Many scripts in Unicode, such as Arabic, have special orthographic rules that require certain combinations of letterforms to be combined into special ligature forms. In English, the common ampersand (&) developed from a ligature in which the handwritten Latin letters e and t (spelling et, Latin for and) were combined.[1] The rules governing ligature formation in Arabic can be quite complex, requiring special script-shaping technologies such as the Arabic Calligraphic Engine by Thomas Milo's DecoType.[2]
The basic Arabic range encodes the standard letters and diacritics, but does not encode contextual forms (U+0621–U+0652 being directly based on ISO 8859-6); and also includes the most common diacritics and Arabic-Indic digits. The Arabic Supplement range encodes letter variants mostly used for writing African (non-Arabic) languages. The Arabic Extended-B and Arabic Extended-A ranges encode additional Qur'anic annotations and letter variants used for various non-Arabic languages. The Arabic Presentation Forms-A range encodes contextual forms and ligatures of letter variants needed for Persian, Urdu, Sindhi and Central Asian languages. The Arabic Presentation Forms-B range encodes spacing forms of Arabic diacritics, and more contextual letter forms. The presentation forms are present only for compatibility with older standards, and are not currently needed for coding text.[4] The Arabic Mathematical Alphabetical Symbols block encodes characters used in Arabic mathematical expressions. The Indic Siyaq Numbers block contains a specialized subset of Arabic script that was used for accounting in India under the Mughal Empire by the 17th century through the middle of the 20th century.[5][6] The Ottoman Siyaq Numbers block contains a specialized subset of Arabic script, also known as Siyakat numbers, used for accounting in Ottoman Turkish documents.[6]
Contextual forms
Below is a demonstration for the basic alphabet used in Modern Standard Arabic illustrating how Arabic letters are expected to appear in different contexts. Codepoints listed as contextual forms should "should not be used in general interchange"[4]. Unicode has other methods of encoding the difference if necessary, such as Zero-width joiner.
Only the Arabic question mark ⟨؟⟩ and the Arabic comma ⟨،⟩ are used in regular Arabic script typing and the comma is often substituted for the Latin script comma ⟨,⟩ which is also used as the decimal separator when the Eastern Arabic numerals are used (e.g. ⟨100.6⟩ compared to ⟨١٠٠,٦⟩).
U+060C،ARABIC COMMA
U+060D؍ARABIC DATE SEPARATOR
U+060E؎ARABIC POETIC VERSE SIGN
U+060F؏ARABIC SIGN MISRA
U+061B؛ARABIC SEMICOLON
U+061E؞ARABIC TRIPLE DOT PUNCTUATION MARK
U+061F؟ARABIC QUESTION MARK
U+066D ٭ARABIC FIVE POINTED STAR
U+06D4۔ARABIC FULL STOP
U+06DDARABIC END OF AYAH
U+06DE۞ARABIC START OF RUB EL HIZB
U+06E9۩ARABIC PLACE OF SAJDAH
U+06FD۽ARABIC SIGN SINDHI AMPERSAND
U+FD3E ﴾Arabic ornate left parenthesis
U+FD3F ﴿Arabic ornate right parenthesis
Word ligatures
Arabic Presentation Forms-A has a few characters defined as "word ligatures" for terms frequently used in formulaic expressions in Arabic. They are rarely used out of professional liturgical typing, also the Rial grapheme is normally written fully, not by the ligature.
