Nabataean script

Nabataean script
Nabataean script;
Script type	Abjad
Time period	2nd century BC to 4th century AD
Direction	Right-to-left script
Languages	Nabataean Aramaic ; Nabataean Arabic
Related scripts
Parent systems	Egyptian hieroglyphs Proto-Sinaitic script Phoenician alphabet Aramaic alphabet Nabataean script; ; ; ;
Child systems	Arabic script
ISO 15924
ISO 15924	Nbat(159),Nabataean
Unicode
Unicode alias	Nabataean
Unicode range	U+10880–U+108AF ; Final Accepted Script Proposal

Last updated February 11, 2025

The Nabataean script is an abjad (consonantal alphabet) that was used to write Nabataean Aramaic and Nabataean Arabic from the second century BC onwards.^[2]^[3] Important inscriptions are found in Petra (now in Jordan), the Sinai Peninsula (now part of Egypt), and other archaeological sites including Abdah (in Palestine) and Mada'in Saleh in Saudi Arabia.

Nabataean is only known through inscriptions and, more recently, a small number of papyri.^[4] It was first deciphered in 1840 by Eduard Friedrich Ferdinand Beer.^[4] 6,000 – 7,000 Nabataean inscriptions have been published, of which more than 95% are extremely short inscriptions or graffiti, and the vast majority are undated, post-Nabataean or from outside the core Nabataean territory.^[4] A majority of inscriptions considered Nabataean were found in Sinai,^[4] and another 4,000 – 7,000 such Sinaitic inscriptions remain unpublished.^[5] Prior to the publication of Nabataean papyri, the only substantial corpus of detailed Nabataean text were the 38 funerary inscriptions from Hegra (Mada'in Salih), discovered and published by Charles Montagu Doughty, Charles Huber, Philippe Berger and Julius Euting in 1884-85.^[4]^[6]

History

The alphabet is descended from the Aramaic alphabet. In turn, a cursive form of Nabataean developed into the Arabic alphabet from the 4th century,^[3] which is why Nabataean's letterforms are intermediate between the more northerly Semitic scripts (such as the Aramaic-derived Hebrew) and those of Arabic.

Comparison with related scripts

As compared to other Aramaic-derived scripts, Nabataean developed more loops and ligatures, likely to increase speed of writing. The ligatures seem to have not been standardized and varied across places and time. There were no spaces between words. Numerals in Nabataean script were built from characters of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 20, and 100.

Name	Phoenician	Phoneme	Aramaic	Syriac	Hebrew	Arabic	Phoneme
ʾālep	_{_𐤀‎}	ʾ [ ʔ ]	𐡀‎	ܐ	א	ﺍ, ء	ʾ [ ʔ ]
bēt	_{_𐤁‎}	b [ b ]	𐡁‎	ܒ	ב	ﺏ	b [ b ]
tāw	_{_𐤕‎}	t [ t ]	𐡕‎	ܬ	ת	ت	t [ t ]
tāw	_{_𐤕‎}	t [ t ]	𐡕‎	ܬ	ת	ث	ṯ [ θ ]
gīml	_{_𐤂‎}	g [ ɡ ]	𐡂‎	ܓ	ג	ﺝ	j [ d͡ʒ ]
ḥēt	_{_𐤇‎}	ḥ [ ħ ]	𐡇‎	ܚ	ח	ح	ḥ [ ħ ]
ḥēt	_{_𐤇‎}	ḥ [ ħ ]	𐡇‎	ܚ	ח	خ	ḵ [ x ]
dālet	_{_𐤃‎}	d [ d ]	𐡃‎	ܕ	ד	د	d [ d ]
dālet	_{_𐤃‎}	d [ d ]	𐡃‎	ܕ	ד	ذ	ḏ [ ð ]
rēs, reš	_{_𐤓‎}	r [ r ]	𐡓‎	ܪ	ר	ﺭ	r [ r ]
zayin	_{_𐤆‎}	z [ z ]	𐡆‎	ܙ	ז	ﺯ	z [ z ]
śāmek	_{_𐤎‎}	ś [ s ]	𐡎‎	ܣ	ס	–	–
šīn	_{_𐤔‎}	š [ ʃ ]	𐡔‎	ܫ	ש	س, ش	s [ s ], š [ ʃ ]
ṣādē	_{_𐤑‎}	ṣ [ sˤ ]	𐡑‎	ܨ	צ	ص	ṣ [ sˤ ]
ṣādē	_{_𐤑‎}	ṣ [ sˤ ]	𐡑‎	ܨ	ץ	ض	ḍ [ dˤ ]
ṭēt	_{_𐤈‎}	ṭ [ tˤ ]	𐡈‎	ܛ	ט	ط	ṭ [ tˤ ]
ṭēt	_{_𐤈‎}	ṭ [ tˤ ]	𐡈‎	ܛ	ט	ظ	ẓ [ ðˤ ]
ʿayin	_{_𐤏‎}	ʿ [ ʕ ]	𐡏‎	ܥ	ע	ع	ʿ [ ʕ ]
ʿayin	_{_𐤏‎}	ʿ [ ʕ ]	𐡏‎	ܥ	ע	غ	ḡ [ ɣ ]
pē	_{_𐤐‎}	p [ p ]	𐡐‎	ܦ	פ ף	ف	f [ f ]
qōp	_{_𐤒‎}	q [ q ]	𐡒‎	ܩ	ק	ﻕ	q [ q ]
kāp	_{_𐤊‎}	k [ k ]	𐡊‎	ܟ	כ ך	ﻙ	k [ k ]
lāmed	_{_𐤋‎}	l [ l ]	𐡋‎	ܠ	ל	ﻝ	l [ l ]
mēm	_{_𐤌‎}	m [ m ]	𐡌‎	ܡ	מ	ﻡ	m [ m ]
nūn	_{_𐤍‎}	n [ n ]	𐡍‎	ܢ	נ	ﻥ	n [ n ]
he	_{_𐤄‎}	h [ h ]	𐡄‎	ܗ	ה	ه	h [ h ]
wāw	_{_𐤅‎}	w [ w ]	𐡅‎	ܘ	ו	ﻭ	w [ w ]
yod	_{_𐤉‎}	y [ j ]	𐡉‎	ܝ	י	ي	y [ j ]

