Islamic honorifics

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A calligraphic composition by Hafiz Osman which used the honorific Islamic suffix phrase <<SalaW~ 'llaWhu `alayhi wa salaWm>> , meaning "May God send His mercy and blessings upon him", after referring to the Prophet Muhammad. Album leaf with a calligraphic composition by Hafiz Osman (CBL T 447, f.2r).jpg
A calligraphic composition by Hafiz Osman which used the honorific Islamic suffix phrase «صَلَّى ٱللَّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ سَلَّم», meaning "May God send His mercy and blessings upon him", after referring to the Prophet Muhammad.

Islamic honorifics are Arabic phrases, abbreviations and titles that mostly appear as prefixes before or suffixes after the names of people who have had a special mission from God in Islamic world or have done important work towards these missions. [1] In Islamic writings, these honorific prefixes and suffixes come before and after the names of all the prophets (of whom there are 124,000 in Islam, the last of whom is the Prophet of Islam Muhammad [2] [3] ), the Imams (the twelve Imams in the Shia school of thought [4] ), specially the infallibles in Shia Islam [5] and the prominent individuals who followed them. [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] In the Islamic world, giving these respectful prefixes and suffixes is a tradition. [9]

Contents

Among the most important honorific prefixes used are Hadhrat (حَضرَت, lit.  'a special person in the sight of God, a person who has a special mission from God, holiness, sainthood, excellency, majesty'). [11] [12] [13] [14] and Imam (اِمام, lit.  'a person who has a special position with God, a person who receives religious guidance from God to convey to people, an Islamic leadership position, leader, fugleman, headman, pontiff, primate') [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24]

Among the most important honorific suffixes used are «صَلَّى ٱللَّٰهُ عَلَيْه» ( lit.  'May God's blessings and peace be upon him') and «صَلَّى ٱللَّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِه» ( lit.  'May God's blessings and peace be upon him and his household '), which these two suffix phrases used specifically for the Islamic prophet Muhammad in Islamic world, its abbreviation is also given in parentheses as «ص» in Arabic and "PBUH" in English after the name of the Prophet Muhammad. [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] And the two suffix phrases «عَلَيْهِ ٱلسَّلَام» ( lit.  'Peace be upon him', for male persons) and «عَلَيْهَا ٱلسَّلَام» ( lit.  'Peace be upon her', for female persons) are used when the name of each of the fourteen infallibles saints is mentioned or written in Islamic world and the most especially in the Shia Islam world, [35] its abbreviation is also given in parentheses as «ع» in Arabic and "AS" in English after the name of the fourteen infallibles. [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] [46] And also the two suffix phrases «رَضِيَ ٱللَّٰهُ عَنْهُ» ( lit.  'God be pleased with him', for male persons) and «رَضِيَ ٱللَّٰهُ عَنْهَا» ( lit.  'God be pleased with her', for female persons) are used when the name of each of the companions of the Prophet Muhammad is mentioned or written in Islamic world and the most especially in the Sunni Islam world, [47] its abbreviation is also given in parentheses as «ر» in Arabic and "RA" in English after the name of the companions of the Prophet Muhammad. [48] [49] [50] [51] [52] [53] [54]

These glorifying expressions are also used for God Himself and His angels. Generally, for His angels, the phrase «عَلَيْهِ ٱلسَّلَام» ( lit.  'Peace be upon him') is commonly used, and for God, usually His perfection attributes are used, such as the suffix «جَلَّ جَلَالُهُ» ( lit.  'The most exalted'). [55] [56] [57]

Islam uses a number of conventionally complimentary phrases wishing-well or praising religiously-esteemed figures including God ( Allah ), Muhammad (Messenger of God), [58] Muhammad's companions (sahaba), family (Ahl al-Bayt), other Islamic prophets and messengers, angels, and revered persons. In Twelver Shi'ism, honorifics are used with the Twelve Imams. [59]

Also, Islamic honorifics are referred to as Salawāt (صَلَوات, lit.  'Blessings of God') in the shape of «اللَّهُمَّ صَلِّ عَلَی مُحَمَّدٍ وَ آلِ مُحَمَّد» ( lit.  'O Allah, bless Muhammad and the family of Muhammad ') [60] and also in Shia Islam in the shape of «اللَّهُمَّ صَلِّ عَلَی مُحَمَّدٍ وَ آلِ مُحَمَّد و عَجِّل فَرَجَهُم» ( lit.  'O Allah, bless Muhammad and the family of Muhammad and hasten their relief'), [61] in Arabic too, which their meaning is equal to the phrase «خداوندا بر محمد و خاندانش رحمت فرست و فرجشان را نزدیک بفرما» ( lit.  'O God, bless Muhammad and the Progeny of Muhammad, and hasten their alleviation ') in Persian language [62] which meaning requesting «درود» ( lit.  'Peace') from God for Muhammad and his household in Urdu language too. [63]