U+FDF0ﷰARABIC LIGATURE SALLA USED AS KORANIC STOP SIGN ISOLATED FORM (صلى, stylized as صلے)
U+FDF1ﷱARABIC LIGATURE QALA USED AS KORANIC STOP SIGN ISOLATED FORM (قلى, stylized as قلے)
U+FDF2ﷲARABIC LIGATURE ALLAH ISOLATED FORM (اللّٰه)
U+FDF3ﷳARABIC LIGATURE AKBAR ISOLATED FORM (اكبر), as in the phrase الله اكبرAllāhu akbar
U+FDF4ﷴARABIC LIGATURE MOHAMMAD ISOLATED FORM (محمد)
U+FDF5ﷵARABIC LIGATURE SALAM ISOLATED FORM (صلعم, the abbreviation for صلى الله عليه وسلم "peace be upon him")
U+FDF6ﷶARABIC LIGATURE RASOUL ISOLATED FORM (رسول)
U+FDF7ﷷARABIC LIGATURE ALAYHE ISOLATED FORM (عليه)
U+FDF8ﷸARABIC LIGATURE WASALLAM ISOLATED FORM (وسلم)
U+FDF9ﷹARABIC LIGATURE SALLA ISOLATED FORM (صلى)
U+FDFAﷺARABIC LIGATURE SALLALLAHOU ALAYHE WASALLAM (صلى الله عليه وسلم "peace be upon him")
represents sallallahu alayhe wasallam "may God's peace and blessings be upon him"
U+0611
ؑ
Arabic Sign Alayhe Assallam
represents alayhe assalam "upon him be peace"
U+0612
ؒ
Arabic Sign Rahmatullah Alayhe
represents rahmatullah alayhe "may God have mercy upon him"
U+0613
ؓ
Arabic Sign Radi Allahou Anhu
represents radi allahu 'anhu "may God be pleased with him"
U+0614
ؔ
Arabic Sign Takhallus
sign placed over the name or nom-de-plume of a poet, or in some writings used to mark all proper names
U+0615
ؕ
Arabic Small High Tah
marks a recommended pause position in some Qurans published in Iran and Pakistan should not be confused with the small TAH sign used as a diacritic for some letters such as 0679
U+0616
ؖ
Arabic Small High Ligature Alef With Lam With Yeh
early Persian
Arabic Small High Ligature Alef With Yeh Barree
U+0617
ؗ
Arabic Small High Zain
U+0618
ؘ
Arabic Small Fatha
should not be confused with 064E Fatha
U+0619
ؙ
Arabic Small Damma
should not be confused with 064F Damma
U+061A
ؚ
Arabic Small Kasra
should not be confused with 0650 Kasra
U+061B
؛
Arabic Semicolon
also used with Thaana and Syriac in modern text → U+003B; Semicolon → U+204F ⁏ Reversed Semicolon → U+2E35 ⸵ Turned Semicolon
also used with Thaana and Syriac in modern text → U+003F? Question Mark → U+2E2E ⸮ Reversed Question Mark
U+0620
ؠ
Arabic Letter Kashmiri Yeh
U+0621
ء
Arabic Letter Hamza
→ U+02BE ʾ Modifier Letter Right Half Ring
U+0622
آ
Arabic Letter Alef With Madda Above
≡ آ U+0627 U+0653
U+0623
أ
Arabic Letter Alef With Hamza Above
≡ أ U+0627 U+0654
U+0624
ؤ
Arabic Letter Waw With Hamza Above
≡ ؤ U+0648 U+0654
U+0625
إ
Arabic Letter Alef With Hamza Below
≡ إ U+0627 U+0655
U+0626
ئ
Arabic Letter Yeh With Hamza Above
in Kyrgyz the hamza is consistently positioned to the top right in isolate and final forms ≡ ئ U+064A U+0654
U+0627
ا
Arabic Letter Alef
U+0628
ب
Arabic Letter Beh
U+0629
ة
Arabic Letter Teh Marbuta
U+062A
ت
Arabic Letter Teh
U+062B
ث
Arabic Letter Theh
U+062C
ج
Arabic Letter Jeem
U+062D
ح
Arabic Letter Hah
U+062E
خ
Arabic Letter Khah
U+062F
د
Arabic Letter Dal
U+0630
ذ
Arabic Letter Thal
U+0631
ر
Arabic Letter Reh
U+0632
ز
Arabic Letter Zain
U+0633
س
Arabic Letter Seen
U+0634
ش
Arabic Letter Sheen
U+0635
ص
Arabic Letter Sad