The correspondence between the letters is based on phoneme proximity, since for example Arabic ḍād ⟨ ض ⟩ corresponds to Aramaic ʿayn ⟨ 𐡏 ⟩ not to Aramaic Ṣādhē ⟨ 𐡑 ⟩.
The table is based on the Hijāʾī order of the Arabic alphabet.
Aramaic is not derived from Syriac but it is a sister script that is still used by many churches across the Middle East, and it shares with Arabic its cursive style.
See Aramaic alphabet § Letters for a more detailed comparison of letterforms.

Corpora of inscriptions in Nabataean script

Julius Euting, Nabatäische Inschriften aus Arabien, Berlin, 1885 (online; plates available here).
Euting, Julius (1891). Sinaïtische Inschriften (in German). G. Reimer. ISBN 978-3-11-108880-8.
Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum, 1902 Pars 2, Tomus 1, Fasc 3: Inscriptiones Aramaicae
Michael E. Stone, 1992. Rock Inscriptions and Graffiti Project: Catalogue of Inscriptions
Roche, Marie-Jeanne (2019). Inscriptions nabatéennes datées de la fin du IIe siècle avant notre ère au milieu du IVe siècle (in French). Leuven. ISBN 978-90-429-3882-3. OCLC 1229107538.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

Petra inscriptions as of 1902
Sinai Peninsula inscriptions as of 1902
Wadi Mukattab inscriptions as of 1902

Unicode

The Nabataean alphabet (U+10880–U+108AF) was added to the Unicode Standard in June 2014 with the release of version 7.0.

Nabataean ^[1]^[2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	A	B	C	D	E	F
U+1088x	𐢀‎	𐢁‎	𐢂‎	𐢃‎	𐢄‎	𐢅‎	𐢆‎	𐢇‎	𐢈‎	𐢉‎	𐢊‎	𐢋‎	𐢌‎	𐢍‎	𐢎‎	𐢏‎
U+1089x	𐢐‎	𐢑‎	𐢒‎	𐢓‎	𐢔‎	𐢕‎	𐢖‎	𐢗‎	𐢘‎	𐢙‎	𐢚‎	𐢛‎	𐢜‎	𐢝‎	𐢞‎
U+108Ax								𐢧‎	𐢨‎	𐢩‎	𐢪‎	𐢫‎	𐢬‎	𐢭‎	𐢮‎	𐢯‎
Notes 1. ^ As of Unicode version 16.0 2. ^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

