List of battles by casualties

Last updated

The following is a list of the casualties count in battles or offensives in world history. The list includes both sieges (not technically battles but usually yielding similar combat-related or civilian deaths) and civilian casualties during the battles.

Contents

Large battle casualty counts are usually impossible to calculate precisely, but few in this list may include somewhat precise numbers. Many of these figures, though, are estimates, and, where possible, a range of estimates is presented. Figures display numbers for all types of casualties when available (killed, wounded, missing, and sick) but may only include number killed due to a lack of total data on the event. Where possible, the list specifies whether or not prisoners are included in the count.

This list does not include bombing campaigns/runs (such as the attack on Pearl Harbor and the bombing of Tokyo) or massacres such as the Rape of Nanjing, which, despite potentially massive casualties, are not typically classified as "battles", since they are usually one-sided engagements or the nation attacked is not officially at war with the attackers. Tactical or strategic strikes, however, may form part of larger engagements which are themselves battles, small campaigns or offensives.

Sieges and urban combat

This list includes sieges, as well as modern battles fought primarily in urban areas. Major military operations that included city fighting are listed below. It is sorted by year.

SiegeYearConflictCasualties
(High est.)(Low est.)
Siege of Tyre 332 BC Wars of Alexander the Great 39,000
(including 13,000 enslaved civilians and 2,000 executed Persian soldiers)		34,000
Siege of Gaza 332 BC Wars of Alexander the Great 14,00011,000
Siege of Syracuse (213–212 BC) 213-212 BC Second Punic War 40,000
(including Archimedes)		9,000
Siege of Carthage 149-146 BC Third Punic War 450,000
(including 50,000 civilians enslaved)		200,000
Siege of Athens and Piraeus 87–86 BC Mithridatic Wars (First Mithridatic War)400,000
(including prisoners)		200,000 [1]
Siege of Jerusalem (63 BC) 63 BC Mithridatic Wars (First Mithridatic War)12,000+5,000
Siege of Alesia 52 BC Gallic Wars 200,000100,000
Siege of Constantinople 626 Sasanian–Byzantine wars 95,00070,000
Siege of Constantinople 717–718 Arab–Byzantine wars 170,000130,000 [2]
Siege of Yongqiu 756 An Lushan Rebellion 100,00065,000
Siege of Suiyang 757 An Lushan Rebellion 200,000+160,000
Siege of Chandax 960-961 Arab–Byzantine wars 74,00050,000
Siege of Yongzhou 1076 Lý-Song War 140,000 [3] 78,000 [4]
Siege of Nicaea 1097 First Crusade 11,0004,000
Siege of Ma'arra 1098 First Crusade 45,000 (including civilians and soldiers executed and cannibalized)25,000
Siege of Antioch 1097-1099 First Crusade 74,00050,000
Siege of Jerusalem 1099 First Crusade 90,00070,000
Siege of Tripoli 1099-1102 First Crusade 90,000105,000
Siege of Bukhara 1220 Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire 30,00015,000
Siege of Gurganj 1221 Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire 1,200,00090,000
Siege of Baghdad 1258 Mongol invasions and conquests 2,000,000 [5] 90,000 [6] [7]
Siege of Acre 1291 Fall of Outremer 20,00010,000
Siege of Caffa 1345-1347 Genoese–Mongol Wars 60,00015,000
Siege of Golubac 1428 Ottoman–Hungarian wars 20,00010,000
Siege of Constantinople 1453 Byzantine–Ottoman wars 54,000+34,000+
Siege of Vijaya 1471 Champa–Đại Việt War (1471) 300,000+130,000+
Siege of Tenochtitlan 1521 Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire 240,000100,000 [8] [9]
Siege of Szigetvár 1566 Ottoman wars in Europe 33,00023,000
Siege of Chittorgarh 1567–1568 Mughal-Rajput Wars (1558–1576) 40,00035,000
Siege of Ulsan 1598 Imjin War 30,00013,000
Siege of Nagykanizsa 1601 Long Turkish War 37,00025,000
Siege of Ostend 1601–1604 Eighty Years' War 115,00090,000
Siege of Osaka 1614-1615 Edo Period 500,000110,000
Siege of La Rochelle 1627-1628 Huguenot rebellions 35,00027,000
Capture of Maastricht 1632 Eighty Years' War 14,0009,500
Siege of Candia 1648–1669 Cretan War 149,739149,739
First siege of Anandpur 1700 Hill States-Sikh Wars 150,000+150,000+
Siege of Toulon 1793 War of the First Coalition 21,4007,400
Siege of Mantua 1796–1797 War of the First Coalition 51,00051,000
Siege of Genoa 1800 War of the Second Coalition 28,00028,000
Siege of Danzig 1807 War of the Fourth Coalition 17,90017,900
Second Siege of Zaragoza 1808–1809 Peninsular War 64,000 [10] 64,000
First Siege of Sevastopol 1854–1855 Crimean War 230,000 [11] 230,000
Third Battle of Nanking 1864 Taiping Rebellion 100,000 [12] 100,000
Siege of Petersburg 1864–1865 American Civil War 70,000 [13] 70,000
Siege of Vicksburg 1863 American Civil War 36,00020,000
Battle of Gettysburg 1863 American Civil War 50,00050,000
Siege of Paris 1871 Franco-Prussian War 332,142229,000
Siege of Plevna 1877 Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) 75,000 [14] 75,000
Siege of Port Arthur 1904–1905 Russo-Japanese War 100,000 [15] 100,000
Siege of Adrianople 1912–1913 First Balkan War 93,282 [16] 93,282
Siege of Liege 1914 World War I 25,3006,000
Siege of Przemyśl 1914 World War I 253,000253,000
Siege of Maubeuge 1914 World War I 94,00051,000
Siege of Antwerp 1914 World War I 58,00036,000
Siege of Kut 1915-1916 World War I 50,00036,000
Battle of Taiyuan 1937 Second Sino-Japanese War 130,000 [17] 130,000
Battle of Xinkou 1937 Second Sino-Japanese War 200,000[ citation needed ]200,000
Battle of Shanghai 1937 Second Sino-Japanese War 426,140 [18] 363,700 [19]
First Battle of Changsha 1939 Second Sino-Japanese War 80,000+80,000+ [20]
Battle of Nanchang 1939 Second Sino-Japanese War 75,328 [21] 75,328
Battle of Dunkirk 1940 World War II 88,000 [22] 88,000
Battle of South Shanxi 1941 Second Sino-Japanese War 120,000+120,000+ [23]
Siege of Tobruk 1941 World War II 18,60016,500
Siege of Odessa 1941 World War II 133,813 [24] 133,813
Battle of Kiev 1941 World War II 761,783 [24] 761,783
Second Siege of Sevastopol 1941–1942 World War II 236,437236,437
Third Battle of Changsha 1942 World War II 84,862 [25] 84,862
First Battle of Voronezh 1942 World War II 662,847662,847
Battle of Stalingrad 1942–1943 World War II 4,172,000 [26] [27] 1,250,000 [28]
Battle of Changde 1943 World War II 100,000100,000 [29]
Battle of West Hubei 1943 World War II 115,830115,830 [30]
Siege of Leningrad 1941–1944 World War II 4,000,000 [31] 1,117,000 [32] [33]
Warsaw Uprising 1944 World War II 200,000+200,000+ [34]
Siege of Budapest 1944–1945 World War II 422,000422,000 [35]
Battle of Berlin 1945 World War II 1,286,367
(including civilians)		1,057,665
(including civilians) [36]
Battle of Okinawa 1945 World War II 240,000130,000
Battle of Manila 1945 World War II 500,000 [37] [38] 100,000 [39] [40]
Battle of the Bulge 1944–1945 World War II 218,900161,370 [41]
Siege of Changchun 1948 [42] Chinese Civil War 425,000 [43] 78,808 [44] [45] [46]
Siege of Basra 1987 Iran–Iraq War 85,00085,000
First Battle of Grozny 1994–1995 First Chechen War 33,19232,000
Battle of Aleppo 2012–2016 Syrian Civil War 45,000 [47] 31,273 [48]
Battle of Mosul 2016–2017 War in Iraq (2013–2017) 71,355 [49] [50] [51] 18,200 [52]
Siege of Mariupol 2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine 85,200 [53] [54] [55] 8,034 [56] [57] [58] [54]
Battle of Bakhmut 2022–2023 Russian Invasion of Ukraine 165,600 [59] 146,050 [59]
Battle of Avdiivka 2023–2024 Russian Invasion of Ukraine 54,000 [60] [61] 21,000 [61]

Major operations

This list includes major operations and prolonged battles or operations fought over a large area or for a long time. The durations of some operations, like the Battle of Moscow, are disputed; so numbers found in various sources may differ for that reason alone.