U+0636
ض
Arabic Letter Dad
U+0637
ط
Arabic Letter Tah
U+0638
ظ
Arabic Letter Zah
U+0639
ع
Arabic Letter Ain
→ U+01B9 ƹ Latin Small Letter Ezh Reversed → U+02BF ʿ MODIFIER LETTER LEFT HALF RING
U+063A
غ
Arabic Letter Ghain
U+063B
ػ
Arabic Letter Keheh With Two Dots Above
U+063C
ؼ
Arabic Letter Keheh With Three Dots Below
U+063D
ؽ
Arabic Letter Farsi Yeh With Inverted V
Azerbaijani
U+063E
ؾ
Arabic Letter Farsi Yeh With Two Dots Above
U+063F
ؿ
Arabic Letter Farsi Yeh With Three Dots Above
U+0640
ـ
Arabic Tatweel
inserted to stretch characters or to carry tashkil with no base letter also used with Adlam, Hanifi Rohingya, Mandaic, Manichaean, Psalter Pahlavi, Sogdian, and Syriac= kashida
U+0641
ف
Arabic Letter Feh
U+0642
ق
Arabic Letter Qaf
U+0643
ك
Arabic Letter Kaf
U+0644
ل
Arabic Letter Lam
U+0645
م
Arabic Letter Meem
Sindhi uses a shape with a short tail
U+0646
ن
Arabic Letter Noon
U+0647
ه
Arabic Letter Heh
U+0648
و
Arabic Letter Waw
U+0649
ى
Arabic Letter Alef Maksura
represents YEH-shaped dual-joining letter with no dots in any positional form not intended for use in combination with 0654 → U+0626 ئ Arabic Letter Yeh With Hamza Above
U+064A
ي
Arabic Letter Yeh
loses its dots when used in combination with 0654 retains its dots when used in combination with other combining marks → U+08A8 ࢨ Arabic Letter Yeh With Two Dots Below And Hamza Above
U+064B
ً
Arabic Fathatan
U+064C
ٌ
Arabic Dammatan
a common alternative form is written as two intertwined dammas, one of which is turned 180 degrees
U+064D
ٍ
Arabic Kasratan
U+064E
َ
Arabic Fatha
U+064F
ُ
Arabic Damma
U+0650
ِ
Arabic Kasra
U+0651
ّ
Arabic Shadda
U+0652
ْ
Arabic Sukun
marks absence of a vowel after the base consonant used in some Qurans to mark a long vowel as ignored can have a variety of shapes, including a circular one and a shape that looks like '06E1' → U+06E1 ۡArabic Small High Dotless Head Of Khah
U+0653
ٓ
Arabic Maddah Above
used for madd jaa'iz in South Asian and Indonesian orthographies →U+089C ࢜ Arabic Madda Waajib →U+089E ࢞ Arabic Doubled Madda →U+089F ࢟ Arabic Half Madda Over Madda
U+0654
ٔ
Arabic Hamza Above
restricted to hamza and ezafe semantics is not used as a diacritic to form new letters
U+0655
ٕ
Arabic Hamza Below
U+0656
ٖ
Arabic Subscript Alef
U+0657
ٗ
Arabic Inverted Damma
Kashmiri, Urdu= ulta pesh
U+0658
٘
Arabic Mark Noon Ghunna
Baluchi indicates nasalization in Urdu
U+0659
ٙ
Arabic Zwarakay
Pashto
U+065A
ٚ
Arabic Vowel Sign Small V Above
African languages
U+065B
ٛ
Arabic Vowel Sign Inverted Small V Above
African languages
U+065C
ٜ
Arabic Vowel Sign Dot Below
African languages also used in Quranic text in African and other orthographies
U+065D
ٝ
Arabic Reversed Damma
African languages
U+065E
ٞ
Arabic Fatha With Two Dots
Kalami
U+065F
ٟ
Arabic Wavy Hamza Below
Kashmiri
U+0660
٠
Arabic-Indic Digit Zero
U+0661
١
Arabic-Indic Digit One
U+0662
٢
Arabic-Indic Digit Two
U+0663
٣
Arabic-Indic Digit Three
U+0664
٤
Arabic-Indic Digit Four
U+0665
٥
Arabic-Indic Digit Five
U+0666
٦
Arabic-Indic Digit Six