Calligraphic Arabic text of the common kind of "Salawat": Arabic: <<llhm Sl `ly mHmd w al mHmd>> , meaning "Blessings and peace be upon Muhammad and his family", in the handwriting of Shamsuddin Asaf Jahi Salavat by Shams ud-Din.jpg
Calligraphic Arabic text of the common kind of "Salawat": Arabic : «اللهم صل علی محمد و آل محمد», meaning "Blessings and peace be upon Muhammad and his family", in the handwriting of Shamsuddin Asaf Jahi

Formatting

Islamic honorifics are not abbreviated in Arabic-script languages (e.g. Arabic, Persian, Urdu) [64] given the rarity of acronyms and abbreviations in those languages, however, these honorifics are often abbreviated in other languages such as English, Spanish, and French. Common examples of these abbreviations include PBUH ('Peace be Upon Him') [65] and SWT (subhanahu wa-ta'ala, 'Glorified and Exalted'). [66] [67] Though these honorifics may be abbreviated in writing, they are never abbreviated in speech. Abbreviations often vary in letter case and use of periods. [68] [69]

Arabic text of the another shape of "Salawat": Arabic: <<Salay llhu `alayh w salaWm>> , meaning "May God send His mercy and blessings upon him". Salavat.svg
Arabic text of the another shape of "Salawat": Arabic : «صَلَی اللهُ عَلَیه و سَلَّم», meaning "May God send His mercy and blessings upon him".

Honorifics, in Arabic or non-Arabic languages, can be written in multiple formats: [70] [71]

  1. Arabic text with Islamic honorifics
    • Example: "لقد شارك رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم كلام الله سبحانه وتعالى كما أنزله عليه الملك جبريل عليه السلام مع صاحبه الوفي أبو بكر الصديق رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ"
  2. English text with Islamic honorifics in romanized Arabic
    • Example: "The Messenger of God (ṣallā -llāhu ʿalayhi wa-sallam) shared the word of Allah (subḥānahu wa-taʿālā) as revealed to him by the angel Jibril (ʿalayhi as-salām) with his loyal companion, Abu Bakr as-Siddiq (raḍiya 'llāhu 'anhu)."
  3. English text with unabbreviated Islamic honorifics
    • Example: "The Messenger of God (peace be upon him) shared the word of Allah (glorified and exalted) as revealed to him by the angel Jibril (peace be upon him) with his loyal companion, Abu Bakr as-Siddiq (Allah be pleased with him)."
  4. English text with abbreviated Islamic honorifics
    • Example: "The Messenger of God (PBUH) shared the word of Allah (SWT) as revealed to him by the angel Jibril (AS) with his loyal companion, Abu Bakr as-Siddiq (RA)."

List of honorifics

God (Allah)

Following the mention of God (Allah), including by pronoun (e.g. 'Him' or 'His'), or by one of the names bestowed upon him, one of the below honorifics are said or written: [72] [73] [74]

Suffixal Honorifics for Allah
ArabicSingle character in UnicodeRomanizationAbbreviationTranslation
سُبْحَانَهُۥ وَتَعَالَىٰ﷾subḥānahū wa-taʿālā(SWT)Glorified and exalted
تَبَارَكَ وَتَعَالَىٰ﵎tabāraka wa-taʿālā(TWT)Blessed and exalted
عَزَّ وَجَلَّ﷿ʿazza wa-jall(AZWJ)Prestigious and majestic / Mighty and sublime
جَلَّ جَلَالُهُﷻjalla jalāluhū(JJ)Most exalted

Muhammad (Sallā -llāhu ʿalayhi wa-sallam)

Muhammad's name, reference to him through a pronoun (e.g. 'his' or 'him'), or the use of one of his titles (e.g. 'the messenger of Allah') is followed by one of the below honorifics. The honorific "Blessings of Allah be upon him as well as peace" is the most widely used. The use of the word "blessings" (ṣallā,صَلَّى) can be used for all Islamic prophets (and Shia Imams) equally, however it is almost exclusively used with Muhammad. [75] [76] [77]

Salla -llahu 'alayhi wa-sallam ("blessings of God and peace be upon him") written in Arabic Mohamed peace be upon him.svg
Sallā -llāhu ʿalayhi wa-sallam ("blessings of God and peace be upon him") written in Arabic
"Blessings of God be upon him and his progeny" in Arabic lygtwr Sly llh `lyh w slm.png
"Blessings of God be upon him and his progeny" in Arabic
Suffixal Honorifics for Muhammad
ArabicSingle character in UnicodeRomanizationAbbreviationTranslation
صَلَّى ٱللَّٰهُ عَلَيْهِۦ وَسَلَّمَn/a

available in font packs that augment U+FDFA

Mohamed peace be upon him.svg
ṣallā -llāhu ʿalayhī wa-sallama(SAW), (SA), (PBUH)May blessings of Allah be upon him as well as peace.

English short: Peace Be Upon Him

صَلَّى ٱللَّٰهُ عَلَيْهِۦ وَآلِهِۦ وَسَلَّمَDefault universal character

copyable text:ﷺ

U+FDFA

lygtwr Sly llh `lyh w slm.png
ṣallā -llāhu ʿalayhī wa-ʾālihī wa-sallama(SAWW), (SAWS), (SA), (PBUHP)May blessings of Allah be upon him and his progeny and grant him peace.

