Iris junonia

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Iris junonia
Iris junoniana0.jpg
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Genus: Iris
Subgenus: Iris subg. Iris
Section: Iris sect. Iris
Species:
I. junonia
Binomial name
Iris junonia
Synonyms [1]

None known

Iris junonia is a plant species in the genus Iris , it is also in the subgenus Iris . It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Cilicia (now part of Turkey), within the Taurus Mountains. It has glaucous short leaves, tall stems with several branches, numerous flowers in various colours from blue-purple, lavender, pale blue, cream, white and yellow, with brown veining and white tipped orange beards. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. Its status is still unclear, if it is a synonym of Iris germanica or a separate species.

Contents

Description

It has short rhizomes and a few long secondary roots. [2]

It has glaucous and sheathing leaves. [2] [3] The leaves can grow up to between 12 and 38 cm (5 and 15 in) long, [2] [4] and between 3 and 5 cm (1 and 2 in) wide. [5] They are herbaceous, and die in autumn and it remains dormant over winter. [2] [4]

It is a tall growing species, [6] with a stiff stem, [3] or peduncle, that can grow up to between 50 and 65 cm (20 and 26 in) tall. [7] [8] [9] It has numerous, [4] or 2–3 lateral branches (or pedicels). [10]

The stem has spathes (leaves of the flower bud), which are green, 2.5–7.6 cm (1–3 in) long and scarious above. [4]

The stems (and the many branches) hold up to 7 flowers, [11] between May and June. [2] [4] [8]

The chunky flowers, [3] come in various colours. From blue-purple, [8] [11] [12] : 125  lavender, [2] [4] pale blue, [3] [8] [13] white, [2] [5] [8] cream, [3] [5] and yellow, [2] [9] [13] or blended. [8] The yellow forms are similar to Iris purpureobractea flowers. [13]

Like other irises, it has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'. [12] : 17  The hafts (the section of petal closest to them stem), are white with brown-purple, [7] or brown veins. [11] [12] : 125  In the centre of the falls are beards, row of small hairs, white tipped with orange. [4] [12] : 125  [13]

After the iris has flowered, it produces seed capsule, (that has not yet been described). Inside the capsule, are seeds (called pollen) that are 121 long x 123 wide (in microns). [14]

Genetics

In 1989, a karyological study was carried out on 4 iris species in Turkey; including Iris junonia Schott et Kotschy ex Schott, Iris purpureobractea B. Matthew et T.Baytop, Iris taochia Woronow ex Grossh., and Iris schachtii . It found the chromosome counts of the iris species and Iris junonia was counted as 2n=4x=48. [15]

In 2013, a study was carried out on the cultural conditions of Iris species in Turkey. [16]

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings. [12] : 18 Iris junonia was found to be tetraploid, [2] [3] based on material from specimens collected, [3] and had a count of 2n=48. [3] [9] [10]

Taxonomy

Iris junoniana2.jpg

It is also known as 'Iris junoninana' or 'Iris pallida junonia', mainly in Europe. [2] [17]

The Latin specific epithet junonia refers to the Roman goddess Juno, wife of Jupiter. [18] Although, it is not known for what exact reason the plant was so named, [4] Iris cypriana and Iris trojana (now classed as a synonym of Iris germanica), also collected at the same time, may represent the ancient colonies, that the Greeks set up on Turkish shores. [19]

Specimens were found by Walter Siehe of Mersina, [20] in the Turkish mountains, and he sent them to Haage and Schmidt of Erfurt, in Germany. Siehe caused a lot of problems for botanists, because he also sent other iris plant specimens under the same name. [4]

It was first published and described by Heinrich Wilhelm Schott & Karl Georg Theodor Kotschy in Österreichisches Botanisches Wochenblatt (in Vienna) Vol.4 page 209 in 1854. [21] [22]

It was also published in Van T. 1900; Dammann 1901; Farr 1912; Gardening Illustrated 37: 503. 14 Aug. 1914 illustrated; Bon. 1920; Sheets 1928; Mt. Upton 1939; "Bearded Irises Tried at Wisley"-Journal of The Royal Horticultural Society 128; [7]

Its origins have been much debated and discussed, [12] : 125  it could be considered a form of Iris pallida, hence it is sometimes known as Iris pallida junonia. [2] It could also be a small form of Iris mesopotamica . [11]

Of the many species, listed with Iris germanica in Europe, Brian Mathews (in 1981), considers Iris belouinii (now a synonym of Iris germanica), Iris biliottii (now a synonym of Iris germanica), Iris cypriana , Iris junonia, Iris mesopotamica and Iris trojana(now a synonym of Iris germanica) to be all 'doubtfully wild' and probably forms of Iris germanica, which Brian is thought to be a hybrid of Iris pallida and Iris variegata . [23]