U+0667
٧
Arabic-Indic Digit Seven
U+0668
٨
Arabic-Indic Digit Eight
U+0669
٩
Arabic-Indic Digit Nine
U+066A
٪
Arabic Percent Sign
→ U+0025% Percent Sign
U+066B
٫
Arabic Decimal Separator
the ordinary comma is most commonly used instead
→ U+002C , Comma
U+066C
٬
Arabic Thousands Separator
the Arabic comma is most commonly used instead
→ U+060C ، Arabic Comma
→ U+0027 ' Apostrophe
→ U+2019 ’ Right Single Quotation Mark
U+066D
٭
Arabic Five Pointed Star
appearance rather variable
→ U+002A * Asterisk
U+066E
ٮ
Arabic Letter Dotless Beh
U+066F
ٯ
Arabic Letter Dotless Qaf
U+0670
ٰ
Arabic Letter Superscript Alef
U+0671
ٱ
Arabic Letter Alef Wasla
Quranic Arabic
U+0672
ٲ
Arabic Letter Alef With Wavy Hamza Above
Baluchi, Kashmiri
U+0673
ٳ
Arabic Letter Alef With Wavy Hamza Below (deprecated)[7]Kashmiri
this character is deprecated and its use is strongly discouraged use the sequence 0627 065F instead
U+0674
ٴ
Arabic Letter High Hamza
Kazakh, Jawi forms digraphs
U+0675
ٵ
Arabic Letter High Hamza Alef
preferred spelling is ٴا U+0674 U+0627
U+0676
ٶ
Arabic Letter High Hamza Waw
preferred spelling is ٴو U+0674 U+0648
U+0677
ٷ
Arabic Letter U With Hamza Above
preferred spelling is ٴۇ U+0674 U+06C7
U+0678
ٸ
Arabic Letter High Hamza Yeh
preferred spelling is ٴی U+0674 06CC
U+0679
ٹ
Arabic Letter Tteh
Urdu
U+067A
ٺ
Arabic Letter Tteheh
Sindhi
U+067B
ٻ
Arabic Letter Beeh
Sindhi
U+067C
ټ
Arabic Letter Teh With Ring
Pashto
U+067D
ٽ
Arabic Letter Teh With Three Dots Above Downwards
Sindhi
U+067E
پ
Arabic Letter Peh
Persian, Urdu, ...
U+067F
ٿ
Arabic Letter Teheh
Sindhi
U+0680
ڀ
Arabic Letter Beheh
Sindhi
U+0681
ځ
Arabic Letter Hah With Hamza Above
Pashto, Sarikoli represents the phoneme /dz/
U+0682
ڂ
Arabic Letter Hah With Two Dots Vertical Above
not used in modern Pashto
U+0683
ڃ
Arabic Letter Nyeh
Sindhi
U+0684
ڄ
Arabic Letter Dyeh
Sindhi, historically Bosnian
U+0685
څ
Arabic Letter Hah With Three Dots Above
Pashto, Khwarazmian, Sarikoli represents the phoneme /ts/ in Pashto
U+0686
چ
Arabic Letter Tcheh
Persian, Urdu, ...
U+0687
ڇ
Arabic Letter Tcheheh
Sindhi
U+0688
ڈ
Arabic Letter Ddal
Urdu
U+0689
ډ
Arabic Letter Dal With Ring
Pashto
U+068A
ڊ
Arabic Letter Dal With Dot Below
Sindhi, early Persian, Pegon, Malagasy
U+068B
ڋ
Arabic Letter Dal With Dot Below And Small Tah
Lahnda
U+068C
ڌ
Arabic Letter Dahal
Sindhi
U+068D
ڍ
Arabic Letter Ddahal
Sindhi
U+068E
ڎ
Arabic Letter Dul
older shape for DUL, now obsolete in Sindhi Burushaski
U+068F
ڏ
Arabic Letter Dal With Three Dots Above Downwards
Sindhi current shape used for DUL
U+0690
ڐ
Arabic Letter Dal With Four Dots Above
Old Urdu, not in current use
U+0691
ڑ
Arabic Letter Rreh
Urdu
U+0692
ڒ
Arabic Letter Reh With Small V
Kurdish
U+0693
ړ
Arabic Letter Reh With Ring
Pashto
U+0694
ڔ
Arabic Letter Reh With Dot Below
Kurdish, early Persian
U+0695
ڕ
Arabic Letter Reh With Small V Below
Kurdish
U+0696
ږ
Arabic Letter Reh With Dot Below And Dot Above
Pashto
U+0697
ڗ
Arabic Letter Reh With Two Dots Above
Dargwa
U+0698
ژ
Arabic Letter Jeh
Persian, Urdu, ...