OperationYearConflictCasualties
Flanders and Rhine campaign 1713 War of the Spanish Succession 190,442[ citation needed ]
Montenotte Campaign 1796 War of the First Coalition 8,000+
Ulm Campaign 1805 War of the Third Coalition 62,000
French invasion of Russia 1812 Napoleonic Wars 920,000–1,040,000 [62]
German Campaign 1813 War of the Sixth Coalition 745,000
Six Days' Campaign 1814 War of the Sixth Coalition 80,000 [63]
Hundred Days 1815 War of the Seventh Coalition 241,525
Peninsula Campaign 1862 American Civil War 36,463 [64]
Battle of Chancellorsville 1863 American Civil War 30,000 [65] –30,500 [66]
Overland Campaign 1864 American Civil War 87,000 [67] –92,000 [10]
Appomattox Campaign 1865 American Civil War 16,500 [13]
Battle of Liaoyang 1904 Russo-Japanese War 33,100
Battle of Shaho 1904 Russo-Japanese War 62,500
Battle of Mukden 1905 Russo-Japanese War 160,000 [68]
Battle of Sandepu 1905 Russo-Japanese War 22,400
Battle of Lule Burgas 1912 First Balkan War 42,162+ [69]
First Battle of Çatalca 1912 First Balkan War 22,000 [70]
Battle of Bregalnica 1913 Second Balkan War 36,620 [16]
Battle of Kilkis-Lachanas 1913 Second Balkan War 15,700
Serbian campaign 1914–1915 World War I 790,000–1,587,000+
Battle of the Frontiers 1914 World War I 664,191
Battle of Tannenberg 1914 World War I 145,000 [71] –160,000 [72]
Battle of Galicia 1914 World War I 645,000–700,000
Battle of Cer 1914 World War I 58,500–65,500
First Battle of the Marne 1914 World War I 513,000 [73]
First Battle of the Aisne 1914 World War I 263,541+
Battle of the Yser 1914 World War I 18,500+
First Battle of Ypres 1914 World War I 210,000 [74]
Battle of Łódź 1914 World War I 270,000–390,000 [75]
Battle of the Drina 1914 World War I 70,000
Battle of the Vistula River 1914 World War I 214,480
Battle of Limanowa 1914 World War I 251,120
First Battle of Champagne 1914–1915 World War I 139,532
Battle of Sarikamish 1914–1915 World War I 60,000—85,000 [76]
Carpathian Front 1915 World War I 930,751
Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes 1915 World War I 216,200
Second Battle of Ypres 1915 World War I 104,208 [77] –107,000 [78]
Gallipoli Campaign 1915 World War I 503,000 [77] –552,000 [79]
Second Battle of Artois 1915 World War I 186,000 [77]
Second Battle of Champagne–Third Battle of Artois 1915 World War I 75,000 [78] –440,000 [77]
Gorlice–Tarnów Offensive 1915 World War I 300,000–1,087,000 [77]
Great Retreat (Russian) 1915 World War I 1,943,800+
Serbian Campaign 1915 World War I 331,000 including prisoners [80]
Erzurum offensive 1916 World War I 80,000—85,000 [76]
Battle of Erzincan 1916 World War I 63,000
Battle of Mont Sorrel 1916 World War I 14,000
Battle of Verdun 1916 World War I 755,000 [81] –976,000 [77]
Battle of Asiago 1916 World War I 250,000 [77]
Brusilov offensive 1916 World War I 1,500,000–2,500,000 [82]
Battle of the Somme 1916 World War I 1,120,000 [83] –1,215,000 [77]
Monastir Offensive 1916 World War I 111,000 [84]
Romanian Campaign 1916–1917 World War I 240,000 [77] [ dubious – discuss ]–933,000, including prisoners
Nivelle Offensive 1917 World War I 354,000 [85]
Second Battle of the Aisne 1917 World War I 350,000–463,000
Battle of Arras 1917 World War I 278,000–288,000
Battle of Messines 1917 World War I 42,000 [86] [87]
Tenth Battle of the Isonzo 1917 World War I 200,000 [88]
Third Battle of Ypres 1917 World War I 585,000+ [89]
Eleventh Battle of the Isonzo 1917 World War I 273,000
Battle of Caporetto 1917 World War I 60,000 [90]
Battle of Cambrai 1917 World War I 95,000 [90]
German spring offensive 1918 World War I 1,539,000 [91]
Operation Michael 1918 World War I 494,616
Battle of the Lys 1918 World War I 204,300–228,340
Third Battle of the Aisne 1918 World War I 257,000
Second Battle of the Piave River 1918 World War I 131,494 killed and wounded, 73,729 prisoners
Second Battle of the Marne 1918 World War I 288,000 [91]
Battle of Soissons 1918 World War I 287,259
Hundred Days Offensive 1918 World War I 2,240,000 [91]
Meuse–Argonne offensive 1918 World War I 318,000
Battle of Warsaw 1920 Polish–Soviet War 130,000, approximately, not including prisoners [92]
Invasion of Manchuria 1931 Second Sino-Japanese War 35,000[ citation needed ]
Asturias Offensive 1937 Spanish Civil War 50,000
Battle of Jarama 1937 Spanish Civil War 40,000
Battle of Guadalajara 1937 Spanish Civil War 12,000 [93]
Aragon Offensive 1937–1938 Spanish Civil War 205,000, including prisoners
Battle of Teruel 1937–1938 Spanish Civil War 110,000 [94]
Levante Offensive 1938 Spanish Civil War 25,000
Battle of the Ebro 1938 Spanish Civil War 106,500 [94]
Battle of Xuzhou 1938 Second Sino-Japanese War 130,000 [95]
1938 Yellow River Flood 1938 Second Sino-Japanese War 800,000 [96]
Battle of Wuhan 1938 Second Sino-Japanese War 550,000–700,000 [97] [98]
Battles of Khalkhin Gol 1939 Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 42,000–75,000 [99] [100]
Battle of Suixian–Zaoyang 1939 Second Sino-Japanese War 49,000
Invasion of Poland 1939 World War II 310,000 [101] –914,000 [102]
Battle of the Bzura 1939 World War II 232,000 [103] –234,000 [103]
Winter Offensive 1939–1940 World War II 100,000+ [104]
Operation Weserübung 1940 World War II 12,800 [101]
Battle of France 1940 World War II 469,000 [105]
Battle of Britain 1940 World War II 38,800 [a] [106] [b]
Hundred Regiments Offensive 1940 Second Sino-Japanese War 62,900 [107]
Battle of Keren 1941 World War II 12,600+ killed
Battle of Greece 1941 World War II 46,295 [108]
Battle of Shanggao 1941 Second Sino-Japanese War 42,000
Battle of Crete 1941 World War II 16,007 [109]
Operation Barbarossa 1941 World War II 5,318,000 [110] –8,050,000 [111]
Battle of Białystok–Minsk 1941 World War II 429,886 including prisoners [112]
Battle of Smolensk 1941 World War II 595,606 killed, captured, and missing
300,000 Soviet prisoners
Battle of Uman 1941 World War II 223,853
Battle of Kiev (included in Barbarossa)1941 World War II 761,783 killed, captured, and missing
Battle of Bryansk 1941 World War II 700,000 Soviet killed, captured and missing
German casualties unknown.
Battle of Moscow (included in Barbarossa)1941 World War II 1,000,000 [113]
Battle of Hong Kong 1941 World War II 18,000 including prisoners [114]
Battle of Malaya/Battle of Singapore 1941–1942 World War II 143,800, and 60,000 prisoners [115]
Battle of Bataan/Battle of Corregidor 1942 World War II 30,000 killed [116]
Battle of Lyuban 1942 World War II 365,135
Battle of the Kerch Peninsula 1942 World War II 176,000+ [117]
Demyansk Pocket 1942 World War II 300,000
Second Battle of Kharkov 1942 World War II 300,000 [117]
Zhejiang-Jiangxi Campaign 1942 Second Sino-Japanese War 356,000 [118]
Battle of Gazala 1942 World War II 148,000 [119]
First Battle of El Alamein 1942 World War II 30,000
Kokoda Track campaign 1942 World War II 13,000
Case Blue 1942 World War II 1,400,000
Battle of the Caucasus 1942–1942 World War II 625,000
Guadalcanal Campaign 1942–1943 World War II 29,100 [120] –31,100 [121]
Battles of Rzhev 1942–1943 World War II 2,900,000–3,080,000
Second Battle of El Alamein 1942 World War II 39,400 [119] –82,500 [122]
Operation Iskra 1943 World War II 129,332 [123]
Battle of Kursk 1943 World War II 1,028,617 [124] [125] –2,037,000 [126]
Operation Kutuzov 1943 World War II 516,344
Allied invasion of Sicily 1943 World War II 36,000+ killed, and over 100,000 Italian POWs [127]
Belgorod–Kharkov offensive operation 1943 World War II 202,654–280,634
Battle of Smolensk 1943 World War II 522,059
Dnieper Campaign 1943 World War II 1,582,000–2,480,000
Operation Husky 1943 World War II 16,000
Allied invasion of Italy 1943 World War II 17,092 [128]
Bougainville Campaign 1943–1945 World War II 21,929 killed, and 23,571 Japanese prisoners [129]
Dnieper–Carpathian Offensive 1943–1944 World War II 1,442,956
Leningrad–Novgorod Offensive 1944 World War II 385,604
Battle of Monte Cassino 1944 World War II 185,000 [130]
Battle of Narva 1944 World War II 550,000 all causes [131]
Battle of Anzio 1944 World War II 52,200 killed [132]
First Jassy–Kishinev Offensive 1944 World War II 195,000 [133]
Operation Ichi-Go 1944 Second Sino-Japanese War 1,300,000+ [134]
Battle of Normandy 1944 World War II 650,600 [135] [136] –795,400 [137] [136]
Operation Dragoon 1944 World War II 169,600
Battle of Saipan 1944 World War II 43,500 killed, including mass suicides [138]
Operation Bagration 1944 World War II 1,430,000 [139]
Lvov–Sandomierz offensive 1944 World War II 463,129
Falaise Pocket 1944 World War II 140,000 [140]
Second Jassy–Kishinev Offensive 1944 World War II 485,424, including prisoners [141]
Operation Market Garden 1944 World War II 27,200 [142]
Moro River Campaign 1944 World War II 20,000
Baltic offensive 1944 World War II 280,120 Soviet casualties; German casualties unknown
Battle of Aachen 1944 World War II 21,000
Gothic Line offensive1944-1945 World War II 92,000
Battle of Hürtgen Forest 1944–1945 World War II 63,000 [143]
Courland Pocket 1944–1945 World War II 278,819
Battle of Leyte Gulf 1944 World War II 12,000 killed [144]
Battle of the Bulge 1944–1945 World War II 161,370 [41] [145] –218,900
Vistula–Oder Offensive 1945 World War II 636,191 including prisoners
Battle of Luzon 1945 World War II 332,330–345,330, including sick [146]
Battle of the Rhineland 1945 World War II 82,000 and 250,000 prisoners [147]
Battle of Iwo Jima 1945 World War II 44,821 [148] –48,700 [149]
East Prussian Offensive 1945 World War II 806,778 including prisoners
Battle of Okinawa 1945 World War II 113,920 [150] –158,400 [151]
Burma campaigns 1942–1945 World War II 700,000 [152]
Battle of West Hunan 1945 World War II 50,000
Second Guangxi campaign 1945 World War II 1,000,000[ citation needed ]
Liaoshen campaign 1948 Chinese Civil War 542,000, including captured [153]
Huaihai campaign 1948 Chinese Civil War 689,000, including captured [154]
Pingjin campaign 1948–1949 Chinese Civil War 560,000, including captured [155]
Shanghai Campaign 1949 Chinese Civil War 213,073 [156]
Battle of Inchon 1950 Korean War 17,429 [157]
UN offensive into North Korea 1950 Korean War 51,700 [158]
Battle of Chosin Reservoir 1950 Korean War 66,000
Battle of Dien Bien Phu 1954 First Indochina War 31,500, not including prisoners [159]
Tet Offensive 1968 Vietnam War 65,000 [160]
Operation OAU 1968 Nigerian Civil War 30,000 [160]
Easter Offensive 1972 Vietnam War 150,000 [160]
Operation Dawn 5 1984 Iran–Iraq War 75,000
Battle of the Marshes 1984 Iran–Iraq War 55,000
Russian invasion of Ukraine 2022–pres. Russo-Ukrainian War 300,000 [161] –500,000 [162]

Classical formation battles

These refer to battles in which armies met on a single field of battle and fought each other for anywhere from one to several days. This type of battle died out in favor of larger military operations.