English short: Peace Be Upon Him & his Progeny

صَلَّى ٱللَّٰهُ عَلَيْهِۦ وَآلِهِ﵆ṣallā -llāhu ʿalayhī wa-ʾālihī(SAWA), (SA), (SAWW)May blessings of Allah be upon him and his progeny [a]

Muhammad's companions

"May Allah be pleased with him" in Arabic Ar-rD~ llh `nh.svg
"May Allāh be pleased with him" in Arabic

Honorifics used for Muhammad's companions (aṣ-Ṣaẖābah) ask for Allah's pleasure with them. Muhammad's companions include men (Abu Bakr, Umar, Ali, etc.) and women (e.g. Fatima bint Muhammad, Aisha bint Abu Bakr, Asma bint Abu Bakr, etc.), and are accorded the properly gendered honorifics. [78] [79]

Suffixal Honorifics for the Sahaba
ArabicSingle character in UnicodeRomanizationAbbreviationTranslation
رَضِيَ ٱللَّٰهُ عَنْهُ﵁ؓ

U+0613 (accent used prefix or suffix to name)

raḍiya -llāhu ʿanhū(RA)May Allah be pleased with him
رَضِيَ ٱللَّٰهُ عَنْهَاraḍiya -llāhu ʿanhāMay Allah be pleased with her
رَضِيَ ٱللَّٰهُ عَنْهُمَاraḍiya -llāhu ʿanhumāMay Allah be pleased with them (dual)
رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُمْraḍiya -llāhu ʿanhumMay Allah be pleased with them
رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُنَّraḍiya -llāhu ʿanhunnMay Allah be pleased with them (Feminine plural)

Prophets and messengers

'Alay-hi 's-salam in Arabic script Ar-`lyh lslm.svg
'Alay-hi 's-salām in Arabic script

Some honorifics apply to the archangels (Jibril, Mikhail, etc.) as well as any other Islamic prophets preceding Muhammad (e.g. Isa, Musa, Ibrahim etc.). A group of modern scholars from Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Yemen, and Mauritania has issued fatwa that the angels should be invoked with blessing of alaihissalam, which also applied to human prophets and messengers. [80] This fatwa was based on the ruling from Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya. [80] [81] [82]

Suffixal Honorifics for Prophets, Messengers, Angels and Shia Imams
ArabicSingle character in UnicodeRomanizationAbbreviationTranslation
عَلَيْهِ ٱلسَّلَامُ﵇ʿalayhi -s-salāmu(AS)Peace be upon him
عَلَيْهَا ٱلسَّلَامُ﵍ʿalayhā -s-salāmuPeace be upon her
عَلَيْهِمَا ٱلسَّلَامُ﵉ʿalayhimā -s-salāmuPeace be upon them (dual)
عَلَيْهِمُ ٱلسَّلَامُ﵈ʿalayhimu -s-salāmuPeace be upon them (plural)
عَلَيْهِنَّ ٱلسَّلَامُʿalayhinna -s-salāmuPeace be upon them (feminine plural)
عَلَيْهِ ٱلصَّلَاةُ وَٱلسَّلَامُ﵊ʿalayhi -ṣ-ṣalātu wa-s-salāmu(ASWS)Blessings and peace be upon him
عَلَيْهَا ٱلصَّلَاةُ وَٱلسَّلَامُʿalayhā -ṣ-ṣalātu -s-salāmuBlessings and peace be upon her
عَلَيْهِمَا ٱلصَّلَاةُ وَٱلسَّلَامُʿalayhimā -ṣ-ṣalātu -s-salāmuBlessings and peace be upon them (dual)
عَلَيْهِمُ ٱلصَّلَاةُ وَٱلسَّلَامُʿalayhimu -ṣ-ṣalātu -s-salāmuBlessings and peace be upon them (plural)
عَلَيْهِنَّ ٱلسَّلَامُʿalayhinna -ṣ-ṣalātu -s-salāmuBlessings and peace be upon them (feminine plural)
سَلَامُ ٱللَّٰهِ عَلَيْهِsalāmu -llāhi ʿalayhī(SA)Allah's peace upon him
سَلَامُ ٱللَّٰهِ عَلَيْهَاsalāmu -llāhi ʿalayhāAllah's peace upon her
سَلَامُ ٱللَّٰهِ عَلَيْهِمَاsalāmu -llāhi ʿalayhimāAllah's peace upon them (dual)
سَلَامُ ٱللَّٰهِ عَلَيْهِمُsalāmu -llāhi ʿalayhimAllah's peace upon them (plural)
سَلَامُ ٱللَّٰهِ عَلَيْهِنَّsalāmu -llāhi ʿalayhinnaAllah's peace upon them (feminine plural)

In Shia Islam, Muhammad's progeny, referred to as Ahl al-Bayt (Arabic : أَهْل ٱلْبَيْت, lit.  'people of the house'), are addressed with the same honorifics as messengers. [83] [84]

