Iris purpureobractea

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Iris purpureobractea
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Genus: Iris
Subgenus: Iris subg. Iris
Section: Iris sect. Iris
Species:
I. purpureobractea
Binomial name
Iris purpureobractea
Synonyms [1]

None known

Iris purpureobractea is a plant species in the genus Iris , it is also in the subgenus Iris . It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the cliffs and forest glades on the mountains of Turkey. It has straight or falcate shaped leaves, stem with several branches, the stem has purple spathes (leaves of the flower bud), it has up to 8 fragrant flowers, in various colours between yellow (white, pale yellow, pale brown and tan) or blue (purple, lavender, pale blue to ice blue). It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Contents

Description

It has broad rhizomes that have secondary roots, [2] that can form clumps of plants. [3]

It has straight or slightly falcate (or sickle shaped), grey-green leaves, [4] although the base of the leaves is purple violet. [2] They can grow up to between 10–25 cm (4–10 in) long, [2] [4] and between 1.5 and 2.5 cm wide. [3] [4] Similar to Iris junonia , it is herbaceous, the leaves die in the winter, when they re-grow in the spring. [4]

It has a slender stem or peduncle, that can grow up to between 20–50 cm (8–20 in) tall. [5] [6] [7] It is normally taller than the foliage. [2]

The stem has several branches, [8] [9] (or pedicels), normally 2–4, the lower branches are 2–6 cm (1–2 in) long and the upper branches are sessile. [4]

The stem has obtuse or rounded, [4] inflated, [4] [10] spathes that are very heavily stained purple. [3] [8] [11] Hence, the name Iris purpureobractea. [5] [7] [10] They can grow up to 2–4.5 cm (1–2 in) long. [4]

The stems (and the many branches) hold up to 8 flowers, [2] in spring, [5] [10] between March or April, [5] to May, [2] [3] [6] or (rarely) July. [7] The fragrant flowers, [2] are 4–8 cm (2–3 in) in diameter. [2] They are variable in colour, [2] [4] [10] which come in shades of blue or yellow. [9] [11] The blue ranges from purple, [7] lavender, [2] ice-blue, [5] [9] [12] and pale blue. [3] [4] [8] The yellow ranges from white, [2] off-white, [8] to pale yellow, [2] [4] [7] straw yellow, [5] [9] tan, [9] pale brown. [7] There are occasionally blended or bi-toned flowers, such as white and purple forms. [6] [8] The blue forms, have a darker centre patch, [4] [10] or veined with purple. [2] [3] The yellow forms can be pale yellow with greenish-brown veining, [3] [4] [6] they also have bracts that are not so intensely purple stained. [12]

The yellow forms of Iris junonia, [13] and yellow forms of Iris imbricata are similar in form to the yellow forms of Iris purpureobractea, also forms of Iris germanica in the Taurus mountains near Egirdir are very similar to the iris. [14]

Like other irises, it has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'. [15] : 17 

The falls are obovate shaped, cuneate (wedge shaped) at the base, they are 5.2–6 cm (2–2 in) long, [7] and between 2.8–3.5 cm wide. [4] In the centre of the fall, is a strip of thick hairs (the beard), which is white tipped with yellow, [4] [10] or orange. [2] The standards are obovate (shaped) with a narrow claw (section of the petal closest to the stem), they are 5–6.5 cm (2–3 in) long, [7] and between 2.5–4 cm wide. [4]

It has style branch, that is 3–4 cm long and 1.2–1.6 cm wide. [4]

After the iris has flowered, it produces an oblong seed capsule, that is 5 cm (2 in) long and 1.5 cm wide. [4]

Biochemistry

In 1989, a karyological study was carried out on 4 iris species in Turkey; including Iris junonia Schott et Kotschy ex Schott, Iris purpureobractea B. Matthew et T.Baytop, Iris taochia Woronow ex Grossh., and Iris schachtii . It found the chromosome counts of the iris species. It was also found that Iris purpureobractea has a complex karyology and plant morphology. [16]

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings. [15] : 18 Iris purpureobractea is a diploid, [13] and has a count of 2n = 48, [2] [8] [9] It is also recorded as 2n=24,48,49 and 72. [4] [16]

Taxonomy

The Latin specific epithet purpureobractea refers to the purple bracts of the iris. [7] [13] [17]

The plant was collected on Honaz Dag, by Professor Asuman Baytop of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University. [4] Asuman was Turhan Baytop's wife and fellow botanist. [18]