BattleYearConflictCasualties
Battle of Megiddo 1457 BC Thutmose III's first campaign in the Levant 16,000+
Battle of Kadesh 1274 BC Second Syrian campaign of Ramesses II 30,000+
Battle of Qarqar 853 BC Assyrian conquest of Aram 24,000+
Battle of Thymbra 547 BC Lydian–Persian War 100,000 [163]
Battle of Marathon 490 BC Greco-Persian Wars 5,000–8,000 [164]
Battle of Thermopylae 480 BC Greco-Persian Wars 22,500 [165]
Battle of Plataea 479 BC Greco-Persian War 51,500 [165] –257,000 [166]
Battle of Mycale 479 BC Greco-Persian War 70,000
Battle of Leuctra 371 BC Theban–Spartan War 4,300
Battle of Mantinea 362 BC Theban–Spartan War 18,000
Battle of the Granicus 334 BC Wars of Alexander the Great 7,000 [c] [167]
Battle of Issus 333 BC Wars of Alexander the Great 20,000-40,000 [168]
Battle of Gaugamela 331 BC Wars of Alexander the Great 53,500 [169]
Battle of the Persian Gate 330 BC Wars of Alexander the Great 48,500
Battle of the Hydaspes 326 BC Wars of Alexander the Great 23,310 [169]
Battle of Sentinum 295 BC Third Samnite War 33,700 [170]
Battle of Heraclea 280 BC Pyrrhic War 11,000–26,000 [170]
Battle of Asculum 279 BC Pyrrhic War 9,500+
Battle of Beneventum 275 BC Pyrrhic War 20,000
Battle of Messana 264 BC First Punic War 7,400+
Battle of Kalinga 262 BC Kalinga-Maurya Empire 250,000+ (including civilians) [171]
Battle of Changping 260 BC Warring States period 700,000 (ancient source & includes prisoners) [172]
Battle of the Bagradas River (240 BC) 240 BC Mercenary War 8,000+
Battle of Telamon 225 BC Roman–Gallic wars 56,000+
Battle of Ticinus 218 BC Second Punic War 9,500+
Battle of the Trebia 218 BC Second Punic War 35,000 [173]
Battle of Lake Trasimene 217 BC Second Punic War 30,000 [173]
Battle of Cannae 216 BC Second Punic War 50,000+ [174]
Battle of the Metaurus 207 BC Second Punic War 12,000 [175]
Battle of Julu 207 BC Chu–Han Contention 400,000+ (including prisoners)
Battle of Utica 203 BC Second Punic War 45,000+
Battle of Zama 202 BC Second Punic War 21,500 [175]
Battle of the Arius 200 BC Antiochus's Bactrian Campaign 3,750
Battle of Cynoscephalae 197 BC Second Macedonian War 23,700
Battle of Thermopylae (191 BC) 191 BC Roman–Seleucid War 14,000
Battle of Magnesia 190 BC Roman–Seleucid War 53,350 [176]
Battle of Pydna 168 BC Third Macedonian War 21,000 [176]
Battle of Noreia 115 BC Germanic Wars (Cimbrian War)24,000
Battle of the Muthul 109 BC Jugurthine War 25,000
Battle of Arausio 105 BC Germanic Wars (Cimbrian War)85,000 [177] [178] [179]
Battle of Aquae Sextiae 102 BC Germanic Wars (Cimbrian War)90,000 [180]
Battle of Chaeronea 86 BC Mithridatic Wars (First Mithridatic War)50,000 [181]
Battle of the Colline Gate 82 BC Sulla's civil war 50,000 [182]
Battle of the Silarius River 71 BC Third Servile War 11,000
Battle of Chalcedon 74 BC Mithridatic Wars (Third Mithridatic War)19,000+
Battle of Tigranocerta 69 BC Mithridatic Wars (Third Mithridatic War)10,000+ [183]
Battle of Bibracte 58 BC Gallic Wars 12,000+ [184]
Battle of Axona 57 BC Gallic Wars 11,000+
Battle of Carrhae 53 BC Roman–Persian Wars 24,000 [185]
Battle of Pharsalus 48 BC Caesar's Civil War 17,000 [186]
Battle of Philippi 42 BC Liberators' civil war 24,000 [187]
Battle of Actium 31 BC Final War of the Roman Republic 7,500+ [188]
Battle of the Teutoburg Forest AD 9 Roman–Germanic wars 20,000 [189]
Battle of Idistaviso AD 16 Roman–Germanic wars 20,000+ [190]
Battle of Watling Street AD 61 Iceni Revolt 80,400 [191]
Battle of Mons Graupius AD 84 Roman conquest of Britain 10,360 [192]
Battle of Adamclisi AD 102 Dacian Wars 18,000+
Battle of Sarmizegetusa AD 106 Dacian Wars 21,000+
Battle of Carnuntum AD 170 Marcomannic Wars 20,000+
Battle of Issus (194) 194 Year of the Five Emperors 20,000
Battle of Lugdunum 197 Year of the Five Emperors 90,000
Battle of Guandu 200 Three Kingdoms 78,000 [193]
Battle of Red Cliffs 208 Three Kingdoms 100,000 [193]
Battle of Barbalissos 252 Perso-Roman wars of 337–361 60,000+ [194]
Battle of Edessa 260 Perso-Roman wars of 337–361 65,000+ [195]
Battle of Emesa 272 Crisis of the Third Century 61,000+
Battle of Châlons (274) 274 Crisis of the Third Century 56,000+
Battle of Adrianople 378 Gothic War 40,000+ [196]
Battle of the Fei River 383 Sixteen Kingdoms period 700,000+ [197]
Battle of the Catalaunian Plains 451 Hunnic Invasion 165,000 (ancient source) [198]
Battle of Dara 530 Iberian War 8,000+ [199]
Battle of Callinicum 531 Iberian War 28,000+
Battle of Taginae 552 Gothic War 8,000+
Battle of the Volturnus 554 Gothic War 18,000+
Battle of the Salsu 612 Goguryeo–Sui War 302,300 (ancient source) [200]
Battle of Nineveh 627 Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 9,000+
Battle of al-Qadisiyyah 636 Muslim conquest of Persia 31,000 [201]
Battle of Muzayyah 633 Muslim conquest of Persia 10,000
Battle of Ullais 633 Muslim conquest of Persia 35,000 [202]
Battle of River 633 Muslim conquest of Persia 15,000+ [203]
Battle of Ajnadayn 634 Muslim conquest of the Levant 55,000
Battle of Yarmouk 636 Muslim conquest of the Levant 70,000 [2]
Battle of Walaja 636 Muslim conquest of Persia 22,000 [204]
Battle of Nahavand 642 Muslim conquest of Persia 28,500 [205]
Battle of Marj Ardabil 730 Second Arab-Khazar War 25,000+
Battle of Tours 732 Umayyad invasion of Gaul 13,000 [206]
Battle of Akroinon 740 Arab–Byzantine Wars 13,200+
Battle of Talas 751 Muslim conquest of Transoxiana 50,000+
Battle of Xiangji Temple 757 An Lushan Rebellion 110,000+
Battle of Pliska 811 Byzantine–Bulgarian wars 29,000
Battle of Ashdown 871 Viking activity in the British Isles 9,000
Battle of Brenta 899 Hungarian invasions of Europe 14,000+
Battle of Lechfeld 955 Hungarian invasions of Europe 15,000
Battle of Arcadiopolis 970 Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria 27,000
Battle of the Gates of Trajan 986 Byzantine–Bulgarian wars 27,000
Battle of Kleidion 1014 Byzantine–Bulgarian wars 45,000
Battle of Gwiju 1019 Third conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War 90,000+
Battle of Dandanaqan 1040 Seljuk-Ghaznavid Wars 35,000+
Battle of Fulford 1066 Viking invasions of England 5,000
Battle of Stamford Bridge 1066 Viking invasions of England 13,000
Battle of Hastings 1066 Norman Conquest 6,000 [c] [207]
Battle of Manzikert 1071 Byzantine-Seljuk Wars 25,000
Battle of Langensalza (1075) 1075 Saxon Revolt of 1073-1075 8,600 [c]
Battle of Nhu Nguyet river 1077 Lý–Song War 150,000 [208] [209]
Battle of Dyrrhachium (1081) 1081 First Norman invasion of the Balkans 5,000+
Battle of Civetot 1096 People's Crusade 50,000+
Battle of Dorylaeum 1097 First Crusade 7,000+
Battle of Ascalon 1099 First Crusade 13,000+
Battle of Nakło (1109) 1109 ??? 30,000+
Battle of Ager Sanguinis 1119 Crusades 12,000
Battle of Azaz 1125 Crusades 6,000+
Battle of Crug Mawr 1135 Norman invasion of Wales 13,000
Battle of Legnano 1177 Guelphs and Ghibellines 9,000+
Battle of Montgisard 1177 Ayyubid–Crusader War 25,850 [c]
Battle of Hattin 1187 Ayyubid–Crusader War 17,000–20,000 [210]
Battle of Philomelion (1190) 1190 Third Crusade 5,100
Battle of Arsuf 1191 Third Crusade 8,000+
Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa 1212 Reconquista 60,000 [211]
Battle of Yehuling 1212 Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty 150,000 [c]
Battle of Muret 1213 Albigensian Crusade 16,500 [c]
Battle of Bouvines 1214 Anglo-French War 9,000
Battle of Parwan 1221 Mongol invasion of Central Asia 65,000+
Battle of the Kalka River 1223 Mongol invasion of Rus' 50,000 [c] [212]
Battle of Sanfengshan 1232 Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty 125,000
Battle of Legnica 1241 Mongol invasion of Poland 30,000 [213]
Battle of Mohi 1241 Mongol invasion of Europe 15,000 [214]
Battle of Mansurah 1250 Seventh Crusade 21,000
Battle of Ain Jalut 1260 Mongol invasions of the Levant 21,000
Battle of Kōan 1281 Mongol invasions of Japan 150,000+
Third battle of Bach Dang river 1288 Mongol invasion of Vietnam 85,000 [215]
Battle of Jaran Manjur 1298 Mongol invasions of India 20,000+
Battle of Yamen 1279 Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty 100,000
Battle of Kili 1299 Mongol invasion of India 130,000
Battle of Bapheus 1302 Byzantine–Ottoman wars 3,000
Battle of Amroha 1305 Mongol invasion of India 34,000
Battle of Bannockburn 1314 First War of Scottish Independence 19,000 [216]
Battle of Demotika 1352 Byzantine civil war of 1352–1357 8,000
Battle of Vijaya 1377 Champa–Đại Việt War (1367–1390) 95,000
Battle of Kulikovo 1380 List of Mongol and Tatar raids against Rus' 136,000
Battle of Roosebeke 1382 Hundred Years' War 27,600
Battle of Maritsa 1389 Serbian-Ottoman wars 57,000
Battle of Kosovo 1389 Serbian-Ottoman wars 60,000
Battle of the Terek River 1395 Tokhtamysh–Timur war 100,000 [217]
Battle of Nicopolis 1396 Ottoman wars in Europe 30,000
Conquest of Delhi 1398 Timur's Indian campaign 100,000 [218] [219]
Battle of Ankara 1402 Ottoman–Timur War 15,000+ [220]
Battle of Grunwald 1410 Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War 13,000 [221]
Battle of Agincourt 1415 Hundred Years' War 14,000[ citation needed ]
Battle of Tốt Động – Chúc Động 1426 Lam Sơn uprising 30,000 [222]
Battle of Hermannstadt 1442 Crusade of Varna 24,000
Battle of Zlatitsa 1443 Crusade of Varna 22,000+
Battle of Varna 1444 Crusade of Varna 60,000+
Battle of Kosovo (1448) 1448 Ottoman–Wallachian wars / Ottoman–Hungarian wars 27,000
Tumu Crisis 1449 Ming–Mongol War 200,000+[ citation needed ]
Battle of Castillon 1453 Hundred Years' War 4,000 [223]
Battle of Chojnice 1454 Thirteen Years' War 9,000
Battle of Towton 1461 Wars of the Roses 28,000 [224]
Second Battle of St Albans 1461 Wars of the Roses 2,000 [225]
Night Attack at Târgoviște 1462 Wallachian-Ottoman Wars 20,000 [226]
Battle of Vaslui 1475 Moldavian-Ottoman Wars 40,000+[ citation needed ]
Battle of Valea Albă 1476 Moldavian–Ottoman Wars 30,000+[ citation needed ]
Battle of Breadfield 1479 Habsburg–Ottoman wars 13,000+
Battle of Kabul 1504 Campaigns of Babur 20,000+ [227]
Battle of Ravenna 1512 War of the League of Cambrai 13,500 [228]
Battle of Flodden 1513 War of the League of Cambrai 15,500
Battle of Chaldiran 1514 Ottoman–Persian Wars 7,000
Battle of Orsha 1514 Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1512-1522) 21,000–45,000
Battle of Marignano 1515 War of the League of Cambrai 11,000–15,000 [229]
Battle of Ridaniya 1517 Ottoman wars in the Near East 13,000 [230]
La Noche Triste 1520 Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire 4,800+
Battle of Pavia 1525 Italian War of 1521–1526 13,000
First Battle of Panipat 1526 Mughal Conquest 20,000–50,000 [231]
Battle of Mohács 1526 Ottoman–Hungarian wars 30,000 [c] [232]
Battle of Sződfalva 1527 Hungarian campaign of 1527–1528 21,000
Battle of Ghaghra 1529 Mughal Conquest 13,000 [233]
Battle of Gorjani 1537 Habsburg–Ottoman wars in Hungary (1526–1568) 22,000
Battle of Mühlberg 1547 Schmalkaldic War 9,500
Battle of Molodi 1572 Russo-Crimean Wars 29,000–33,000 or 100,000 [234]
Battle of Nagashino 1575 Sengoku period 18,000 [235] : 80–82 
Battle of Alcácer Quibir 1578 Moroccan–Portuguese conflicts 19,000