Revered men and women

"May Allah's mercy be upon him" in Arabic rHmh llh.png
"May Allah's mercy be upon him" in Arabic

Some honorifics apply to highly-revered Islamic scholars and people thought to be of high spiritual rank. When that person has died, honorifics ask for Allah's mercy upon or pleasure with him or her. When that person is still living, honorifics customarily ask for Allah's preservation or relief. [85] [86]

Suffixal Honorifics for Revered Men and Women
ArabicSingle character in UnicodeRomanizationAbbreviationTranslation
رَحْمَةُ ٱللَّٰهِ عَلَيْهِraḥmatu -llāhi ʿalayhū(RH)Allah's mercy upon him
رَحِمَهُ ٱللَّٰهُ﵀raḥimahu -llāhūMercy upon him
رَحْمَةُ ٱللَّٰهِ عَلَيْهَاraḥmatu -llāhi ʿalayhāAllah's mercy upon her
رَحِمَهَا ٱللَّٰهُraḥimahā -llāhūMercy upon her
رَحْمَةُ ٱللَّٰهِ عَلَيْهِمraḥmatu -llāhi ʿalayhimAllah's mercy upon them
رَحِمَهُمُ ٱللَّٰهُ﵏raḥimahumu -llāhūMercy upon them
رِضْوَانُ ٱللَّٰهِ تَعَالَىٰ عَلَيْهِriḍwānu -llāhi ta'ālā ʿalayhī(RA)Allah be pleased with him
رِضْوَانُ ٱللَّٰهِ تَعَالَىٰ عَلَيْهَاriḍwānu -llāhi ta'ālā ʿalayhāAllah be pleased with her
حَفِظَهُ ٱللَّٰهُhafiḏahu -llāhū(HA)Allah preserve him
حَفِظَهَا ٱللَّٰهُhafiḏahā 'llāhūAllah preserve her
فَرَّجَ ٱللَّٰهُ عَنْهُfarraja -llāhu ʿanhū(FA)Allah grant him relief
فَرَّجَ ٱللَّٰهُ عَنْهَاfarraja -llāhu ʿanhāAllah grant her relief
رَضِيَ ٱللَّٰهُ عَنْهُ﵁raḍiya -llāhu ʿanhū(RA)May Allah be pleased with him
رَضِيَ ٱللَّٰهُ عَنْهَا﵂raḍiya -llāhu ʿanhāMay Allah be pleased with her
رَضِيَ ٱللَّٰهُ عَنْهُمَا﵄raḍiya -llāhu ʿanhumāMay Allah be pleased with them (dual)
رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُمْ﵃raḍiya -llāhu ʿanhumMay Allah be pleased with them
رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُنَّ﵅raḍiya -llāhu ʿanhunnMay Allah be pleased with them (Feminine plural)

Enemies

Although disparaging and non-honorific, the following phrase may follow the name of a significant enemy of Muhammad, namely Abu Lahab, a Qurayshi leader in Mecca who opposed Islam's rise and was condemned by name by God in the Quran. [87] [88]

Suffixal Curse for Enemies
ArabicRomanizationAbbreviationTranslation
لَعَنَةُ ٱللَّٰهِ عَلَيْهِla'anatu -llahi ʿalayhī(LA)Allah's curse be upon him

Scriptural and hadith basis

Qur'ān

Verse 33:56 in Arabic inaW llaWha wamalay'ikatahu yuSaluWwna `ala~ lnaWbiyiW ya 'ayuWha laWdhiyna amanuw SaluWw `alayhi wasaliWmuw tasl.svg
Verse 33:56 in Arabic

The honorifics for Muhammad are enjoined by Surat al-Ahzab: [89]

إِنَّ ٱللّٰهَ وَمَلَـٰٓىِٕكَتَهُۥ يُصَلُّونَ عَلَى ٱلنَّبِىِّ ۚ يَـٰٓأَيُّهَا ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُوا۟ صَلُّوا۟ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلِّمُوا۟ تَسْلِيمًا‎
"Surely Allah (God) and His angels bless the Prophet; O you who believe! Send blessings on him and salute him with a (becoming) salutation."
[Quran   33:56  (Translated by  Shakir)]

Hadiths from Sunni Islam

Al-Tirmidhi recorded that Abu Hurairah said, "The Messenger of Allah said, 'May he be humiliated, the man in whose presence I am mentioned and he does not send Salaam upon me; may he be humiliated, the man who sees the month of Ramadan come and go, and he is not forgiven; may he be humiliated, the man whose parents live to old age and they do not cause him to be granted admittance to Paradise.'" Al-Tirmidhi said that this hadith was ḥasan gharib , "good but only reported once". [90]

In Sahih Muslim , Sunan Abu Dawood , Jami' at-Tirmidhi and al-Sunan al-Sughra , four of the six major hadith collections recorded that Abu Hurairah said, "The Messenger of Allah said: 'Whoever sends one Salaam upon me, Allah will send ten upon him.'" [91]

Ahmad ibn Hanbal reported in his Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal that the Companion of Muhammad, Abu Talha ibn Thabit, said: [92] [93]

One morning the Messenger of Allah was in a cheerful mood and looked happy. They said, "O Messenger of Allah, this morning you are in a cheerful mood and look happy." He said, "Of course, just now someone [an angel] came to me from my Lord [Allah] and said, 'Whoever among your Ummah sends Salaam upon you, Allah will record for him ten good deeds and will erase for him ten evil deeds, and will raise his status by ten degrees, and will return his greeting with something similar to it.'"