It was first published and described (with a colour photograph) by Mathew and Baytop in 'The Garden' (published in London) Vol.107, issue11 page 445-448 in 1982. [4] [19] [20]

It is a bearded iris, that was classified as belonging to the subgenus of 'Iris subgenus Iris', (which was formerly known as Section Pogoniris (Spach) Baker). [4] It is a relative of Iris junonia, [8] another bearded iris in the mountains of Adana and Içel provinces of Turkey. [4] It closely resembles a miniature tall bearded iris. [13]

It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 4 April 2003, then updated on 3 December 2004. [20]

It is listed in the Encyclopedia of Life. [21]

Iris purpureobractea is a 'tentatively' accepted name by the RHS.Last-listed in the RHS Plant Finder in 1999 Tentatively accepted name [22]

Distribution and habitat

It is native to temperate Asia. [20]

Range

It is an endemic, [23] found in north, northwest, [12] western and south-western, [5] [8] [9] and Turkey [2] [11] [22] (within the provinces of Denizli, Mugla, [10] Sakararya, Usak and in Bolu Province [23] ). [4] [5] It is also found in the geographical region of the Eastern Anatolia Region, where it is found with Iris junonia, Iris taochia and Iris schachtii .[ citation needed ] It is also found on Honaz Mountain [3] [6] in Denizli Province.

Habitat

It grows on the mountains (made of volcanic rock [4] ), in scrub lands, [4] on rock slopes, [6] on cliff sides, or on plateaus, [7] within open glades in forests (made up of cedar and pine trees [6] ). [3] [4] [14]

They can be found at an altitude of 60–1,600 m (200–5,250 ft) above sea level. [3] [4] [7]

Synecology

Within the open glades in forests in Turkey, Iris purpureobractea grows with other bulbs such as, colchicums, snowdrops, [14] Tulipa armena , Tulipa undulatifolia , Fritillaria whittallii and Fritillaria elwesii , [24] Sternbergia candida , Hyacinthella siirtensis (Siirt hyacinth), Iris xanthospuria and crocuses, (including Crocus baytopiorum (Baytop's crocus), Crocus abantensis (Abant crocus), Crocus antalyensis (Antalya crocus), Crocus asumania (Asuman crocus), Crocus watti (the Watts crocus)). [25]

It also grows with Paeonia mascula , [24] under pine trees ( Pinus ), [6] oak trees and Cedrus libani (cedar of Lebanon). [14]

Conservation

It is a rare plant, with only a few wild colonies of plants, [2] especially around the provinces of Denizli and Mugla in Turkey. [10] It is listed in the IUCN Red List as 'least threatened'. [5]

Cultivation

It is hardy to close to −15 °C, [3] which means it is hardy enough to grow in France. [26] It prefers to grow in well-drained soils, in locations in full sun. [2] [3] [6] It can be grown in rock gardens, [2] but can be damaged by slugs and aphids. [2]

Propagation

Irises can generally be propagated by division, [27] or by seed growing. [10]

Hybrids and cultivars

It can be used in hybridization, used like Iris aphylla , except that it has yellow pigmentation and purple bract/spathe colouring. It can be crossed with various other bearded irises. [8]

Toxicity

Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), and if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Handling the plant may cause skin irritation or an allergic reaction. [28]

Culture

In Mozambique, released in 17 June 2002, as part of a set of postage stamps about flora, there was a stamp that shows an illustration of the iris. [29]

Related Research Articles

Iris xanthospuria is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Limniris and in the series Spuriae. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, from Turkey with yellow flowers. It was originally known as 'Turkey yellow'. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris heweri is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Regelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Afghanistan. It has tall, green curved leaves, tall slender stems and purple blue or violet-blue flowers, with white and purple or lilac beard. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris lineata is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris, and in the section Regelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the mountains of Turkestan, between Tajikistan and Afghanistan. It has tall slender stems, long leaves and greenish yellow flowers covered, with brown violet, or brown purple veining over the top. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris aphylla</i> Species of plant

Iris aphylla is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris, and in the section Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Asia to Europe. It is found in Azerbaijan, Russian Federation, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Albania, Former Yugoslavia, Italy, Romania and France. It has dark green or bright green, sword-shaped, long grass-like leaves, that die/fade away in the winter. It also has a slender stem, with several branches and green and purplish spathes. It has 3–5 large flowers, in shades of bright purple, purple, violet, dark blue, blue-violet and dark violet, which bloom between spring and early summer. Occasionally, they re-bloom in the autumn, before the seed capsule is formed. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. There is one known subspecies Iris aphylla subsp. hungarica Hegi.

