2005 éd. ed.). Paris: Tallandier. ISBN   978-2-84734-826-2.
• Kossmann, Ernst H. (1978). The Low Countries: 1780 - 1940. Oxford history of modern Europe (1st ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Pr. ISBN   978-0-19-822108-1.
• Lipkes, Jeff (2007). Rehearsals: the German army in Belgium, August 1914. Leuven Leuven University Press. ISBN   978-90-5867-596-5.
• Nieuwland, Norbert (February 1915). Le Nécrologe Dinantais [The Dinants Obituary] (in French) (Clandestine ed.). Brussels. ISBN   9789058675965.
• Nieuwland, Norbert; Tschoffen, Maurice (1928). La légende des francs-tireurs de Dinant: Réponse au rapport du professor Meurer de l'Université de Würzburg [The legend of the Dinant francs-tireurs: Response to the report of Professor Meurer of the University of Würzburg] (in French). Archived from the original on 17 April 2019.
• Schmitz, Jean; Nieuwland, Norbert (1922). "Le combat de Dinant, II. Le sac de la ville" [The battle of Dinant, II. The Sack of the City]. Documents pour servir à l'Histoire de l'invasion allemande dans les provinces de Namur et de Luxembourg [Documents to be used in the History of the German invasion in the provinces of Namur and Luxembourg](PDF) (in French). Vol. 5. Paris and Brussels. CU15813622. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 October 2023.
• Scholtes, Thierry (2013). Pierre, S. (ed.). "une mémoire de papier: l'ouvrage monumental de Schmitz et Nieuwland sur l'invasion des provinces de Namur et de Luxembourg" [a paper memory: the monumental work of Schmitz and Nieuwland on the invasion of the provinces of Namur and Luxembourg]. 1914-1918. Le Dieu de la Guerre: Religion et Patriotisme en Luxembourg Belge (in French).
• Tschoffen, Maurice (1917). Le sac de Dinant et les legendes du Livre blanc allemand du 10 mai 1915 [The sack of Dinant and the legends of the German White Paper of May 10, 1915](PDF) (in French). S. A. Futura. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 April 2019.
• De Volder, Jan (2018). Cardinal Mercier in the First World War: Belgium, Germany and the Catholic Church. KADOC studies on religion, culture and society. Leuven: Leuven University Press. ISBN   978-94-6270-164-9.
• Zuckerman, Larry (2004). The rape of Belgium: the untold story of World War I. New York, NY London: New York University Press. ISBN   978-0-8147-9704-4.

Further reading

• Coleau, Michel. "Le martyre des prémontrés de Leffe: Une Abbaye sous haute tension ( août - novembre 1914)" [The martyrdom of the Premonstratensians of Leffe: An Abbey under high tension (August - November 1914)]. cercle Bouvignois d'archéologie d'histoire et de folklore (in French). Dinant: Les Echos de Crèvecœur. p. 151.
• Alice Colin, Le sac de Dinant en 1914, Bruxelles, Impr. financière et commerciale S.A., 1918, 61 p. (read online archive).
• Collectif, Le Martyre de Dinant, Les Publications Dionantensis, coll. "Pour qu'on sache!", 1920, 164 p..
• Jean Dabin, La Vérité sur les Massacres de Dinant, Liège, August 1915.
• Ernest Evrard, Les massacres de Dinant, Antwerp, Imprimerie Nationale L. Opdebeek, 1919, 16 p. (read online archive [PDF]).
• Georges Garnir et al (CEGESOMA - BG711), Recueil de paroles historiques et poésies (no. 6), 1914-1915, 96 p. (read online [archive]), chap. 1 ("Le Sac de Dinant, une enquête"), p. 81 ff.
• Mgr Thomas-Louis Heylen (bishop of Namur), Protestation contre les accusations du Livre Blanc allemand, October 31, 1915.
• Horne, John; Kramer, Alan (1994). "German "Atrocities" and Franco-German Opinion, 1914: The Evidence of German Soldiers' Diaries". The Journal of Modern History. 66 (1): 1–33. doi:10.1086/244776. ISSN   0022-2801. JSTOR   2124390. S2CID   154171062.
• Reich Foreign Office, "Die volkerrechlswidrige Fuhrung des belgischen Volkskriegs." Le Livre Blanc allemand, Berlin, May 10, 1915.
• Official publication of the Belgian Government, Rapports de la Commission belge d'enquête sur la violation du Droit des gens en Belgique: rapports 1 à 12 de la Commission d'enquête, vol. premier volume, Paris, Nancy, Berger-Levrault, July 1915, 167 p. (read online archive [PDF]).
• Official publication of the Belgian Government, rapports de la Commission belge d'enquête sur la violation du Droit des gens en Belgique: rapports 13 à 22 de la Commission d'enquête, Vol. 1, Paris, Nancy, Berger-Levrault, December 1915, 167 pp. (read online archive [PDF]).
• Official publication of the Belgian Government, Le Livre Gris belge: Réponse au Livre Blanc allemand, Paris and Nancy, Berger-Levrault, May 1, 1916.
• Gustave Somville, Les Crimes de l'Allemagne: Dinant, massacre et destruction, Perrin, 1919, 349 p.
• J. Vannérus and P.-A. Tallier, Inventaire des archives de la Commission d'enquête sur la violation des règles du droit des gens, des lois et des coutumes de la guerre, 1914-1926, ensemble des rapports d'enquêtes (read online archive).

Other medias

Documents

• André Dartevelle, Trois journées d'août 1914 (200 min). Prod. Dérives, with RTBF, WIP, Pillarbox, VRT, VAAF, 2014.
• Céline Sérusiaux, Melvin Wittocx, " Dimanche 23", le jour où tout a basculé " archive, matele.be, 2014.

Street theater

• "674", Reconstitution historique by Compagnie du Rocher Bayard, 2014.

External links

• [PDF] List of victims, age at death, profession and place of execution archive.
• [video] Ex Cathedra: who were the executioners of Dinant in 1914? archive, on matele.be