Al-Bayhaqi reports that Abu Hurairah said that Muhammad said, "Send the Salaam on Allah's messengers and prophets for Allah sent them as He sent me." [94]

This point is further founded in the saying by Muhammad, "The miser is the one in whose presence I am mentioned, then he does not send the Salam upon me." This was recorded in Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal . [95]

Anas bin Malik said, "The Messenger of Allah (PBUH) said: 'Whoever sends salah upon me once, Allah (SWT) will send salah upon him tenfold, and will erase ten sins from him, and will raise him ten degrees in status.'"

— Collected by Al-Nasa'i, Al-Sunan al-Sughra , Book 13, Hadith 119 [96]

Salafi rejection of abbreviations

Scholars of the Salafi branch of Islam practiced in Saudi Arabia have instructed their followers not to abbreviate the salawat upon Muhammad. For example, Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz, the Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia, said: [97]

As it is prescribed to send prayers upon the Prophet (peace and prayers of Allah be upon him) in prayer when saying the tashahhud , and it is prescribed when giving khutbahs , saying Du'a and praying for forgiveness, and after the Adhan , and when entering and exiting the mosque, and when mentioning him in other circumstances, so it is more important to do so when writing his name in a book, letter, article and so on. So it is prescribed to write the prayers in full so as to fulfil the command that Allah has given to Muslims, and so that the reader will remember to say the prayers when he reads it. So one should not write the prayers on the Prophet (peace and prayers of Allah be upon him) in short form such as writing (S) or (SAWS) etc, or other forms that some writers use, because that is going against the command of Allah in His Book, where He says (interpretation of the meaning):

صَلُّوا۟ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلِّمُوا۟ تَسْلِيمًا‎ [98]

Send blessings on him and salute him with a (becoming) salutation."[Quran   33:56  (Translated by  Shakir)]

And that (writing it in abbreviated form) does not serve that purpose and is devoid of the virtue of writing "salla Allaahu 'alayhi wa salaam (May Allah send prayers and peace upon him)" in full. Moreover the reader may not take notice of it and may not understand what is meant by it. It should also be noted that the symbol used for it is regarded as disapproved by the scholars, who warned against it.[ citation needed ][ year needed ]

Unicode

Unicode
UTF-8 EncodingSymbolUnicode NameTranscription Arabic English
&#1553;ؑArabic sign ALAYHE ASSALLAMʿalayhi s-salāmعليه السلامPeace be upon him
&#1554;ؒArabic sign RAHMATULLAH ALAYHEraḥmatu Llāhi ʿalayhرحمة الله عليهGod have mercy upon him
&#1555;ؓArabic sign RADI ALLAHOU ANHUraḍī Llāhu ʿanhرضي الله عنهGod be pleased with him

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Used more commonly by Shia Muslims

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dargah</span> Grave shrine

A dargah is a shrine or tomb built over the grave of a revered religious figure, often a Sufi saint or dervish. Sufis often visit the shrine for ziyarat, a term associated with religious visitation and pilgrimages. Dargahs are often associated with Sufi eating and meeting rooms and hostels, called khanqah or hospices. They usually include a mosque, meeting rooms, Islamic religious schools (madrassas), residences for a teacher or caretaker, hospitals, and other buildings for community purposes.

Shaʽban is the eighth month of the Islamic calendar. It is called the month of "separation", as the word means "to disperse" or "to separate" because the pagan Arabs used to disperse in search of water.

<i>Dhikr</i> Remembrance of God in Islam

Dhikr is a form of Islamic worship in which phrases or prayers are repeatedly recited for the purpose of remembering God. It plays a central role in Sufism, and each Sufi order typically adopts a specific dhikr, accompanied by specific posture, breathing, and movement. In Sufism, dhikr refers to both the act of this remembrance as well as the prayers used in these acts of remembrance. Dhikr usually includes the names of God or supplication from the Quran or hadith. It may be counted with either one's fingers or prayer beads, and may be performed alone or with a collective group. A person who recites dhikr is called a dhākir.