U+0699
ڙ
Arabic Letter Reh With Four Dots Above
Sindhi
U+069A
ښ
Arabic Letter Seen With Dot Below And Dot Above
Pashto
U+069B
ڛ
Arabic Letter Seen With Three Dots Below
early Persian
U+069C
ڜ
Arabic Letter Seen With Three Dots Below And Three Dots Above
Moroccan Arabic
U+069D
ڝ
Arabic Letter Sad With Two Dots Below
Turkic
U+069E
ڞ
Arabic Letter Sad With Three Dots Above
Berber, Burushaski
U+069F
ڟ
Arabic Letter Tah With Three Dots Above
Old Hausa
U+06A0
ڠ
Arabic Letter Ain With Three Dots Above
Jawi
U+06A1
ڡ
Arabic Letter Dotless Feh
Adighe
U+06A2
ڢ
Arabic Letter Feh With Dot Moved Below
Maghrib Arabic
U+06A3
ڣ
Arabic Letter Feh With Dot Below
Ingush
U+06A4
ڤ
Arabic Letter Veh
Middle Eastern Arabic for foreign words Kurdish, Khwarazmian, early Persian, Jawi
U+06A5
ڥ
Arabic Letter Feh With Three Dots Below
North African Arabic for foreign words
U+06A6
ڦ
Arabic Letter Peheh
Sindhi
U+06A7
ڧ
Arabic Letter Qaf With Dot Above
Maghrib Arabic, Uyghur
U+06A8
ڨ
Arabic Letter Qaf With Three Dots Above
Tunisian and Algerian Arabic
U+06A9
ک
Arabic Letter Keheh
Persian, Urdu, Sindhi, ...= kaf mashkula
U+06AA
ڪ
Arabic Letter Swash Kaf
represents a letter distinct from Arabic KAF (0643) in Sindhi
U+06AB
ګ
Arabic Letter Kaf With Ring
Pashto may appear like an Arabic KAF (0643) with a ring below the base
U+06AC
ڬ
Arabic Letter Kaf With Dot Above
use for the Jawi gaf is not recommended, although it may be found in some existing text data; recommended character for Jawi gaf is 0762 → U+0762 ݢ Arabic Letter Keheh With Dot Above
U+06AD
ڭ
Arabic Letter Ng
Uyghur, Kazakh, Moroccan Arabic, early Jawi, early Persian, ...
U+06AE
ڮ
Arabic Letter Kaf With Three Dots Below
Berber, early Persian Pegon alternative for 08B4
U+06AF
گ
Arabic Letter Gaf
Persian, Urdu, ...