Battle of Gembloux 1578 Eighty Years' War 6,000
Battle of Chungju 1592 Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598) 8,000–16,000 [236] 100,000 [237] [238]
Battle of Călugăreni 1595 Long War (Ottoman War) 11,000–16,000[ citation needed ]
Battle of Keresztes 1596 Long Turkish War 30,000
Battle of Sacheon 1598 Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598) 30,000 [239]
Battle of Sekigahara 1600 Sengoku period 30,000+ [240]
Battle of Nieuwpoort 1600 Eighty Years' War 6,700+
Battle of Kircholm 1605 Polish–Swedish War (1600–1611) 8,400
Battle of Klushino 1610 Polish–Muscovite War 5,400
Battle of Wisternitz 1619 Thirty Years' War 6,700
Battle of White Mountain 1620 Thirty Years' War 3,450
Battle of Shen-Liao 1620 Qing conquest of the Ming 75,000
Battle of Rohilla 1621 Early Mughal-Sikh Wars 14,000
Battle of Lutter 1626 Thirty Years' War 9,700
Battle of Wolgast 1628 Thirty Years' War 3,100
First Battle of Breitenfeld 1631 Thirty Years' War 31,900
Battle of Lahira 1631 Early Mughal-Sikh Wars 36,773 [241]
Battle of Fürth 1632 Thirty Years' War 5,000
Battle of Lützen 1632 Thirty Years' War 11,160 [242]
Battle of Amritsar 1634 Early Mughal-Sikh Wars 7,000
Battle of Nördlingen 1634 Thirty Years' War 17,000 [243]
Battle of Kartarpur 1635 Early Mughal-Sikh Wars 50,700-97,000 [244] [245]
Battle of the Downs 1639 Eighty Years' War 15,000+ [246]
Battle of Song-Jin 1641 Qing conquest of the Ming 60,000[ citation needed ]
Second Battle of Breitenfeld 1642 Thirty Years' War 14,000 [247]
Battle of Rocroi 1643 Thirty Years' War 19,000 [248]
Battle of Freiburg 1644 Thirty Years' War 12,000
Battle of Jankau 1645 Thirty Years' War 15,500 [249]
Battle of Lens 1648 Thirty Years' War 9,500
Battle of Zusmarshausen 1648 Thirty Years' War 5,000
Battle of Berestechko 1651 Khmelnytsky Uprising 30,000–40,000 [250]
Battle of the Dunes 1658 Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660) 9,600
Battle of Samugarh 1658 Mughal Conquest 32,000 [246]
Battle of Khajwa 1659 Mughal Conquest 20,000 [246]
Battle of Saint Gotthard 1664 Battle of Saint Gotthard 12,000
Battle of Khotyn (1673) 1673 Polish–Ottoman War (1672–1676) 32,000
Battle of Lund 1676 Scanian War 14,000 [251]
Battle of Vienna 1683 Ottoman–Habsburg wars 19,500 [252]
Battle of Mohács (1687) 1687 Ottoman–Habsburg wars 12,500
Battle of Fleurus 1690 War of the Grand Alliance 10,600−28,000 [253] [254]
Battle of Landen 1693 War of the Grand Alliance 28,000 [255]
Battle of Zenta 1697 Ottoman–Habsburg wars 30,300 [256]
Battle of Jinji 1698 Mughal Conquest 16,000 [255]
Battle of Narva 1700 Great Northern War 19,900 [257] [258]
Battle of Schellenberg 1704 War of the Spanish Succession 11,000 [255]
Battle of Blenheim 1704 War of the Spanish Succession 32,000 [255]
Battle of Chamkaur 1705 Mughal-Sikh Wars 112,500
Battle of Fraustadt 1706 Great Northern War 16,500 [259]
Battle of Ramillies 1706 War of the Spanish Succession 15,600 [260]
Battle of Almansa 1707 War of the Spanish Succession 22,000
Battle of Lesnaya 1708 Great Northern War 11,000 [261] [262]
Battle of Poltava 1709 Great Northern War 14,300 [263]
Battle of Malplaquet 1709 War of the Spanish Succession 95,000 [260]
Battle of Helsingborg 1710 Great Northern War 10,700 [264]
Battle of Villaviciosa 1710 War of the Spanish Succession 12,000
Battle of Gulnabad 1722 Hotaki-Safavid War 17,000
Battle of Hohenfriedberg 1745 War of the Austrian Succession 18,530
Battle of Fontenoy 1745 War of the Austrian Succession 14,000 [265]
Battle of Lobositz 1756 Seven Years' War 7,000+
Battle of Leuthen 1757 Seven Years' War 11,800 [266]
Battle of Prague 1757 Seven Years' War 27,570+
Battle of Gross-Jägersdorf 1757 Seven Years' War 10,000+
Battle of Rossbach 1757 Seven Years' War 10,000 [267]
Battle of Breslau (1757) 1757 Seven Years' War 12,000
Battle of Zorndorf 1758 Seven Years' War 30,000[ citation needed ]
Battle of Krefeld 1758 Seven Years' War 5,200
Battle of Kunersdorf 1759 Seven Years' War 35,000 [268]
Battle of Minden 1759 Seven Years' War 12,700
Battle of Torgau 1760 Seven Years' War 32,560+
Third Battle of Panipat 1761 Marathas and Afghans 129,000+ [269] [270]
Battle of Kup 1762 Afghan-Sikh Wars 20,000 [c] [271]
Battle of Villinghausen 1761 Seven Years' War 13,000+
Battle of Freiberg 1762 Seven Years' War 10,500
Battle of Kagul 1770 Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) 21,000 [272]
Battle of Porto Novo 1781 Second Anglo-Mysore War 9306
Battle of Rạch Gầm-Xoài Mút 1785 Siamese-Vietnamese Wars 50,000 [273]
Battle of Rymnik 1789 Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) 21,000 [274]
Battle of Jemappes 1792 War of the Second Coalition 3,500
Battle of Praga 1794 Kościuszko Uprising 26,000
Battle of Mardanpur 1794 Maratha and Patiala 8,333-52,333 [275]
Battle of Loano 1795 War of the First Coalition 10,000
Battle of Arcole 1796 War of the First Coalition 11,000 [276]
Battle of Rivoli 1797 War of the First Coalition 17,500
Battle of Trebbia 1799 War of the Second Coalition 17,000–23,000 [277]
Battle of Novi 1799 War of the Second Coalition 19,500 [278]
Battle of the Pyramids 1798 War of the Second Coalition 10,000+
Battle of Stockach 1800 War of the Second Coalition 9,800
Battle of Marengo 1800 War of the Second Coalition 16,400 [279]
Battle of Montebello 1800 War of the Second Coalition 7,275
Battle of Pozzolo 1800 War of the Second Coalition 13,000+
Battle of Höchstädt 1800 War of the Second Coalition 7,000
Battle of Hohenlinden 1800 War of the Second Coalition 16,000+
Ulm campaign 1805 War of the Third Coalition 62,000 [279]
Battle of Dürenstein 1805 War of the Third Coalition 10,000
Battle of Austerlitz 1805 War of the Third Coalition 45,300 [280]
Battle of Schöngrabern 1805 War of the Third Coalition 5,000
Battle of Jena–Auerstedt 1806 War of the Fourth Coalition 52,000, including prisoners later killed [281]
Battle of Lübeck 1806 War of the Fourth Coalition 18,800
Battle of Eylau 1807 War of the Fourth Coalition 40,000 [281]
Battle of Friedland 1807 War of the Fourth Coalition 28,000–50,000 [282]
Battle of Bailen 1808 Peninsular war 21,000
Battle of Espinosa de los Monteros 1808 Peninsular war 6,600
Battle of Gamonal 1808 Peninsular war 3,600
Battle of Aspern-Essling 1809 War of the Fifth Coalition 42,900 [283]
Battle of Landshut 1809 War of the Fifth Coalition 9,000
Battle of Eckmühl 1809 War of the Fifth Coalition 13,700
Battle of Abensberg 1809 War of the Fifth Coalition 8,200
Battle of Ebelsberg 1809 War of the Fifth Coalition 15,340
Battle of Piave River 1809 War of the Fifth Coalition 7,000
Battle of Wagram 1809 War of the Fifth Coalition 77,000 [281] –79,000 [284]
Battle of Znaim 1809 War of the Fifth Coalition 9,000
Battle of Raab 1809 War of the Fifth Coalition 14,300
Battle of Talavera 1809 Peninsular War 13,900 [285]
Battle of Somosierra 1808 Peninsular War 2,500
Battle of Bussaco 1810 Peninsular War 5,900
Battle of Slobozia 1811 Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) 20,000 [286]
Battle of Salamanca 1812 Peninsular War 18,800 [287]
Battle of Smolensk 1812 French invasion of Russia 24,000 [288]
Battle of Shevardino 1812 French invasion of Russia 10,000
Battle of Borodino 1812 French invasion of Russia 74,000 [289]
Second Battle of Polotsk 1812 French invasion of Russia 22,000
Battle of Maloyaroslavets 1812 French invasion of Russia 16,000
Battle of Vyazma 1812 French invasion of Russia 9,500
Battle of Wolkowisk 1812 French invasion of Russia 6,000
Battle of Krasnoi 1812 French invasion of Russia 28,000
Battle of Berezina 1812 French invasion of Russia 60,000 [289]
Battle of Vitoria 1813 Peninsular War 13,000 [287]
Battle of Lützen 1813 War of the Sixth Coalition 31,155–52,000 [290] [291]
Battle of Bautzen 1813 War of the Sixth Coalition 45,000
Battle of Hanau 1813 War of the Sixth Coalition 15,000
Battle of Dresden 1813 War of the Sixth Coalition 48,000 [280]
Battle of Wartenburg 1813 War of the Sixth Coalition 4,000
Battle of Großbeeren 1813 War of the Sixth Coalition 5,000
Battle of Dennewitz 1813 War of the Sixth Coalition 33,000 [292]
Battle of Leipzig 1813 War of the Sixth Coalition 124,000 [63]
Battle of Orthez 1814 Peninsular War 5,100
Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube 1814 War of the Sixth Coalition 8,000
Battle of Wavre 1815 Hundred Days 5,000
Battle of Quatre Bras 1815 Hundred Days 10,000
Battle of Ligny 1815 Hundred Days 28,000 [293]
Battle of Waterloo 1815 Hundred Days 47,000+ (not including prisoners and missing) [294] [295]
Battle of Tolentino 1815 Neapolitan War 5,000
Battle of Ayacucho 1824 Peruvian War of Independence 3,400+
Battle of Jamrud 1837 Afghan-Sikh Wars 11,000+
Battle of Inkerman 1854 Crimean War 15,857 [296]
Battle of Choloki 1854 Crimean War 5,500
Battle of Kurekdere 1854 Crimean War 3,409
Battle of Alma 1854 Crimean War 9,100+
Battle of Magenta 1859 Second Italian War of Independence 14,900+
Battle of Solferino 1859 Second Italian War of Independence 39,500+
Battle of Jiangnan 1860 Taiping Rebellion 140,000+
First Battle of Bull Run 1861 American Civil War 4,690
Battle of Shiloh 1862 American Civil War 24,000 [297]
Battle of Antietam 1862 American Civil War 23,000 [66] –26,193 [298]
Battle of Fredericksburg 1862 American Civil War 17,300 [66] –17,962 [299]
Battle of Richmond 1862 American Civil War 5,900+
Battle of Gaines' Mill 1863 American Civil War 15,000+
Battle of Gettysburg 1863 American Civil War 51,000 [300] [301]
Battle of Salem Church 1863 American Civil War 9,500+
Battle of Chickamauga 1863 American Civil War 34,624 [302]
Battle of Spotsylvania Court House 1864 American Civil War 30,000 [303]
Battle of Stones River 1862–1863 American Civil War 24,000 [304]
Battle of the Wilderness 1864 American Civil War 28,700
Battle of Cold Harbor 1864 American Civil War 18,000
Battle of Changzhou 1864 Taiping Rebellion 35,000
Battle of Hubei 1864 Taiping Rebellion 60,000+
Battle of Königgrätz 1866 Austro-Prussian War 47,500 [305]
Battle of Münchengrätz 1866 Austro-Prussian War 3,000
Battle of Tuyutí 1866 Paraguayan War 7,000–16,000 [306]
Battle of Curupayty 1866 Paraguayan War 4,300
Battle of Ytororó 1868 Paraguayan War 3,300+
Battle of Acosta Ñu 1869 Paraguayan War 5,102[ citation needed ]
Battle of Piribebuy 1869 Paraguayan War 2,210
Battle of Mars-la-Tour/Battle of Gravelotte 1870 Franco-Prussian War 34,000 [305]
Battle of Sedan 1870 Franco-Prussian War 26,000 [307]
Second Battle of Orleans 1870 Franco-Prussian War 8,740
Battle of Le Mans 1871 Franco-Prussian War 30,000
Battle of Tabaruzaka 1877 Satsasuma Rebelion 8,400
Battle of Isandlwana 1879 Anglo-Zulu War 6,300
Battle of Kambula 1879 Anglo-Zulu War 2,134
Battle of Arica 1880 War of the Pacific 3,600+
Battle of Adwa 1896 First Italo-Ethiopian War 17,300 [308]
Battle of Binakayan-Dalahican 1896 Philippine Revolutionary War 2,000–15,000 [309]
Battle of Omdurman 1898 Mahdist War 20,430 [310]
Battle of Sakarya 1921 Greco–Turkish War of 1919–22 61,000 [311] [312]
  1. ↑ including approximately 35,000 civilian casualties due to bombing
  2. ↑ including approximately 35,000 civilian casualties due to bombing
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Estimated casualty figure