References

↑ Himelfarb, Elizabeth J. "First Alphabet Found in Egypt", Archaeology 53, Issue 1 (Jan./Feb. 2000): 21.
↑ Everson, Michael (2010-12-09). "N3969: Proposal for encoding the Nabataean script in the SMP of the UCS" (PDF). Working Group Document, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2.
1 2 Omniglot.
1 2 3 4 5 Healey, John F. (2011). "On Stone and Papyrus: reflections on Nabataean epigraphy". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 143 (3). Informa UK Limited: 163–165. doi:10.1179/003103211x13092562976054. ISSN 0031-0328. S2CID 162206051. Sinai, for example, is a major source of Nabataean inscriptions: the corpus of M. E. Stone contains 3,851 Nabataean items! But most were written by individuals who had no connection with Nabataea itself during the period of the Nabataean kingdom or its immediate aftermath and they may not normally have spoken Aramaic. The texts have generally been thought to have been written long after Nabataea as such disappeared.
↑ Larison, Kristine M. (2020). ""Prolific Writing": Retracing a Desert Palimpsest in the South Sinai". In A. Hoffmann (ed.). Exodus: Border Crossings in Jewish, Christian and Islamic Texts and Images. Judaism, Christianity, and Islam – Tension, Transmission, Transformation. De Gruyter. pp. 77–92. doi:10.1515/9783110618549-005. ISBN 978-3-11-061854-9. S2CID 214051677.
↑
- Charles Doughty [publ. with E. Renan], Documents épigraphiques recueillis dans le Nord de l'Arabie, Paris, Impr. nat. 1884
- Philippe Berger, Nouvelles inscriptions nabatéénes de Medain Salih, Extrait des Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Inscriptions et BellesLettres (Séance du 29. Aout 1884). Paris 1884
- Euting, J. (1885). Nabatäische Inschriften aus Arabien. Nabatäische Inschriften aus Arabien (in German). G. Reimer. ISBN 978-3-11-108878-5.
↑ Yaʻaḳov Meshorer, "Nabataean coins", Ahva Co-op Press, 1975; 114.
↑ https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces69784.html Numista

External links

The Nabataean script: a bridge between the Aramaic and Arabic alphabets.

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[1] Himelfarb, Elizabeth J. "First Alphabet Found in Egypt", Archaeology 53, Issue 1 (Jan./Feb. 2000): 21.

[2] Everson, Michael (2010-12-09). "N3969: Proposal for encoding the Nabataean script in the SMP of the UCS" (PDF). Working Group Document, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2.

[omniglot-3] 1 2 Omniglot.

[Healey-4] 1 2 3 4 5 Healey, John F. (2011). "On Stone and Papyrus: reflections on Nabataean epigraphy". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 143 (3). Informa UK Limited: 163–165. doi:10.1179/003103211x13092562976054. ISSN 0031-0328. S2CID 162206051. Sinai, for example, is a major source of Nabataean inscriptions: the corpus of M. E. Stone contains 3,851 Nabataean items! But most were written by individuals who had no connection with Nabataea itself during the period of the Nabataean kingdom or its immediate aftermath and they may not normally have spoken Aramaic. The texts have generally been thought to have been written long after Nabataea as such disappeared.

[Larison_2019-5] Larison, Kristine M. (2020). ""Prolific Writing": Retracing a Desert Palimpsest in the South Sinai". In A. Hoffmann (ed.). Exodus: Border Crossings in Jewish, Christian and Islamic Texts and Images. Judaism, Christianity, and Islam – Tension, Transmission, Transformation. De Gruyter. pp. 77–92. doi:10.1515/9783110618549-005. ISBN 978-3-11-061854-9. S2CID 214051677.

[6] 
Charles Doughty [publ. with E. Renan], Documents épigraphiques recueillis dans le Nord de l'Arabie, Paris, Impr. nat. 1884
Philippe Berger, Nouvelles inscriptions nabatéénes de Medain Salih, Extrait des Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Inscriptions et BellesLettres (Séance du 29. Aout 1884). Paris 1884
Euting, J. (1885). Nabatäische Inschriften aus Arabien. Nabatäische Inschriften aus Arabien (in German). G. Reimer. ISBN 978-3-11-108878-5.

[mwAwI] Charles Doughty [publ. with E. Renan], Documents épigraphiques recueillis dans le Nord de l'Arabie, Paris, Impr. nat. 1884

[mwAwQ] Philippe Berger, Nouvelles inscriptions nabatéénes de Medain Salih, Extrait des Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Inscriptions et BellesLettres (Séance du 29. Aout 1884). Paris 1884

[mwAwc] Euting, J. (1885). Nabatäische Inschriften aus Arabien. Nabatäische Inschriften aus Arabien (in German). G. Reimer. ISBN 978-3-11-108878-5.

[7] Yaʻaḳov Meshorer, "Nabataean coins", Ahva Co-op Press, 1975; 114.

[8] ttps://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces69784.html Numista

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