Qadariyyah, also Qadarites or Kadarites, from qadar, meaning "power", was originally a derogatory term designating early Islamic theologians who rejected the concept of predestination in Islam, qadr, and asserted that humans possess absolute free will, making them responsible for their actions, justifying divine punishment and absolving God of responsibility for evil in the world. Originally, the Qadarites also reject belief in the prior knowledge of God, and they deny that God wrote the decrees concerning His creation before He created the heavens and the earth; Consequently, their belief goes against the teachings of Sunni Islam. Some of their doctrines were later adopted by the Mu'tazilis and rejected by the Ash'aris. They argued that evil actions of human beings could not be decreed by God, as they would have to be if there was no free will and all events in the universe were determined by God.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ahmad al-Tijani</span> Algerian Sufi leader (1735–1815)

Abū al-ʻAbbās Ahmad ibn Muhammad at-Tijāniyy or Ahmed Tijani, was an Algerian Sharif who founded the Tijaniyyah tariqa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dhu al-Hijjah</span> Twelfth month of the Islamic calendar

Dhu al-Hijjah is the twelfth and final month in the Islamic calendar. Being one of the four sacred months during which war is forbidden, it is the month in which the Ḥajj takes place as well as Eid al-Adha.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Conquest of Mecca</span> Military campaign of the Muslim–Quraysh War

The conquest of Mecca was a military campaign undertaken by Muhammad and his companions during the Muslim–Quraysh War. They led the early Muslims in an advance on the Quraysh-controlled city of Mecca in December 629 or January 630. The fall of the city to Muhammad formally marked the end of the conflict between his followers and the Quraysh tribal confederation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Salawat</span> Arabic phrase which contains the salutation upon the Prophet of Islam

Salawat or durood is an Islamic complimentary Arabic phrase which contains veneration for Muhammad. This phrase is usually expressed by Muslims as part of their five daily prayers and also when Muhammad's name is mentioned. Salawat is a plural form of salat and from the triliteral root of ṣ-l-w which literally means 'prayer' or 'send blessings upon'. Some Arabic philologists suggest that the meaning of the word "Salawat" varies depending on who uses the word and to whom it is used for.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ramadan (month)</span> Ninth month of the Islamic calendar

Ramadan is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, and the month in which the Quran is believed to have been revealed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tawakkul</span> Islamic concept of the reliance on God or Trusting in Gods plan

In the Arabic language, tawakkul is a verbal noun of the verb tawakkala, meaning "to put trust" or "to rely". It is also the word for the Islamic concept of the reliance on God or "trusting in God's plan". It is seen as "perfect trust in God and reliance on Him alone." It can also be referred to as God-consciousness. In fact, the Qur'an speaks of the fact that success is only achieved when trust is in God and the believer is steadfast and obeys God's commands.

The Tashahhud, also known as at-Tahiyyat, is the portion of the Muslim prayer where the person kneels or sits on the ground facing the qibla, glorifies God, and greets Muhammad and the "righteous servants of God" followed by the two testimonials. The recitation is usually followed by an invocation of the blessings and peace upon Muhammad known as Salawat.

Muhammad's views on Christians were shaped through his interactions with them. Muhammad had a generally positive view of Christians and viewed them as fellow receivers of Abrahamic revelation. However, he also criticised them for some of their beliefs. He sent various letters to Christian world leaders inviting them to "Submission to God, Islam". According to Islamic tradition, he interacted with Christians while in Mecca.

In Sunni Islam, the Hadith of Gabriel is a ninth-century hadith of the Islamic prophet Muhammad which expresses the religion of Islam in a concise manner. It is believed to contain a summary of the core of the religion of Islam, which are:

  1. Islām (إسلام), which is described with the "Five Pillars of Islam,"
  2. Īmān (إيمان), which is described with the "Six Articles of Faith,"
  3. Iḥsān (إحسان), or "doing what is beautiful," and
  4. al-Sā’ah (الساعة), or The Hour, which is not described, but its signs are given.

The names and titles of Muhammad, names and attributes of Muhammad, Names of Muhammad are the titles of the prophet Muhammad and used by Muslims, where 88 of them are commonly known, but also countless names which are found mainly in the Quran and hadith literature. The Quran addresses Muhammad in the second person by various appellations; prophet, messenger, servant (abd) of God.

Wa ʿalaykumu s-salam is an Arabic greeting often used by Muslims around the world translating to "and upon you be peace". It is a blessing given to another. It is the standard response to the as-salamu alaykum greeting. The greetings are intentional communications to acknowledge someone's presence or to make someone feel welcomed. They are used prior to a conversation and are said to be good manners. The greeting is considered an important Islamic duty and obligation. Salam is a standard salutation among Muslims, and is regularly exchanged during religious lectures and sermons.

Hadith of Jesus Praying Behind Mahdi refers to a collection of hadith related to the prophecy that after Jesus (Isa) descends and joins the Mahdi and his followers in the final days before the destruction of Earth, Jesus will decline the offer of the Mahdi to lead the Mahdi and company in salat telling the Mahdi to lead. The Mahdi is an Islamic figure in Islamic eschatology, and salat is the Islamic practice of worship of God. The prophecy is narrated in numerous hadith collections. A total of 29 hadiths relate the return of Jesus, and his prayer with Mahdi's lead.