Raids and sacks

ActionYearConflictCasualties
Sack of Rome (455) 455 fall of the Western Roman Empire 400,000+
Sack of Thessalonica (1185) 1185 third Norman invasion of the Balkans 10,000+
Sack of Berwick (1296) 1296 First War of Scottish Independence 17,000
Sack of Rome (1527) 1527 War of the League of Cognac 48,000
Sack of Naples 1544 Ottoman–Habsburg wars 50,000
Sack of Magdeburg 1631 Thirty Years' War 26,900
Raid on the Medway 1667 Second Anglo-Dutch War 650
Dieppe Raid 1942 World War II 6,860
Battle or ActionYearConflictCasualties
Battle of Salamis 480 BC Second Persian Invasion of Greece 50,000?
Battle of Cape Ecnomus 256 BC First Punic War 50,000
Battle of Dan-no-ura 1185 Genpei War 20,000
Battle of Yamen 1279 Song-Yuan Wars 110,000
Third battle of Bach Dang river 1288 Mongol invasion of Vietnam 85,000
Battle of Chaul 1508 Mamluk–Portuguese conflicts 840
Battle of Lepanto 1571 Ottoman–Habsburg wars 40,000
Battle of São Vicente 1583 Eighty Years' War 166
Battle of Solebay 1672 Third Anglo-Dutch War 3,100
Battles of Barfleur and La Hougue 1692 Nine Years' War 10,000
Battle of Pondicherry 1759 Seven Years' War 1,589
Battle of Chesma 1770 Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) 12,000
Battle of Dogger Bank 1781 Fourth Anglo-Dutch War 988
Battle of Vyborg Bay 1790 Russo-Swedish War (1788–90) 6,000–12,000
Battle of the Nile 1798 French campaign in Egypt and Syria 8,997
Battle of Copenhagen 1801 War of the Second Coalition 2,800
Battle of Trafalgar 1805 War of the Third Coalition 4,853
Battle of Navarino 1827 Greek War of Independence 6,000
Battle of Sinop 1853 Crimean War 3,366
Battle of Hampton Roads 1862 American Civil War 392
Battle of Riachuelo 1865 Paraguayan War 997
Battle of the Yalu River 1894 First Sino-Japanese War 1,730
Battle of the Yellow Sea 1904 Russo-Japanese War 566
Battle of Tsushima 1905 Russo-Japanese War 5,162
Battle of Lemnos 1913 First Balkan War 146
Battle of Coronel 1914 World War I 1,660
Battle of the Falkland Islands 1914 World War I 1,900
Battle of Dogger Bank 1915 World War I 1,081
Battle of Jutland 1916 World War I 12,000
Battle of Cape Machichaco 1937 Spanish Civil War 35
Battle of Cape Palos 1938 Spanish Civil War 765
Battle of the River Plate 1939 World War II 196
Attack on Mers-el-Kébir 1940 World War II 1,669
Operation Juno 1940 World War II 1,662
Last battle of Bismarck 1941 World War II 2,249
Battle of Cape Matapan 1941 World War II 2,303
Battle of Cape Bon 1941 World War II 817
Battle of the Java Sea 1942 World War II 2,336
Battle of Midway 1942 World War II 3,364
Battle of Santa Cruz Islands 1942 World War II 766
Battle of Savo Island 1942 World War II 1217
Naval Battle of Casablanca 1942 World War II 636
Battle of the Bismarck Sea 1943 World War II 2,903
Battle of Leyte Gulf 1944 World War II 15,500
Battle of San Carlos 1982 Falklands War 65

See also

Notes

    Related Research Articles

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">American Civil War</span> 1861–1865 conflict in the United States

    The American Civil War was a civil war in the United States between the Union and the Confederacy, which was formed in 1861 by states that had seceded from the Union. The central conflict leading to war was a dispute over whether slavery should be permitted to expand into the western territories, leading to more slave states, or be prohibited from doing so, which many believed would place slavery on a course of ultimate extinction.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Stalingrad</span> 1942–1943; major battle of World War II

    The Battle of Stalingrad was a major battle on the Eastern Front of World War II, beginning when Nazi Germany and its Axis allies attacked and became locked in a protracted struggle with the Soviet Union for control over the Soviet city of Stalingrad in southern Russia. The battle was characterized by fierce close-quarters combat and direct assaults on civilians in aerial raids; the battle epitomized urban warfare, being the single largest and costliest urban battle in military history. It was the bloodiest and fiercest battle of the entirety of World War II—and arguably in all of human history—as both sides suffered tremendous casualties amidst ferocious fighting in and around the city. The battle is commonly regarded as the turning point in the European theatre of World War II, as Germany's Oberkommando der Wehrmacht was forced to withdraw a considerable amount of military forces from other regions to replace losses on the Eastern Front. By the time the hostilities ended, the German 6th Army and 4th Panzer Army had been destroyed and Army Group B was routed. The Soviets' victory at Stalingrad shifted the Eastern Front's balance of power in their favour, while also boosting the morale of the Red Army.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Vietnam War</span> Cold War conflict in Southeast Asia from 1955 to 1975

    The Vietnam War was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. It was the second of the Indochina Wars and a major conflict of the Cold War. While the war was officially fought between North Vietnam and South Vietnam, the north was supported by the Soviet Union, China, and other countries in the Eastern Bloc, while the south was supported by the US and anti-communist allies. This made the conflict a proxy war between the US and Soviet Union. Direct US military involvement lasted from 1965 until its withdrawal in 1973. The fighting spilled over into the Laotian and Cambodian civil wars, which ended with all three countries becoming communist in 1975.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">World War II</span> 1939–1945 global conflict

    World War II or the Second World War was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies and the Axis powers. Nearly all the world's countries—including all the great powers—participated, with many investing all available economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities in pursuit of total war, blurring the distinction between military and civilian resources. Tanks and aircraft played major roles, with the latter enabling the strategic bombing of population centres and delivery of the only two nuclear weapons ever used in war. World War II was the deadliest conflict in history, resulting in 70 to 85 million deaths, more than half being civilians. Millions died in genocides, including the Holocaust of European Jews, as well as from massacres, starvation, and disease. Following the Allied powers' victory, Germany, Austria, Japan, and Korea were occupied, and war crimes tribunals were conducted against German and Japanese leaders.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">World War I casualties</span> Counts of dead and wounded in WWI

    The total number of military and civilian casualties in World War I was about 40 million: estimates range from around 15 to 22 million deaths and about 23 million wounded military personnel, ranking it among the deadliest conflicts in human history.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Napoleonic Wars</span> 1803–1815 series of wars led by Napoleon

    The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) were a series of conflicts fought between the First French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte (1804–1815) and a fluctuating array of European coalitions. The wars originated in political forces arising from the French Revolution (1789–1799) and from the French Revolutionary Wars (1792–1802) and produced a period of French domination over Continental Europe. The wars are categorised as seven conflicts, five named after the coalitions that fought Napoleon, plus two named for their respective theatres: the War of the Third Coalition, War of the Fourth Coalition, War of the Fifth Coalition, War of the Sixth Coalition, War of the Seventh Coalition, the Peninsular War, and the French invasion of Russia.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">First Chechen War</span> 1994–96 invasion of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria by the Russian Federation

    The First Chechen War, also referred to as the First Russo-Chechen War, was a struggle for independence waged by the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria against the Russian Federation from 11 December 1994 to 31 August 1996. This conflict was preceded by the battle of Grozny in November 1994, during which Russia covertly sought to overthrow the new Chechen government. Following the intense Battle of Grozny in 1994–1995, which concluded with a victory for the Russian federal forces, Russia's subsequent efforts to establish control over the remaining lowlands and mountainous regions of Chechnya were met with fierce resistance and frequent surprise raids by Chechen guerrillas. The recapture of Grozny in 1996 played a part in the Khasavyurt Accord (ceasefire), and the signing of the 1997 Russia–Chechnya Peace Treaty.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">World War II casualties</span> List of human losses by participating country

    World War II was the deadliest military conflict in history. An estimated total of 70–85 million people perished, or about 3% of the estimated global population of 2.3 billion in 1940. Deaths directly caused by the war are estimated at 50–56 million, with an additional estimated 19–28 million deaths from war-related disease and famine. Civilian deaths totaled 50–55 million. Military deaths from all causes totaled 21–25 million, including deaths in captivity of about 5 million prisoners of war. More than half of the total number of casualties are accounted for by the dead of the Republic of China and of the Soviet Union. The following tables give a detailed country-by-country count of human losses. Statistics on the number of military wounded are included whenever available.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Brusilov offensive</span> 1916 Russian offensive during World War I

    The Brusilov offensive, also known as the June advance, or Battle of Galicia-Volhynia, of June to September 1916 was the Russian Empire's greatest feat of arms during World War I, and among the most lethal offensives in world history. The historian Graydon Tunstall called the Brusilov offensive the worst crisis of World War I for Austria-Hungary and the Triple Entente's greatest victory, but it came at a tremendous loss of life. It was arguably the most successful offensive in the entirety of the First World War. The victory contributed to a morale upsurge among the Russian troops, in 1917, Nicholas II planned a general offensive along the entire front in order to end the Central Powers. After the victory, the Petrograd conference was held at which the post-war structure of the world was discussed. Even despite the losses, the Russian armies were still being reinforced with new forces, the number of weapons increased, and new railways were being built. The result of the battle will fully restore Russia's prestige among the allies, which forced them to make serious territorial concessions, such as Anatolia and Constantinople, the French government confirmed the possibility of the Russians themselves to choose which territories to tear away from Germany after the war.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Pacific War</span> Theater of World War II

    The Pacific War, sometimes called the Asia–Pacific War or the Pacific Theater, was the theater of World War II that was fought in eastern Asia, the Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean, and Oceania. It was geographically the largest theater of the war, including the Pacific Ocean theater, the South West Pacific theater, the Second Sino-Japanese War, and the Soviet–Japanese War in the last few months of the war.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Military history of Canada</span>

    The military history of Canada comprises centuries of conflict within the territory, and interventions by the Canadian military in conflicts and peacekeeping missions worldwide. For millennia, the area comprising modern Canada saw sporadic conflicts among Indigenous peoples. In the 17th and 18th centuries, Canada was the site of several conflicts, including four major colonial wars between New France and British America. The conflicts spanned nearly 70 years and was fought between British and French forces, supported by their colonial militias, and various First Nations.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Orlov revolt</span> 1770 Greek uprising against the Ottoman Empire

    The Orlov revolt was a Greek uprising in the Peloponnese and later also in Crete that broke out in February 1770, following the arrival of Russian Admiral Alexey Orlov, commander of the Imperial Russian Navy during the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774), at the Mani Peninsula. The revolt, a major precursor to the Greek War of Independence, was part of Catherine the Great's so-called "Greek Plan" and was eventually suppressed by the Ottomans.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Siege of Przemyśl</span> 1914–15 battle on the Eastern Front of World War I

    The siege of Przemyśl was the longest siege in Europe during the First World War. The siege was a crushing defeat of the Austro-Hungarian Army by the Russian Army. Przemyśl was a fortress-town and stronghold on the River San in what is now southeastern Poland. The investment of Przemyśl began on 16 September 1914 and was briefly suspended on 11 October, due to an Austro-Hungarian offensive. The siege resumed again on 9 November and the Austro-Hungarian garrison surrendered on 22 March 1915, after holding out for a total of 133 days. The siege has been referred to as "Austria-Hungary's Stalingrad".