U+06B0
ڰ
Arabic Letter Gaf With Ring
Lahnda
U+06B1
ڱ
Arabic Letter Ngoeh
Sindhi
U+06B2
ڲ
Arabic Letter Gaf With Two Dots Below
not used in Sindhi
U+06B3
ڳ
Arabic Letter Gueh
Sindhi, Saraiki
U+06B4
ڴ
Arabic Letter Gaf With Three Dots Above
not used in Sindhi, Karakalpak
U+06B5
ڵ
Arabic Letter Lam With Small V
Kurdish, historically Bosnian
U+06B6
ڶ
Arabic Letter Lam With Dot Above
Kurdish
U+06B7
ڷ
Arabic Letter Lam With Three Dots Above
Kurdish
U+06B8
ڸ
Arabic Letter Lam With Three Dots Below
Avar, Soqotri
U+06B9
ڹ
Arabic Letter Noon With Dot Below
U+06BA
ں
Arabic Letter Noon Ghunna
Urdu, archaic Arabic dotless in all four contextual forms
U+06BB
ڻ
Arabic Letter Rnoon
dotless in all four contextual forms Sindhi
U+06BC
ڼ
Arabic Letter Noon With Ring
Pashto
U+06BD
ڽ
Arabic Letter Noon With Three Dots Above
Jawi
U+06BE
ھ
Arabic Letter Heh Doachashmee
forms aspirate digraphs in Urdu and other languages of South Asia represents the glottal fricative /h/ in Uyghur
U+06BF
ڿ
Arabic Letter Tcheh With Dot Above
U+06C0
ۀ
Arabic Letter Heh With Yeh Above
for ezafe, use 0654 over the language-appropriate base letter actually a ligature, not an independent letter arabic letter hamzah on ha (1.0) ≡ ۀ U+06D5 U+0654
U+06C1
ہ
Arabic Letter Heh Goal
Urdu
U+06C2
ۂ
Arabic Letter Heh Goal With Hamza Above
Urdu actually a ligature, not an independent letter ≡ ۂ U+06C1 U+0654
U+06C3
ۃ
Arabic Letter Teh Marbuta Goal
Urdu
U+06C4
ۄ
Arabic Letter Waw With Ring
Kashmiri
U+06C5
ۅ
Arabic Letter Kirghiz Oe
Kyrgyz a glyph variant occurs which replaces the looped tail with a horizontal bar through the tail
Arabic, Persian, Urdu, Kashmiri, ... initial and medial forms of this letter have dots → U+0649 ى ARABIC LETTER ALEF MAKSURA → U+064A ي Arabic Letter Yeh
U+06CD
ۍ
Arabic Letter Yeh With Tail
Pashto, Sindhi
U+06CE
ێ
Arabic Letter Yeh With Small V
Kurdish
U+06CF
ۏ
Arabic Letter Waw With Dot Above
Jawi
U+06D0
ې
Arabic Letter E
Pashto, Uyghur used as the letter bbeh in Sindhi
U+06D1
ۑ
Arabic Letter Yeh With Three Dots Below
Mende languages, Hausa
U+06D2
ے
Arabic Letter Yeh Barree
Urdu
U+06D3
ۓ
Arabic Letter Yeh Barree With Hamza Above
Urdu
U+06D4
۔
Arabic Full Stop
Urdu
U+06D5
ە
Arabic Letter Ae
Uyghur, Kazakh, Kyrgyz
U+06D6
ۖ
Arabic Small High Ligature Sad With Lam With Alef Maksura
U+06D7
ۗ
Arabic Small High Ligature Qaf With Lam With Alef Maksura
They are mostly ligatures which can be created from the previous charts' characters, with the exception of the bracket-like graphemes ﴾﴿ and some of them are ligatures of common liturgical phrases.
The Arabic alphabet, or Arabic abjad, is the Arabic script as specifically codified for writing the Arabic language. It is written from right-to-left in a cursive style, and includes 28 letters, of which most have contextual letterforms. The Arabic alphabet is considered an abjad, with only consonants required to be written; due to its optional use of diacritics to notate vowels, it is considered an impure abjad.
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Thaana, Tãnaa, Taana or Tāna is the present writing system of the Maldivian language spoken in the Maldives. Thaana has characteristics of both an abugida and a true alphabet, with consonants derived from indigenous and Arabic numerals, and vowels derived from the vowel diacritics of the Arabic abjad. Maldivian orthography in Thaana is largely phonemic.
Malayalam script is a Brahmic script used commonly to write Malayalam, which is the principal language of Kerala, India, spoken by 45 million people in the world. It is a Dravidian language spoken in the Indian state of Kerala and the union territories of Lakshadweep and Puducherry by the Malayali people. It is one of the official scripts of the Indian Republic. Malayalam script is also widely used for writing Sanskrit texts in Kerala.