<i>Iris attica</i> Species of plant

Iris attica, the Greek iris, is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the mountains of the Balkans in Europe, within the countries of Greece, former Yugoslavia, Turkey and North Macedonia. It has sage green or grey-green leaves, that are sickle-shaped, a stout short stem and 2 variable flowers, in shades from yellow to purple. They have a white or blue beard. It is often called Iris pumila subsp attica, but is classified in most sources, as a separate species, although it is closely related to Iris pumila, as a possible parent plant. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris cypriana is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Cyprus. It has narrow, glaucous and evergreen leaves, tall slender stem, with 2–3 branches, and 1–3 large flowers in lavender, lilac, red-lilac, to dark purple shades. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. It is listed in some sources as a synonym of Iris germanica.

<i>Iris scariosa</i> Species of plant

Iris scariosa is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the mountainsides of Russia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and China. It has sword-like, or sickle shaped, blue green or grey-green leaves, a short flowering stem, 3 or 4 membranous or semi-transparent flower bud leaves, 2 violet, reddish violet, lilac, blue-purple, or blue flowers in late spring, with yellow or white beards. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. It was merged with another similar iris in the region, and Iris glaucescens became a synonym of Iris scariosa, before being divided into two separate species again. Although some sources still call it the main species, despite a slight colour difference.

<i>Iris imbricata</i> Species of plant

Iris imbricata is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the Caucasus mountains, within Iran, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia. It has broad, sword-like, yellow green or light green leaves, slender stem with branches, inflated and overlapping green spathes, and 2–5 yellow, pale yellow or greenish yellow flowers.

<i>Iris junonia</i> Species of plant

Iris junonia is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Cilicia, within the Taurus Mountains. It has glaucous short leaves, tall stems with several branches, numerous flowers in various colours from blue-purple, lavender, pale blue, cream, white and yellow, with brown veining and white tipped orange beards. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. Its status is still unclear, if it is a synonym of Iris germanica or a separate species.

<i>Iris kashmiriana</i> Species of plant

Iris kashmiriana is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Kashmir, India. It has straight, sword-shaped, glaucous leaves, tall, thick stem with up 2 short branches, which hold 2–3 flowers, which can be white, cream or pale blue, lilac, lavender or blue-purple. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, although in Kashmir, it is also planted on graves.

<i>Iris mesopotamica</i> Species of plant

Iris mesopotamica, the Mesopotamian iris, is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the middle East, within the countries of Iraq, Turkey, Syria and Israel. It has linear, grey-green or green broad leaves, tall stem with 2–3 branches, holding up to 9 scented flowers, in shades of violet, purple, lavender blue and light blue, with a yellow and white or orange and white beard. It is listed as a synonym of Iris germanica in some sources. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, including being planted in graveyards and cemeteries but may also be used for celebrations and decoration.

<i>Iris pallida <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> cengialti</i> Species of plant

Iris pallida subsp. cengialti is a subspecies in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Italy and Slovenia. It has yellowish-green, glaucous, lanceolate or ensiform leaves, tall stem, green flushed with purple spathes, 2 short branches, 2–3 scented flowers, in shades of violet, blue-violet, deep purple, blue-purple, deep blue-purple, pale purple, deep blue, to mid-blue. It has a yellow or orange tipped beard. It was originally published as Iris cengialti but then re-classified as a subspecies of Iris pallida, and known as Iris pallida subsp. cengialti, but it is often still called Iris cengialti. It is cultivated as an ornamental garden plant in temperate regions.

Iris perrieri is a plant species in the genus Iris; it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the Savoy Alps in southern France and recently in Italy. It has green, deeply ribbed, sickle shaped leaves, a slender stem with a branch, 1–3 scented flowers that are violet or purple, with a white or pale blue beard. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, due to its rarity in the wild. It was once thought to be a form of Iris aphylla, before cell (chromosome) analysis determined it to be a separate species.

<i>Iris pallida <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> illyrica</i> Species of plant

Iris pallida subsp. illyrica, synonym Iris pseudopallida, is a subspecies of Iris pallida. It is a rhizomatous perennial from Croatia. It has flat, curved of sickle-shaped leaves, tall slender stems, 3–8 fragrant flowers, in shades of violet, or pale violet flowers, mauve, lavender, purple, yellow or white, between May and June. The iris was originally thought to be a separate species, but later classified as subspecies of Iris pallida, although in Croatia, it is still known as Iris pseudopallida. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, especially in the Balkan regions.