Hadith al-Silsilah al-Dhahab is a hadith narrated from Ali al-Ridha, the eighth Imam of the Shia. The "chain" is a reference to the continuity of spiritual authority which is passed down from Muhammad to Ali ibn Abi Talib, through each of the Imams, to Imam Ridha. As transmitters of Hadith, the Imams link subsequent generations to the teachings of Mohammad. This transmission makes the Hadith of the Golden Chain valued as among the most truthful and accurate of all Hadiths for the Shi'ite.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Signs of the appearance of the Mahdi</span> Islamic eschatological event sequence

The signs of the appearance of the Mahdi are the collection of events, according to Islamic eschatology, that will occur before the arrival of the Mahdi, The signs differ based on Sunni and Shia branches of Islam.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Malik ibn Awf</span> Companion of Muhammad

Malik ibn Awf was a companion of Muhammad and a leader of the Hawazin tribe of Ta'if. Before he converted to Islam, he was one of the commanders in the Battle of Hunayn against the Muslims. His tribe, the Ta'if, fought in the battle along with the Thaqif tribe. He was a prominent knight who commanded armies and held a high rank among his people. He converted to Islam before Muhammad's death.

References

  1. ↑ "عبارات دعایی در اسلام" [Prayer phrases in Islam] (in Persian). Retrieved 9 December 2024.
  2. ↑ "پيامبران الهی به ترتيب رسالت" [Divine Prophets in Order of Mission] (in Persian). 14 December 2010. Retrieved 9 December 2024.
  3. ↑ "Prophets" [پیامبران]. Retrieved 9 December 2024.
  4. ↑ "Imams of the Shi'a" [امامان شیعه]. Retrieved 9 December 2024.
  5. ↑ "Fourteen Infallibles" [چهارده معصوم]. Retrieved 9 December 2024.
  6. ↑ "'Alayhi al-Salam" [عَلَیهِ‌السَّلام]. Retrieved 9 December 2024.
  7. ↑ "شناخت اهل بیت سلام الله علیهم أجمعین، راهی برای شناختِ اسماء و صفات خدای متعال" [Knowing the Ahl al-Bayt, peace be upon them all, is a way to know the names and attributes of God Almighty] (in Persian). Retrieved 9 December 2024.
  8. ↑ "دلیل استفاده از علایم اختصاری برای تعظیم و تکریم امامان" [The reason for using abbreviations to bow and honor the Imams] (in Persian). 13 January 2013. Retrieved 9 December 2024.
  9. 1 2 "بحثی دربارهء سابقهء تاریخی القاب و عناوین علما در مذهب شیعه" [A discussion on the historical background of the abbreviations and titles of scholars in the Shiite religion] (in Persian). Retrieved 9 December 2024.
  10. ↑ "حکم استعمال لفظ امام در غیر معصوم از دیدگاه علامه طهرانی" [Ruling on using the word Imam for someone other than the infallible, from the perspective of Allama Tehrani] (in Persian). Retrieved 9 December 2024.
  11. ↑ "معنی حضرت" [The meaning of Hadhrat] (in Persian). Retrieved 9 December 2024.
  12. ↑ "حضرت" [Hadhrat] (in Persian). Retrieved 9 December 2024.
  13. ↑ "معنی حضرت" [The meaning of Hadhrat] (in Persian). Retrieved 9 December 2024.
  14. ↑ "معنای حضرت" [The meaning of Hadhrat] (in Persian). Retrieved 9 December 2024.
  15. ↑ "امام" [Imam] (in Persian). Retrieved 9 December 2024.
  16. ↑ "معنی امام" [Meaning of Imam] (in Persian). Retrieved 9 December 2024.
  17. ↑ "مفهوم امام" [The concept of Imam] (in Persian). Retrieved 9 December 2024.
  18. ↑ "مفهوم «امام» در گذر زمان" [The concept of "Imam" over time] (in Persian). Retrieved 9 December 2024.
  19. ↑ "معنای لغوی و اصطلاحی امام" [The literal and idiomatic meaning of Imam] (in Persian). 27 January 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2024.
  20. ↑ "به چه كسی پيامبر گفته می‌شود؟ به چه كسی امام گفته می‌شود؟" [Who is called a prophet? Who is called an Imam?] (in Persian). 22 October 2018. Retrieved 9 December 2024.
  21. ↑ "امامتِ دوازده‌امام و اهل بیتِ پیامبر" [The Imamate of the Twelve Imams and the Prophet's Household] (in Persian). Retrieved 9 December 2024.
  22. ↑ "فلسفه‌ی امامت و شأن امام" [The Philosophy of Imamate and the Dignity of the Imam] (in Persian). Retrieved 9 December 2024.
  23. ↑ "چیستی و حقیقت امامت" [The essence and truth of Imamate] (in Persian). Retrieved 9 December 2024.
  24. ↑ "مقام نبوت و امامت" [The position of prophethood and imamate] (in Persian). Retrieved 9 December 2024.