Dykes was unsure that if any true plants were now in cultivation. [4]

It is listed by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service as a synonym of Iris pallida Lam. on 4 April 2003, then updated on 1 December 2004. [22] It is also listed in the Encyclopedia of Life [24] and the Catalogue of Life. [25]

Iris junonia is a tentatively accepted name by the RHS. [26]

Distribution and habitat

It is native to temperate areas of Asia minor. [4] [6]

Range

It was found in the Taurus Mountains in Cilicia, [3] [8] [11] (now the modern region of Çukurova) in Turkey. [2] [26] [27]

Iris taochia , Iris purpuerobractea and Iris schachtii are also endemic to Turkey, with Iris junonia. [10]

it is endemic of Sicilian Taurus (a hill for which the city of Taormina was named) [13]

Habitat

It grows in the dry, [27] meadows, beside roadside and beside paths. [2]

Cultivation

It is not fully hardy in the UK. [11]

It prefers sunny situations in soils containing limestone, and that are dry during the summer. [2]

It can be prone to rhizome rot. [11]

Dykes recommends a planting time of between August and September. [4]

It is found in herbarium collections. [2]

A specimen was collected by E.K. Balls, on 7 June 1934 from Turkey, for the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. [28]

Propagation

Irises can generally be propagated by division, [29] or by seed growing.

Hybrids and cultivars

Dykes had thought that Iris junonia, Iris trojana, Iris cypriana and Iris mesopotamica (other tall purple flower bearded irises), could be used in breeding programmes, to create plants with tall stems and large flowers. [30]

It can be crossed with other iris species (such as Iris pumila and Regelia section irises), to produce fertile offspring. [10]

Toxicity

Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), and if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also, handling the plant may cause skin irritation or an allergic reaction. [31]

Related Research Articles

<i>Iris</i> (plant) Genus of flowering plants in the family Iridaceae

Iris is a flowering plant genus of 310 accepted species with showy flowers. As well as being the scientific name, iris is also widely used as a common name for all Iris species, as well as some belonging to other closely related genera. A common name for some species is flags, while the plants of the subgenus Scorpiris are widely known as junos, particularly in horticulture. It is a popular garden flower.

<i>Iris <span style="font-style:normal;">×</span> germanica</i> Species of plant

Iris × germanica is the accepted name for a species of flowering plants in the family Iridaceae commonly known as the bearded iris or the German bearded iris. It is one of a group of hybrid origin. Varieties include I. × g. var. florentina.

<i>Iris variegata</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris variegata, commonly known as the Hungarian iris, is a plant species in the genus Iris, also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial from eastern Europe. It has dark green, ribbed leaves. The branched flowering stems can be as tall as the leaves, they can hold 2–3 flowers in summer. They are yellowish-white, with brown-purple veins on the drooping falls. It is very hardy and it is commonly cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. There are several cultivars.

<i>Iris <span style="font-style:normal;">subg.</span> Iris</i> Subgenus of flowering plants

Subgenus Iris is one subgenus of Iris.

Iris cypriana is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Cyprus. It has narrow, glaucous and evergreen leaves, tall slender stem, with 2–3 branches, and 1–3 large flowers in lavender, lilac, red-lilac, to dark purple shades. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. It is listed in some sources as a synonym of Iris germanica.

<i>Iris florentina</i> Variety of plant

The identity of the plant first described by Carl Linnaeus as Iris florentina remains unclear, as of December 2021. In horticulture, it has been treated as a white-flowered variant of Iris × germanica, under names such as Iris germanica nothovar. florentina, Iris × germanica var. florentina and Iris × germanica 'Florentina'. Iris florentina has also been treated as the correct name for the true species also known as Iris albicansLange.

<i>Iris imbricata</i> Species of plant

Iris imbricata is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the Caucasus mountains, within Iran, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia. It has broad, sword-like, yellow green or light green leaves, slender stem with branches, inflated and overlapping green spathes, and 2–5 yellow, pale yellow or greenish yellow flowers.

<i>Iris kashmiriana</i> Species of plant

Iris kashmiriana is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Kashmir, India. It has straight, sword-shaped, glaucous leaves, tall, thick stem with up 2 short branches, which hold 2–3 flowers, which can be white, cream or pale blue, lilac, lavender or blue-purple. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, although in Kashmir, it is also planted on graves.