In writing and typography, a ligature occurs where two or more graphemes or letters are joined to form a single glyph. Examples are the characters ⟨æ⟩ and ⟨œ⟩ used in English and French, in which the letters ⟨a⟩ and ⟨e⟩ are joined for the first ligature and the letters ⟨o⟩ and ⟨e⟩ are joined for the second ligature. For stylistic and legibility reasons, ⟨f⟩ and ⟨i⟩ are often merged to create ⟨fi⟩ ; the same is true of ⟨s⟩ and ⟨t⟩ to create ⟨st⟩. The common ampersand, ⟨&⟩, developed from a ligature in which the handwritten Latin letters ⟨e⟩ and ⟨t⟩ were combined.
The Tamil script is an abugida script that is used by Tamils and Tamil speakers in India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia and elsewhere to write the Tamil language. It is one of the official scripts of the Indian Republic. Certain minority languages such as Saurashtra, Badaga, Irula and Paniya are also written in the Tamil script.
A precomposed character is a Unicode entity that can also be defined as a sequence of one or more other characters. A precomposed character may typically represent a letter with a diacritical mark, such as é. Technically, é (U+00E9) is a character that can be decomposed into an equivalent string of the base letter e (U+0065) and combining acute accent (U+0301). Similarly, ligatures are precompositions of their constituent letters or graphemes.
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The shapes of the letters are not arbitrary, but reflect the names for the letters, which are words, usually the names of objects or actions representing conventionalized form in the pictorial shape of the characters.
The Persian alphabet, also known as the Perso-Arabic script, is the right-to-left alphabet used for the Persian language. It is a variation of the Arabic script with five additional letters: پ چ ژ گ, in addition to the obsolete ڤ that was used for the sound. This letter is no longer used in Persian, as the -sound changed to, e.g. archaic زڤان > زبان 'language'.
Windows-1256 is a code page used under Microsoft Windows to write Arabic and other languages that use Arabic script, such as Persian and Urdu.
Dhikr is a form of Islamic worship in which phrases or prayers are repeatedly recited for the purpose of remembering God. It plays a central role in Sufism, and each Sufi order typically adopts a specific dhikr, accompanied by specific posture, breathing, and movement. In Sufism, dhikr refers to both the act of this remembrance as well as the prayers used in these acts of remembrance. Dhikr usually includes the names of God or supplication from the Quran or hadith. It may be counted with either one's fingers or prayer beads, and may be performed alone or with a collective group. A person who recites dhikr is called a dhākir.
Complex text layout (CTL) or complex text rendering is the typesetting of writing systems in which the shape or positioning of a grapheme depends on its relation to other graphemes. The term is used in the field of software internationalization, where each grapheme is a character.
Virama is a Sanskrit phonological concept to suppress the inherent vowel that otherwise occurs with every consonant letter, commonly used as a generic term for a codepoint in Unicode, representing either
halanta, hasanta or explicit virāma, a diacritic in many Brahmic scripts, including the Devanagari and Bengali scripts, or
saṃyuktākṣara or implicit virama, a conjunct consonant or ligature.
In Unicode and the UCS, a compatibility character is a character that is encoded solely to maintain round-trip convertibility with other, often older, standards. As the Unicode Glossary says:
A character that would not have been encoded except for compatibility and round-trip convertibility with other standards
There are various systems of romanization of the Armenian alphabet.
Unicode contains a number of characters that represent various cultural, political, and religious symbols. Most, but not all, of these symbols are in the Miscellaneous Symbols block.
Word heaping is a technique used for text justification in Arabic script, in which one word can be placed over another to save space on the line.
Scheherazade New, formerly Scheherazade, is a traditional Naskh styled font for Arabic script created by SIL, freely available under the Open Font License. It supports a wide range of Arabic-based writing system encoded in Unicode. The font offers two family members: regular and bold.
↑ Deprecated as of Unicode version 6.0 UCD Change History "The particular combination of an alef with this vowel mark should be written with the sequence <U+0627 ARABIC LETTER ALEF, U+065F ARABIC WAVY HAMZA BELOW>, rather than with the character U+0673 ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH WAVY HAMZA BELOW, which has been deprecated and which is not canonically equivalent. "Section 9.2: Arabic, Additional Vowel Marks"(PDF). The Unicode Standard. The Unicode Consortium. September 2022.
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