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Serbian campaign</span> 1914–1915 invasion of Serbia during WWI

    The Serbian campaign was a series of military expeditions launched in 1914 and 1915 by the Central Powers against the Kingdom of Serbia during the First World War.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">World War I</span> 1914–1918 global conflict

    World War I or the First World War, also known as the Great War, was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies and the Central Powers. Fighting took place mainly in Europe and the Middle East, as well as in parts of Africa and the Asia-Pacific, and in Europe was characterised by trench warfare and the use of artillery, machine guns, and chemical weapons (gas). World War I was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, resulting in an estimated 9 million military dead and 23 million wounded, plus up to 8 million civilian deaths from causes including genocide. The movement of large numbers of people was a major factor in the Spanish flu pandemic, which killed millions.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Bitlis</span>

    The Battle of Bitlis refers to a series of engagements in the summer of 1916 for the town of Bitlis and to a lesser extent nearby Muş, between Russian Imperial forces and their Ottoman counterparts. The town was the last stronghold of the Ottoman Empire preventing the Russians from entering Anatolia and Mesopotamia. Part of the battle is known as Battle of Muş

    During warfare, some units take more casualties than other units. Sometimes, the casualty rate is disproportionately high. This article displays the highest percentage of casualties among American units, including those wiped out as an effective force.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Russian invasion of Ukraine</span> Ongoing armed conflict in Eastern Europe

    On 24 February 2022, Russia invaded Ukraine in a major escalation of the Russo-Ukrainian War, which started in 2014. The invasion, the largest and deadliest conflict in Europe since World War II, has caused hundreds of thousands of military casualties and tens of thousands of Ukrainian civilian casualties. As of 2024, Russian troops occupy about 20% of Ukraine. From a population of 41 million, about 8 million Ukrainians had been internally displaced and more than 8.2 million had fled the country by April 2023, creating Europe's largest refugee crisis since World War II.