<i>Iris marsica</i> Species of plant

Iris marsica is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the Apennine Mountains, in Italy. It has glaucous, sickle-shaped or curved, light green leaves, slender stem with 2 branches, and 3 violet, light blue violet, dark violet, and dark purple flowers. It was only found and described since 1973, and is not yet in general cultivation. It was once thought to be a form of Iris germanica, but has different morphological characteristics and different chromosomal differences.

<i>Iris mesopotamica</i> Species of plant

Iris mesopotamica, the Mesopotamian iris, is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the middle East, within the countries of Iraq, Turkey, Syria and Israel. It has linear, grey-green or green broad leaves, tall stem with 2–3 branches, holding up to 9 scented flowers, in shades of violet, purple, lavender blue and light blue, with a yellow and white or orange and white beard. It is listed as a synonym of Iris germanica in some sources. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, including being planted in graveyards and cemeteries but may also be used for celebrations and decoration.

<i>Iris pallida <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> cengialti</i> Species of plant

Iris pallida subsp. cengialti is a subspecies in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Italy and Slovenia. It has yellowish-green, glaucous, lanceolate or ensiform leaves, tall stem, green flushed with purple spathes, 2 short branches, 2–3 scented flowers, in shades of violet, blue-violet, deep purple, blue-purple, deep blue-purple, pale purple, deep blue, to mid-blue. It has a yellow or orange tipped beard. It was originally published as Iris cengialti but then re-classified as a subspecies of Iris pallida, and known as Iris pallida subsp. cengialti, but it is often still called Iris cengialti. It is cultivated as an ornamental garden plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris pallida <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> illyrica</i> Species of plant

Iris pallida subsp. illyrica, synonym Iris pseudopallida, is a subspecies of Iris pallida. It is a rhizomatous perennial from Croatia. It has flat, curved of sickle-shaped leaves, tall slender stems, 3–8 fragrant flowers, in shades of violet, or pale violet flowers, mauve, lavender, purple, yellow or white, between May and June. The iris was originally thought to be a separate species, but later classified as subspecies of Iris pallida, although in Croatia, it is still known as Iris pseudopallida. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, especially in the Balkan regions.

Iris purpureobractea is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the cliffs and forest glades on the mountains of Turkey. It has straight or falcate shaped leaves, stem with several branches, the stem has purple spathes, it has up to 8 fragrant flowers, in various colours between yellow or blue. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris relicta is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rare rhizomatous perennial, from the mountains of Italy. It is medium-sized, with purple flowers and white beards. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. It has had a confusing history, once thought as a variety of Iris germanica, then as a separate species with a name shared with another bearded iris. It has only been sorted out since 1996.

<i>Iris sambucina</i> Species of plant

Iris sambucina, the elder scented iris, is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from southern and central Europe, and Spain. It has green, curved or sword-like leaves, tall round stem, multiple flowers in shades from brown violet, or brown-purple, to purple-violet, blue violet, mauve, and to purple. The large flowers are fragrant, with the scent of elderflowers, hence the name. It was first considered a separate species, then it was classified as a synonym of Iris germanica, before being classified as a separate species again, but with a hybrid origin from Iris pallida and Iris variegata. It is sometimes cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris schachtii is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from central Anatolia, in Turkey. It has small, thin grey-green leaves, a short stem with 1–3 branches, which are normally, covered with a green leaf with purple staining. It has 2 or more fragrant flowers in late spring, which come in shades of yellow or purple, or violet and yellow,. It has a yellow or white with yellow-tips beard. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, but prefers regions with dry, hot summers.

<i>Iris suaveolens</i> Species of plant

Iris suaveolens is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Eastern Europe, ranging from the Balkans to Turkey. It has short, sickle shaped or curved, blue-green or greyish green leaves, a slender simple stem, with 1 or 2 fragrant spring blooming, flowers, between yellow and purple, with white or yellow beards. It was once known as Iris mellita, until that was re-classified as a synonym of Iris suaveolens. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris subbiflora</i> Species of plant

Iris subbiflora is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Portugal and Spain in Europe. It has evergreen broad leaves, forming dense clumps, it has dwarf stems in late spring,, with 1 upright fragrant flower, in shades of purple, light red purple, grey-blue, blue-violet, or dark violet. It has a beard which is generally blue, purple, or violet, but can fade to white, dull yellow, or dark yellow. After being found in 1804, it was once a separate species until the late 70s, when it was reclassified as subspecies of Iris lutescens, and renamed Iris lutescens subsp. subbiflora. But in the 80s it was returned to an independent species but some authors and references still class the species as a synonym or subspecies. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris taochia is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the Caucasus mountains and Turkey. It forms dense clumps, with grey-green leaves, simple stems of similar height, with 1–3 branches, a flowers in various shades from white, yellow to purple. They also have yellowish or white, tipped yellow beard. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris sari</i> Species of plant

Iris sari is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in section Oncocyclus. It is from the rocky steppes and hills of Turkey. It has curved or straight leaves, cream, greenish or yellowish flowers which are variable and veined with crimson, purple-brown, reddish brown, reddish-purple or black. It has a dark maroon, rich crimson or brown signal patch and gold or yellow beard.