Iris revoluta is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from a small area in Salento, Italy. It has (sword-shaped) or falcate (sickle-shaped) glaucous leaves, tall slender stem with several short branches and 2–4 fragrant flowers in dark violet, purple, violet and pale violet. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris schachtii is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from central Anatolia, in Turkey. It has small, thin grey-green leaves, a short stem with 1–3 branches, which are normally, covered with a green leaf with purple staining. It has 2 or more fragrant flowers in late spring, which come in shades of yellow or purple, or violet and yellow,. It has a yellow or white with yellow-tips beard. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, but prefers regions with dry, hot summers.

<i>Iris suaveolens</i> Species of plant

Iris suaveolens is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Eastern Europe, ranging from the Balkans to Turkey. It has short, sickle shaped or curved, blue-green or greyish green leaves, a slender simple stem, with 1 or 2 fragrant spring blooming, flowers, between yellow and purple, with white or yellow beards. It was once known as Iris mellita, until that was re-classified as a synonym of Iris suaveolens. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris subbiflora</i> Species of plant

Iris subbiflora is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Portugal and Spain in Europe. It has evergreen broad leaves, forming dense clumps, it has dwarf stems in late spring,, with 1 upright fragrant flower, in shades of purple, light red purple, grey-blue, blue-violet, or dark violet. It has a beard which is generally blue, purple, or violet, but can fade to white, dull yellow, or dark yellow. After being found in 1804, it was once a separate species until the late 70s, when it was reclassified as subspecies of Iris lutescens, and renamed Iris lutescens subsp. subbiflora. But in the 80s it was returned to an independent species but some authors and references still class the species as a synonym or subspecies. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris taochia is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the Caucasus mountains and Turkey. It forms dense clumps, with grey-green leaves, simple stems of similar height, with 1–3 branches, a flowers in various shades from white, yellow to purple. They also have yellowish or white, tipped yellow beard. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Crocus baytopiorum</i> Species of flowering plant

Crocus baytopiorum is a species of flowering plant in the genus Crocus of the family Iridaceae. It is a cormous perennial native to Turkey.

References

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  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Phillips, Roger; Rix, Martyn (1991). Perennials Vol. 1. Pan Books Ltd. p. 190. ISBN   9780330327749.
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  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Iris purpureobracteata (pure yellow form)". rareplants.es. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Endemic Turkish Plants" (PDF). explorecomenius.eu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
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  12. 1 2 3 British Iris Society (1997) A Guide to Species Irises: Their Identification and Cultivation , p. 48-49, at Google Books
  13. 1 2 3 4 Kelly Norris A Guide to Bearded Irises: Cultivating the Rainbow for Beginners and Enthusiasts , p. 344, at Google Books
  14. 1 2 3 4 Basak Gardner & Chris Gardner Flora of the Silk Road: The Complete Illustrated Guide , p. 68, at Google Books
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  19. ↑ "Iridaceae Iris purpureobractea B.Mathew & T.Baytop". ipni.org (International Plant Names Index). Retrieved 23 November 2015.
  20. 1 2 3 "Iris purpureobractea". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 23 November 2015.
  21. ↑ "Iris purpureobractea". eol.org. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
  22. 1 2 "Iris purpureobractea". www.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 23 November 2015.
  23. 1 2 İkİncİ, Nursel (2011). "Gamma-diversity of vascular plant taxa of the surrounding of Lake Sünnet (Bolu, NW Turkey) compared with other regions in Bolu". Biological Diversity and Conservation. 4 (1): 107–121. Retrieved 24 November 2015.[ permanent dead link ]
  24. 1 2 Pavlidis, Fleur (June 2010). "Hunting for Wild Flowers in south-West Turkey". The Mediterranean Garden. 61. Retrieved 23 November 2015.
  25. ↑ Mathew, Brian Frederick. "Discover Plants of Turkey". obanettr.org. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
  26. ↑ "January 2014 – A talk on Mediterranean geophytes by John Fielding". mediterraneangardensocietyfrance.com. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
  27. ↑ "How to divide iris rhizomes". gardenersworld.com. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  28. ↑ David G Spoerke and Susan C. Smolinske Toxicity of Houseplants , p. 236, at Google Books
  29. ↑ "Country / Post Mozambique". wnsstamps.post. Retrieved 24 November 2015.

Sources

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