    References

    1. ↑ Velleius Paterculus, Marcus. Historiae Romanae ad M. Vinicium Libri Duo, II, 23.3.
    2. 1 2 Grant, p. 74
    3. ↑ Trần Trọng Kim 1971 , p. 43
    4. ↑ Cœdès, George (1966). The Making of South East Asia. University of California Press. p. 84. ISBN   9780520050617.
    5. ↑ Al-Hassan, A. Y. (2001), The Different aspects of Islamic culture, v. 4: Science and technology in Islam, p. 655, ISBN   92-3-103831-1 , retrieved 25 July 2020
    6. ↑ Sicker, Martin (2000). The Islamic World in Ascendancy: From the Arab Conquests to the Siege of Vienna. Praeger. p. 111. ISBN   978-0275968922.
    7. ↑ Gearon, Eamonn (9 February 2017). "The Mongol Sack of Baghdad in 1258". Wondrium Daily. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
    8. ↑ Mann, p. 143
    9. ↑ Hassig
    10. 1 2 Grant, p. 230
    11. ↑ John Sweetman, Crimean War, Essential Histories 2, Osprey Publishing, 2001,
    12. ↑ Third Battle of Nanking, p. 678
    13. 1 2 Grant, p. 231
    14. ↑ Clodfelter M. Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. McFarland, 2002. P. 220
    15. ↑ Grant, p. 252
    16. 1 2 Hall, p. 112
    17. ↑ 陶纯 (2011). 太原大会战. 贵州人民出版社. ISBN   978-7221096166.
    18. ↑ Paulose, James (2013). "Three Months Of Bloodshed: Strategy And Combat During The Battle Of Shanghai". Report: West Point Undergraduate Historical Review. 3 (2).
    19. ↑ Lai, Benjamin (2017). Shanghai and Nanjing 1937: Massacre on the Yangtze. Osprey Publishing. pp. 87–88.
    20. ↑ "First Battle of Changsha". WW2DB. Archived from the original on 24 October 2015. Retrieved 2 November 2015.
    21. ↑ "Battle of Nanchang". WW2DB. Archived from the original on 8 November 2015. Retrieved 2 November 2015.
    22. ↑ Sebag-Montefiore, Hugh (31 May 2007). Dunkirk: Fight to the Last Man. Penguin UK. ISBN   9780141906164.
    23. ↑ "Battle of South Shanxi". WW2DB. Archived from the original on 19 September 2015. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
    24. 1 2 Glantz (1995), p. 293
    25. ↑ Hsiung, James. China's Bitter Victory: The War with Japan, 1937–1945. p. 158.
    26. ↑ Великая Отечественная война 1941–1945 годов. В 12 т. [The Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945, in 12 Volumes] (in Russian). Vol. 3. Битвы и сражения, изменившие ход войны. Кучково поле. 2012. p. 421. ISBN   978-5-9950-0269-7.
    27. ↑ Соколов, Борис (2014). Чудо Сталинграда [The Miracle of Stalingrad] (in Russian). Алгоритм. pp. 235–236.
    28. ↑ Grant, p. 308
    29. ↑ China's Bitter Victory: The War with Japan, 1937–1945. p. 161.
    30. ↑ Tuchman, Barbara. Stilwell and the American Experience in China.
    31. ↑ Glantz, David (2001), The Siege of Leningrad 1941–44: 900 Days of Terror, Zenith Press, Osceola, WI, ISBN   0-7603-0941-8. p. 178–180
    32. ↑ Сведения городской комиссии по установлению и расследованию злодеяний немецко-фашистских захватчиков и их сообщников о числе погибшего в Ленинграде населения ЦГА СПб, Ф.8357. Оп.6. Д. 1108 Л. 46–47
    33. ↑ Harrison Evans Salisbury (1969). The 900 Days: The Siege of Leningrad. Da Capo Press. p. 590.
    34. ↑ "World War II: Warsaw Uprising :: FAQ". Archived from the original on 23 January 2009. Retrieved 6 January 2009.
    35. ↑ Grant, p. 318
    36. ↑ "Battle of Berlin: The Fall of Nazi Germany". www.normandy1944.info. Retrieved 28 September 2024.
    37. ↑ Connaughton, R., Pimlott, J., and Anderson, D., 1995, The Battle for Manila, London: Bloomsbury Publishing, ISBN   0891415785
    38. ↑ Khalifa, Hodieb (22 November 2013). Nein. American Book Publishing. ISBN   9781938759185.
    39. ↑ Dauria, Tom (2014). Within a Presumption of Godlessness. Archway. ISBN   9781480804203.
    40. ↑ "Battle of Manila". Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
    41. 1 2 Boog, Krebs & Vogel 2001, p. 632.
    42. ↑ ANDREW JACOBS (2 October 2009). "China Is Wordless on Traumas of Communists' Rise". New York Times. Archived from the original on 14 May 2018. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
    43. ↑ Chang, Jung; Halliday, Jon. 2006. Mao: The Unknown Story. London: Vintage Books. p383.
    44. ↑ 中国人民解放军军事科学院《中国军事百科全书》
    45. ↑ 长春解放纪念碑烈士鲜血筑就的城市记忆 Archived 12 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine sina.com.cn 2007年05月22日09:04 东亚经贸新闻
    46. ↑ 李发锁. "围困长春." 中国作家. 纪实 3 (2018): 4-161.
    47. ↑ Bandarin, Francesco (20 September 2022). "The Destruction of Aleppo: The Impact of the Syrian War on a World Heritage City". Cultural Heritage and Mass Atrocities. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
    48. ↑ "Center for Documentation of Violations in Syria - Killed List". 5 December 2018. Archived from the original on 5 December 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
    49. ↑ "2 American soldiers killed in Iraq, U.S. military says". NBC News. 13 August 2017. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
    50. ↑ Cockburn, Patrick (19 July 2017). "True civilian death toll in Mosul feared to be 40,000 - eight times higher than previous estimates". The Independent. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
    51. ↑ "25,000 Daesh killed in Mosul liberation operations". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
    52. ↑ John Spencer; Jayson Geroux (15 September 2021). "Urban Warfare Project Case Study #2: Battle of Mosul". Modern War Institute. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
    53. ↑ "Russia Says All Urban Areas of Mariupol Cleared of Ukrainian Forces". VOA. 16 April 2022. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
    54. 1 2 "Azov officer: Russian forces lost about 6,000 troops in Mariupol". The Kyiv Independent. 14 May 2022. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
    55. ↑ S.A, Telewizja Polska. "Up to 75,000 Ukrainian civilians killed in Mariupol: report". tvpworld.com (in Polish). Retrieved 9 August 2023.
    56. ↑ Human Rights Watch/SITU/Truth Hounds, “Our City Was Gone” Russia’s Devastation of Mariupol, Ukraine, p. 147: "Based on an assessment of satellite imagery and photo and video analysis, we estimate that at least 10,284 people were buried in four of the city’s cemeteries and in Manhush cemetery between March 2022 and February 2023. We also estimate that around 2,250 people would have died of causes unrelated to war in Mariupol during that period, meaning the city saw at least an estimated 8,034 deaths above a peacetime rate. We are not able to determine how many of those buried in the city were civilians or military personnel, or how many were killed as a result of unlawful attacks."
    57. ↑ "UN says more than 1,300 civilians killed in Mariupol — but true toll "likely thousands higher"". Egypt Independent. 17 June 2022. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
    58. ↑ "Russia says 3,000 civilians killed in Mariupol, blames Ukraine". anews. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
    59. 1 2 Merkx, Gilbert W. (2023). "Russia's War in Ukraine: Two Decisive Factors". Journal of Advanced Military Studies. 14 (2): 13–33. doi:10.21140/mcuj.20231402001. ISSN   2770-260X.
    60. ↑ Kilner, James (18 February 2024). "Russia loses 17,000 troops taking Avdiivka in first major breakthrough since May". The Telegraph. ISSN   0307-1235 . Retrieved 4 March 2024.
    61. 1 2 Gibbons-Neff, Thomas; Kurmanaev, Anatoly (27 February 2024). "In Ukraine, Russia Is Inching Forward Death by Death". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 3 March 2024.
    62. ↑ Zamoyski, Adam (2004). Moscow 1812: Napoleon's Fatal March. London: HarperCollins. p. 536. ISBN   978-0-00-712375-9 . Retrieved 17 April 2021.
    63. 1 2 Grant, p. 213
    64. ↑ Brewer, p. 33
    65. ↑ Brewer, p. 42
    66. 1 2 3 Grant, p. 227
    67. ↑ Brewer, p. 53
    68. ↑ Grant, p. 253
    69. ↑ Hall, p. 31
    70. ↑ Hall, p. 36
    71. ↑ Brewer, p. 99
    72. ↑ Grant, p. 271
    73. ↑ Brewer, p. 100
    74. ↑ Grant, p. 272
    75. ↑ Oleynikov 2016, p. 235.
    76. 1 2 Allen W. E. D., Muratoff P. Caucasian Battlefields: A History of the Wars on the Turco-Caucasian Border 1828–1921. Cambridge University Press. 2011. P. 284
    77. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Brewer, p. 142
    78. 1 2 Grant, p. 273
    79. ↑ Grant, p. 282
    80. ↑ Spencer Tucker, "Encyclopedia of World War I"(2005) pg 1077, ISBN   1851094202
    81. ↑ Grant, p. 276
    82. ↑ Grant, R. G. (2017). 1001 Battles That Changed the Course of History (Reprint ed.). New York: Chartwell Books. p. 739. ISBN   978-0-7858-3553-0.
    83. ↑ Grant, p. 279
    84. ↑ Tucker, 810
    85. ↑ Grant, p. 277
    86. ↑ Brewer, p. 150
    87. ↑ Grant, p. 280
    88. ↑ Brewer, p. 151
    89. ↑ Brewer, p. 152
    90. 1 2 Grant, p. 281
    91. 1 2 3 Grant, p. 286
    92. ↑ Grant, p. 292
    93. ↑ Grant, p. 294
    94. 1 2 Grant, p. 295
    95. ↑ "Victory at Tai'erzhuang in the Battle of Xuzhou (12) – Xinhua | English.news.cn". news.xinhuanet.com. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
    96. ↑ Lary, Diana (1 April 2001). "Drowned Earth: The Strategic Breaching of the Yellow River Dyke, 1938". War in History. 8 (2): 191–207. doi:10.1177/096834450100800204. ISSN   0968-3445. S2CID   159547176.
    97. ↑ MacKinnon, Stephen R. (2008). Wuhan, 1938: War, Refugees, and the Making of Modern China. University of California Press. p. 42. ISBN   978-0-520-25445-9.
    98. ↑ 邓正兵, 邓红 (28 October 2014). "日本人眼中的武汉会战——《武汉会战日方资料丛编》评介". 江汉大学学报（社会科学版） (in Chinese). 31 (5): 90. ISSN   2095-9915.
    99. ↑ Grant, p. 293
    100. ↑ Nomonhan: Japanese-Soviet Tactical Combat, 1939. Leavenworth Papers №2. by Edward J. Rea" Combat Studies Institute, fort Leavenworth, Kansas, 1981
    101. 1 2 Grant, p. 298
    102. ↑ "Wojna obronna Polski 1939, czyli jak Polska przegrała kampanię wrześniową". HISTORIA.org.pl (in Polish). 2 September 2021. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
    103. 1 2 "Historia Polski". 31 December 2007. Archived from the original on 31 December 2007. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
    104. ↑ （抗日战争）冬季攻势述评. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011.
    105. ↑ Grant, p. 299
    106. ↑ Clodfelter, Micheal (2008). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015 (3 ed.). McFarland. p. 470. ISBN   978-0786474707.
    107. ↑ Garber, John. Chinese–Soviet Relations, 1937–1945. p. 120.
    108. ↑ Wagner, p. 474
    109. ↑ Wagner, p. 479
    110. ↑ Wagner, p. 480
    111. ↑ Grant, R. G. (2017). 1001 Battles That Changed the Course of History (Reprint ed.). New York: Chartwell Books. pp. 820–821. ISBN   978-0-7858-3553-0.
    112. ↑ Liedtke, Gregory (2016). Enduring the Whirlwind: The German Army and the Russo-German War 1941-1943. Helion and Company. ISBN   978-1910777756, pp.127-128.
    113. ↑ Grant, p. 306
    114. ↑ Grant, p. 323
    115. ↑ Wagner, p. 502
    116. ↑ Wagner, p. 499
    117. 1 2 Erickson, p. 90
    118. ↑ "Zhejiang-Jiangxi Campaign". WW2DB. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 2 November 2015.
    119. 1 2 Grant, p. 302
    120. ↑ Wagner, p. 522
    121. ↑ Grant, p. 326
    122. ↑ Wagner, p. 531
    123. ↑ Erickson, p. 138
    124. ↑ Frieser, Karl-Heinz; Schmider, Klaus; Schönherr, Klaus; Schreiber, Gerhard; Ungváry, Kristián; Wegner, Bernd (2007). Die Ostfront 1943/44 – Der Krieg im Osten und an den Nebenfronten (in German). München: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. pp. 197, 200. ISBN   978-3-421-06235-2.
    125. ↑ Toeppel, Roman (2018). Kursk 1943: The Greatest Battle of the Second World War. Warwick: Helion and Company. p. 207. ISBN   9781912866793.
    126. ↑ "Б.В.Соколов. Правда о Великой Отечественной войне". www.lib.ru. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
    127. ↑ Wagner, p. 550
    128. ↑ Wagner, p. 555
    129. ↑ Wagner, p. 560
    130. ↑ Grant, p. 303
    131. ↑ Mart Laar (2006). Sinimäed 1944: II maailmasõja lahingud Kirde-Eestis (Sinimäed Hills 1944: Battles of World War II in Northeast Estonia) (in Estonian). Tallinn: Varrak.
    132. ↑ Wagner, p. 567
    133. ↑ Glantz, p. 381
    134. ↑ Pike, Francis (18 June 2015). Hirohito's War: The Pacific War, 1941–1945. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN   9781472596727.
    135. ↑ Whitmarsh 2009, p. 109.
    136. 1 2 Beevor 2009, p. 519.
    137. ↑ Giangreco, Moore & Polmar 2004, p. 252.
    138. ↑ Wagner, p. 587
    139. ↑ Brewer, p. 306
    140. ↑ Grant, p. 316
    141. ↑ Krivosheev, Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century, ISBN   1-85367-280-7, Greenhill Books, 1997; (chapter on the Jassy-Kishinev operation in Russian Archived 26 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine )
    142. ↑ Wagner, p. 592
    143. ↑ Wagner, p. 594
    144. ↑ Wagner, p. 596
    145. ↑ Wagner, p. 600
    146. ↑ Wagner, p. 606
    147. ↑ Grant, p. 317
    148. ↑ Wagner, p. 608
    149. ↑ Grant, p. 328
    150. ↑ Wagner, p. 612
    151. ↑ Grant, p. 329
    152. ↑ McLynn. The Burma Campaign: Disaster into Triumph, 1942–1945. p. 1.
    153. ↑ Liaoning-Shenyang Campaign
    154. ↑ Yu and Huaihai Campaign, p.5
    155. ↑ Pingjin rewrite history? ? Tianjin Campaign
    156. ↑ "Chinese Civil War, 1945–1949 – Military History – Oxford Bibliographies – obo". www.oxfordbibliographies.com. Archived from the original on 2 November 2015. Retrieved 3 November 2015.
    157. ↑ Grant, p. 334
    158. ↑ Grant, p. 335
    159. ↑ Grant, p. 338
    160. 1 2 3 Grant, p. 341
    161. ↑ Keaten, Jamey (24 February 2023). "The calculus of war: Tallying Ukraine toll an elusive task". AP News. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
    162. ↑ Cooper, Helene; Gibbons-Neff, Thomas; Schmitt, Eric; Barnes, Julian E. (18 August 2023). "Troop Deaths and Injuries in Ukraine War Near 500,000, U.S. Officials Say". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 18 August 2023.