References

  1. ↑ "Iris junonia Schott is an accepted name". theplantlist.org (The Plant List). 23 March 2012. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 "Chapter I Rhizomatous Iris (part 2)". irisbotanique.over-blog.com. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Kramb, D. (5 September 2003). "Iris junonia". signa.org (Species Iris Group of North America). Retrieved 19 October 2015.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Dykes, William (2009). "Handbook of Garden Irises" (PDF). beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises). Retrieved 1 November 2014.
  5. 1 2 3 James Cullen, Sabina G. Knees, H. Suzanne Cubey (Editors) The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification (2011) , p. 247, at Google Books
  6. 1 2 U.S. Department of Agriculture Office of Information Farmers' Bulletin, Issues 1401–1425 (1928) , p. 16, at Google Books
  7. 1 2 3 Laurin, Terry (22 October 2014). "(SPEC) Iris junonia Schott & Kotschy". wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society). Retrieved 19 October 2015.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Iris junonia". alpine-plants.eu. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
  9. 1 2 3 "Iris summary" (PDF). pacificbulbsociety.org. 14 April 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Waters, Tom (October 2010). "A Hybridizer's Guide to Bearded Species". telp.com. Retrieved 26 September 2015.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Cassidy, George E.; Linnegar, Sidney (1987). Growing Irises (Revised ed.). Bromley: Christopher Helm. p. 122. ISBN   978-0-88192-089-5.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Austin, Claire (2005). Irises; A Garden Encyclopedia. Timber Press. ISBN   978-0881927306.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 Kelly Norris A Guide to Bearded Irises: Cultivating the Rainbow for Beginners and Enthusiasts (2012) , p. 177, at Google Books
  14. ↑ Donmez, Emel Oybak; Isik, Serap (24 April 2008). "Pollen morphology of Turkish Amaryllidaceae, Ixioliriaceae and Iridaceae". Grana. 47 (1): 15–38. doi:10.1080/00173130701860104. S2CID   85120306.
  15. ↑ Koca, F. (1989). "Karyological studies on four endemic iris spp section iris in Turkey". Istanbul Universitesi Eczacilik Fakultesi Mecmuasi. 25: 1–16. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
  16. ↑ Erken, K.; Gülbağ, F.; Erken, S.; Kaya, E. (2013). "The Adaptation Of Turkish Iris L. Species To The Cultural Conditions". Acta Horticulturae (1002): 1002–1018. doi:10.17660/ActaHortic.2013.1002.18 . Retrieved 21 October 2015.
  17. ↑ "Justs Botanischer Jahresbericht" (in German). forgottenbooks.com. p. 3. Retrieved 21 October 2015.[ permanent dead link ]
  18. ↑ D. Gledhill The Names of Plants at Google Books
  19. ↑ "History Of Irises". herbs2000.com. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
  20. ↑ "Siehe, Walter (1859–1928)". plants.jstor.org. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
  21. ↑ Iridaceae Iris junonia Schott & Kotschy ex Schott. Vol. 4. ipni.org (International Plant Names Index). Retrieved 19 October 2015.
  22. 1 2 "Iris junonia". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 19 October 2015.
  23. ↑ George Gessert Green Light: Toward an Art of Evolution (2010) , p. 154, at Google Books
  24. ↑ "Iris junonia". eol.org. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
  25. ↑ "Species details : Iris junonia Schott". catalogueoflife.org. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
  26. 1 2 "Iris junonia". www.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
  27. 1 2 Kaššák, Pavol (2012). "Secondary Metabolites Of The Choosen [sic] Genus Iris Species" (PDF). Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendel. Brun. 32 (8): 269–280. doi: 10.11118/actaun201260080269 . Retrieved 2 February 2015.
  28. ↑ "Iris junonia Schott & Kotschy ex Schott". elmer.rbge.org.uk (Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh). Retrieved 20 October 2015.
  29. ↑ "How to divide iris rhizomes". gardenersworld.com. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  30. ↑ Dykes, William. "Dykes on Iris" (PDF). beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises). Retrieved 21 November 2014.
  31. ↑ David G Spoerke and Susan C. Smolinske Toxicity of Houseplants , p. 236, at Google Books

Sources

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