  25. ↑ "إن ٱلله وملـئكتهۥ يصلون على ٱلنبيۚ يـأيها ٱلذين ءامنوا صلوا عليۡه وسلموا تسۡليما" [Indeed, Allah and His angels send blessings on the Prophet. O you who have believed, send blessings on him and salute him with a worthy salutation] (in Persian). Retrieved 21 December 2024.
  26. ↑ "صلی الله علیه و سلم" [May God bless him and grant him peace] (in Persian). Retrieved 21 December 2024.
  27. ↑ "معنی صلی الله علیه" [Meaning of peace be upon him] (in Persian). Retrieved 21 December 2024.
  28. ↑ "معنی صلی اﷲ علیه و آله" [Meaning of the peace be upon him and his household] (in Persian). Retrieved 21 December 2024.
  29. ↑ "معنای صلوات و فرق آن با سلام" [The meaning of Salawat and its difference from Salam] (in Persian). Retrieved 21 December 2024.
  30. ↑ "و صلی الله علی محمد و آله و سلم تسلیماً" [May God's blessings and peace be upon Muhammad and his family] (in Persian). 6 September 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2024.
  31. ↑ "معنای صلوات و اهمیت آن" [The meaning of Salawat and its importance] (in Persian). 20 September 2015. Retrieved 21 December 2024.
  32. ↑ "معنی صلّی الله علیه و اله و سلّم به انگلیسی" [Meaning of "Peace be upon him and his household" in English] (in Persian). Retrieved 21 December 2024.
  33. ↑ "معنی صلی الله علیه" [Meaning of peace be upon him] (in Persian). Retrieved 21 December 2024.
  34. ↑ "معنای «صلی الله»" [The meaning of "Peace be upon him"] (in Persian). Retrieved 21 December 2024.
  35. ↑ "رجال حول الرسول يحظون باهتمام الأسرة العربية" [Men around the Messenger receive the attention of the Arab family] (in Arabic). Retrieved 21 December 2024.
  36. ↑ "معنی علیه السلام" [Meaning of peace be upon him] (in Persian). Retrieved 21 December 2024.
  37. ↑ "'Alayhi al-Salam" [عَلَیهِ‌السَّلام]. Retrieved 21 December 2024.
  38. ↑ "معنی علیه السلام" [Meaning of peace be upon him] (in Persian). Retrieved 21 December 2024.
  39. ↑ "علیه السلام در فرهنگ لغات‌ها" [Peace be upon him in the dictionary] (in Persian). Retrieved 21 December 2024.
  40. ↑ "معنی علیه السلام" [Meaning of peace be upon him] (in Persian). Retrieved 21 December 2024.
  41. ↑ "آل محمد علیهم السلام چه کسانی هستند؟" [Who are the family of Muhammad (peace be upon him)?] (in Persian). Retrieved 21 December 2024.
  42. ↑ "دلیل استفاده از علایم اختصاری برای تعظیم و تکریم امامان" [The reason for using abbreviations to bow and honor the Imams] (in Persian). 13 January 2013. Retrieved 21 December 2024.
  43. ↑ "شیعه على‏ علیه السلام‏" [Shia of Ali (peace be upon him)] (in Persian). Retrieved 21 December 2024.
  44. ↑ "سلام و درود (صلوات) حضرت فاطمه علیها السلام، به چه معناست؟" [What is the meaning of greetings and blessings (salavat) to Hazrat Fatima (peace be upon her)?] (in Persian). Retrieved 21 December 2024.
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  46. ↑ "ابعاد سلام / معنی سلام" [Dimensions of greetings / Meaning of greetings] (in Persian). Retrieved 21 December 2024.
  47. ↑ "البداية والنهاية / الجزء الثالث" [The book "The Beginning and the End" / Part Three] (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 2 March 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2024.
  48. ↑ "لقدۡ رضي ٱلله عن ٱلۡمؤۡمنين إذۡ يبايعونك تحۡت ٱلشجرة فعلم ما في" [Allah was pleased with the believers when they pledged allegiance to Prophet under the tradition, He knew what was in their heart] (in Persian). Retrieved 21 December 2024.
  49. ↑ "معنی رضی الله عنه" [The meaning of may God be pleased with him] (in Persian). Retrieved 21 December 2024.
  50. ↑ "آیه ۱۱۹ سوره مائده" [Verse 119 of Surah Maidah] (in Persian). Retrieved 21 December 2024.
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  94. ↑ "SAHIH MUSLIM, BOOK 1, The Book of Faith (KITAB AL-IMAN) (part II)" [صحیح مسلم، کتاب اول، کتاب الایمان (قسمت دوم)]. Retrieved 22 December 2024.
  95. ↑ "Sahih al-Bukhari 6452 - To make the Heart Tender (Ar-Riqaq)" [صحیح البخاری ۶۴۵۲ - لطیف کردن قلب (الرقاق)]. Retrieved 22 December 2024.
  96. ↑ "The Book of Forgetfulness (In Prayer) (55) Chapter: The virtue of sending salah upon the Prophet (SAW)". sunnah.com. Archived from the original on 2021-05-02.
  97. ↑ "احادیث آیه ۵۶ از سوره احزاب" [Hadiths of verse 56 of Surah Al-Ahzab] (in Persian). Retrieved 22 December 2024.
  98. ↑ "متن قرآن، سوره ۳۳، الأحزاب، آیه ۵۶ - آیه ۶۵" [Text of the Quran, Surah 33, Al-Ahzab, verse 56 - verse 65] (in Persian). Retrieved 22 December 2024.
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