    163. ↑ Grant, p. 17
    164. ↑ Krentz, Peter, The Battle of Marathon (Yale Library of Military History), Yale Univ Press, (2010) p. 98
    165. 1 2 Grant, p. 23
    166. ↑ Herodotus (440 BC). Histories .
    167. ↑ Arrian 1.16.45 – 50
    168. ↑ "Advance to the East and the battle of Gaugamela", The Genius of Alexander the Great : in Ancient and Medieval Greek Poetry, Bloomsbury Academic, 1997, doi:10.5040/9781472540942.ch-009, ISBN   978-0-7156-2753-2
    169. 1 2 Grant, p. 27
    170. 1 2 Grant, p. 37
    171. ↑ Grant, p. 56
    172. ↑ Sima Qian claimed over 450,000 Zhao soldiers were killed during and after the battle; all survivors were killed (buried alive) with the exceptions of 240 of the youngest soldiers who were released.
    173. 1 2 Grant, p. 39
    174. ↑ Grant, p. 40
    175. 1 2 Grant, p. 41
    176. 1 2 Grant, p. 31
    177. ↑ Valerius Antias (1st century BC). Manubiae.
    178. ↑ Albert A. Howard (1906). "Valerius Antias and Livy", Harvard Studies in Classical Philology17, p. 161–182.
    179. ↑ Canon Rawlinson (1877). "On the Ethnography of the Cimbri", The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland6, p. 150–158.
    180. ↑ Strauss, Barry (2009). The Spartacus War. Simon and Schuster. pp. 21–22. ISBN   1-4165-3205-6.
    181. ↑ Plutarch Life of Sulla 19.4
    182. ↑ Philip Matyszak, Cataclysm 90 BC, p. 147; Lynda Telford, Sulla: A Dictator Reconsidered, p. 181; Appian, The Civil Wars, 1.92-93.
    183. ↑ Sherwin-White, Adrian N. (1994). "Lucullus, Pompey, and the East". In J. A. Crook; Andrew Lintott; Elizabeth Rawson (eds.). The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. 9: The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146–43 BC. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 241.
    184. ↑ Delbrück, p. 471
    185. ↑ Grant, p. 43
    186. ↑ Grant, p. 47
    187. ↑ Goldsworthy 2010, p. 252.
    188. ↑ Lendering, Jona (10 October 2020). "Actium (31 BCE)". Livius.org. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
    189. ↑ Wells, Peter S. The Battle that stopped Rome. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. 2003, p. 187. ISBN   0-393-32643-8.
    190. ↑ Tacitus, The Annals 2.12
    191. ↑ "Reference for Battle of Watling Street - Search.com". Archived from the original on 10 March 2012. Retrieved 17 February 2010.
    192. ↑ Grant, p. 49
    193. 1 2 Records of the Three Kingdoms ,
    194. ↑ The Cambridge Ancient History: Volume 12, The Crisis of Empire, AD 193-337, "He captured several tomns and then destroyed a Roman army of 60000 men at Barbalissus (Balis) on the large bend of the Euphrates to the north."
    195. ↑ Encyclopaedia Britannica "Losses: Roman, more than 60,000; Persian, minimal."
    196. ↑ Grant, p. 51
    197. ↑ Book of Jin ,
    198. ↑ Jordanes (22 April 1997). "The Origin and Deeds of the Goths, chapter XLI". Translated by Charles C. Mierow. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 14 September 2013.
    199. ↑ J. Haldon, The Byzantine Wars, 31–32
    200. ↑ Book of Sui , Vol. 60.
    201. ↑ The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History By Ibn Khaldūn, Franz Rosenthal, N. J.. Dawood pg, 12.
    202. ↑ "The Sword of Allah", Chapter 22, by Lieutenant-General Agha Ibrahim Akram, Nat. Publishing. House, Rawalpindi (1970) ISBN   978-0-7101-0104-4.
    203. ↑ A.I.Akram, Sword of Allah, Khalid ibn Walid, ch.13th, pg.137
    204. ↑ A. I. Akram (1970). The Sword of Allah: Khalid bin al-Waleed, His Life and Campaigns. National Publishing House, Rawalpindi. ISBN   0-7101-0104-X.
    205. ↑ "ʿARAB ii. Arab conquest of Iran – Encyclopaedia Iranica". Archived from the original on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
    206. ↑ Cirier, Aude; 50Minutes.fr (14 July 2014). La bataille de Poitiers: Charles Martel et l'affirmation de la suprématie des Francs (in French). 50 Minutes. pp. 6–7. ISBN   9782806254290.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
    207. ↑ Marron 1066 pp.147-149
    208. ↑ Chapuis 1995 , p. 77
    209. ↑ Xu Zizhi Tongjian Changbian《長編》卷三百上載出師兵員“死者二十萬”，“上曰：「朝廷以交址犯順，故興師討罪，郭逵不能剪滅，垂成而還。今廣源瘴癘之地，我得之未為利，彼失之未為害，一夫不獲，朕尚閔之，况十死五六邪？」又安南之師，死者二十萬，朝廷當任其咎。《續資治通鑑長編·卷三百》”。 《越史略》載廣西被殺者“無慮十萬”。 《玉海》卷一九三上稱“兵夫三十萬人冒暑涉瘴地，死者過半”。
    210. ↑ Jonathan Riley-Smith, the Crusades, 2005, p. 109
    211. ↑ Grant, p. 89
    212. ↑ Richard Gabriel, Subotai the Valiant.
    213. ↑ Grant, p. 92
    214. ↑ Carey, Brian Todd, p. 124
    215. ↑ Atwood, Christopher Pratt (2004), Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol empire, New York: Facts On File, p.  579, ISBN   0-8160-4671-9
    216. ↑ Grant, p. 118
    217. ↑ Grant, p. 94
    218. ↑ B.F. Manz, "Tīmūr Lang", in Encyclopaedia of Islam.
    219. ↑ Volume III: To the Year A.D. 1398, Chapter: XVIII. Malfúzát-i Tímúrí, or Túzak-i Tímúrí: The Autobiography or Memoirs of Emperor Tímúr (Taimur the lame). Page 389. 1. Online copy Archived 3 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine , 2. Online copy Archived 6 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine from: Elliot, Sir H. M., Edited by Dowson, John. The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period ; published by London Trubner Company 1867–1877.
    220. ↑ Grant, p. 95
    221. ↑ Grant, p. 121
    222. ↑ Geoff Wade, translator, Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: an open access resource, Singapore: Asia Research Institute and the Singapore E-Press, National University of Singapore, http://www.epress.nus.edu.sg/msl/reign/xuan-de/year-1-month-3-day-13
    223. ↑ Seward 1978, p. 260
    224. ↑ The Military Campaigns of the Wars of the Roses Philip A. Haigh (Chap. 8)
    225. ↑ Goodman 1981, p. 243.
    226. ↑ Kirtley, Bacil F.; McNally, Raymond T.; Florescu, Radu (October 1973). "In Search of Dracula: A True History of Dracula and Vampire Legends". The Journal of American Folklore. 86 (342): 400. doi:10.2307/539370. ISSN   0021-8715. JSTOR   539370.
    227. ↑ David, Saul: War, 2009
    228. ↑ Grant, p. 144
    229. ↑ Grant, p. 145
    230. ↑ Grant, p. 129
    231. ↑ Grant, p. 136
    232. ↑ Grant, p. 132
    233. ↑ A History of India Under the Two First Sovereigns of the House of Taimur, Báber and Humáyun By William Erskine Published by Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, 1854
    234. ↑ A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East, Vol.II, ed. Spencer C. Tucker, (ABC-CLIO, 2010), 531.
    235. ↑ Turnbull, Stephen (1987). Battles of the Samurai. London: Arms and Armour Press. pp. 79–94. ISBN   9780853688266.
    236. ↑ 류성룡 (Ryu Seong-ryong) <징비록 (Jingbirok: Book of Corrections)>, 선조수정실록 26권, 25(1592 임진 / 명 만력 20년)4월 14일(계묘) 6번째 기사, 연려실기술 인용 <조야기문>
    237. ↑ "十萬精兵, 一敗塗地" Annals of the Joseon Dynasty http://sillok.history.go.kr/inspection/insp_king.jsp?id=wna_12901024_003&tabid=w Archived 4 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine
    238. ↑ "sillok.history.go.kr". Archived from the original on 19 May 2015. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
    239. ↑ Turnbull, Stephen; Samurai Invasion: Japan's Korean War 1592–98. London: Cassell & Co, 2002, p.222
    240. ↑ Grant, p. 175
    241. ↑ Gurbilas Patashai 6 Chapter 20
    242. ↑ Wilson, Peter H. (2018). Lützen: Great Battles Series. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 87–89. ISBN   978-0199642540.
    243. ↑ Grant, p. 152
    244. ↑ Macauliffe, Max Arthur (1909). The Sikh Religion, its gurus, sacred writings and authors, Vol 4. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Wikisource
    245. ↑ Suraj Granth Raas 8
    246. 1 2 3 Grant, p. 149.
    247. ↑ Lunde, Henrik O. (2014). A Warrior Dynasty: The Rise and Decline of Sweden as a Military Superpower. Havertown: Casemate. p. 177
    248. ↑ Tucker, Spencer (2011). Battles that Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict. ABC-CLIO. p. 201. ISBN   978-1-59884-429-0.
    249. ↑ William P. Guthrie (2003). The later Thirty Years War: from the Battle of Wittstock to the Treaty of Westphalia. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 141
    250. ↑ Romański, Romuald (2009). Książę Jeremi Wiśniowiecki. Warszawa: Bellona. p. 338. ISBN   978-83-11-11524-8
    251. ↑ Rystad, Göran (2005). Kampen om Skåne (in Swedish). p. 140
    252. ↑ Tucker, Spencer (2010). Battles That Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict. ABC-CLIO. p. 216. ISBN   978-1-59884-429-0.
    253. ↑ Périni, Hardy (1906). Batailles françaises (5e série). Flammarion. p. 274−275. ISBN   978-20-161-3674-4.
    254. ↑ Van Nimwegen, Olaf (2020). De Veertigjarige Oorlog 1672-1712. Prometheus. p. 201. ISBN   978-90-446-3871-4.
    255. 1 2 3 4 Grant, p. 159
    256. ↑ Grant, p. 133
    257. ↑ Grey, Ian (2015). Peter the Great. New Word City. ISBN   978-1-61230-922-4.
    258. ↑ Boris Grigorjev & Aleksandr Bespalov (2012). Kampen mot övermakten. Baltikums fall 1700–1710. pp. 38
    259. ↑ Sjöström, Oskar (2008). Fraustadt 1706. Ett fält färgat rött (in Swedish). Lund: Historiska Media. pp. 145–146
    260. 1 2 Grant, p. 160
    261. ↑ Konovaltjuk & Lyth, Pavel & Einar (2009). Vägen till Poltava. Slaget vid Lesnaja 1708 (in Swedish). Svenskt Militärhistorisk Biblioteks Förlag. p. 233
    262. ↑ Gordon A. The History of Peter the Great, Emperor of Russia: To which is Prefixed a Short General History of the Country from the Rise of that Monarchy: and an Account of the Author's Life, Volume 1. Aberdeen. 1755. pp. 277–278
    263. ↑ Lunde, Henrik O. (2014). A Warrior Dynasty: The Rise and Decline of Sweden as a Military Superpower. Havertown: Casemate. p. 270
    264. ↑ Svenska slagfält, Lars Ericson, Martin Hårdstedt, Per Iko, Ingvar Sjöblom och Gunnar Åselius, Wahlström & Widstrand 2003, ISBN   91-46-21087-3. p. 306
    265. ↑ Grant, p. 161
    266. ↑ Grant, p. 186
    267. ↑ Tucker 2009, p. 772.
    268. ↑ Franz A. J. Szabo. The Seven Years War in Europe: 1756–1763. Routledge. 2013. p. 238
    269. ↑ Duff, ch. V, p. 110
    270. ↑ Rawlinson, p. 40
    271. ↑ Singh, Khushwant (2004). A History of the Sikhs: 1469-1838. Oxford University Press. ISBN   9780195673081.
    272. ↑ Archer, Christon (2002). World History of Warfare. U of Nebraska Press. p. 444
    273. ↑ Dutton, George Edson (2006). The Tây Sơn uprising: society and rebellion in eighteenth-century Vietnam . University of Hawaii Press. p. 46. ISBN   978-0-8248-2984-1.
    274. ↑ Dowling T. C. Russia at War. From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond. ABC-CLIO, 2014. P. 751
    275. ↑ Sawan Singh (2005). Noble And Brave Sikh Women. B.Chattar Singh Jiwan Singh. ISBN   9788176017015.
    276. ↑ Grant, p. 199
    277. ↑ Dupuy, Trevor N.; Dupuy, R. Ernest (1977). The Encyclopedia of Military History. New York, N.Y.: Harper & Row. p. 691.
    278. ↑ Tucker, Spencer C. (2009). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East [6 volumes]: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. ABC-CLIO.
    279. 1 2 Grant, p. 201
    280. 1 2 Grant, p. 202
    281. 1 2 3 Grant, p. 205
    282. ↑ Fisher, Todd & Fremont-Barnes, Gregory. The Napoleonic Wars: The Rise and Fall of an Empire. Osprey Publishing, 2004, pp. 78, 90
    283. ↑ Gill, John H. (2016). Leggiere, M. (ed.). Napoleon and the Operational Art of War. Leiden: Brill. p. 251. ISBN   978-90-04-27034-3.
    284. ↑ Castle, I. Aspern/Wagram (1809), Osprey (1990)
    285. ↑ Grant, p. 208
    286. ↑ Petrov, А.N. The War between Russia and Turkey, 1806—1812, vol. 1-3. SPb, 1885—87.
    287. 1 2 Grant, p. 209
    288. ↑ Chandler, David G. (1996). The Campaigns of Napoleon. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN   0-297-74830-0.
    289. 1 2 Grant, p. 212
    290. ↑ Pigeard (2004). Dictionnaire des batailles de Napoléon. pp. 499–500.
    291. ↑ Chandler, David G. (2009). The Campaigns of Napoleon. The mind and method of history's greatest soldier. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 1120.
    292. ↑ Leggiere, Michael V. (2015). Napoleon and the Struggle for Germany: The Franco-Prussian War of 1813. Cambridge University Press. pp. 10, 391.
    293. ↑ Grant, p. 214
    294. ↑ Barbero, pp 419–420 Barbero, Alessandro (2005). The Battle: A New History of Waterloo. Atlantic Books. ISBN   1-84354-310-9
    295. ↑ Grant, p. 215
    296. ↑ Grant, p. 260
    297. ↑ Grant, p. 226
    298. ↑ Brewer, p. 36
    299. ↑ Brewer, p. 38
    300. ↑ Brewer, p. 46
    301. ↑ Grant, p. 228
    302. ↑ Brewer, p. 48
    303. ↑ Brewer, p. 52
    304. ↑ http://www.nps.gov/stri/faqs.htm%7C Archived 12 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine 1838
    305. 1 2 Grant, p. 258
    306. ↑ The Paraguayan War Archived 17 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine by William Henry Koebel
    307. ↑ Grant, p. 259
    308. ↑ Grant, p. 240
    309. ↑ Davis, George W. (1903), Annual report of Major General George W. Davis, United States Army commanding Division of the Philippines from October 1, 1902 to July 26, 1903, Manila, P.I.. Archived at the Internet Archive
    310. ↑ Grant, p. 241
    311. ↑ Zeki Sarıhan: Kurtuluş Savaşı günlüğü: açıklamalı kronoloji. Sakarya savaşı'ndan Lozan'ın açılışına (23 Ağustos 1921-20 Kasım 1922) ( engl.:Diary of the independence war: commented chronology. From battle of Sakarya to the opening of Lausanne (23 August 1921–20 November 1922)), Türk Tarih Kurumu yayınları (publishing house), 1996, ISBN   975-16-0517-2, page 62. (in Turkish)
    312. ↑ Σαγγάριος 1921, Η επική μάχη που σφράγησε την τύχη του Μικρασιατικού Ελληνισμού (in Greek). Εκδόσεις Περισκόπιο. July 2008. p. 32. ISBN   978-960-6740-45-9.
    This page is based on this Wikipedia article
    Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
    Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.