Anatolian hieroglyphs | |
---|---|
Script type | |
Time period | 14th century BC — 7th century BC |
Direction | Left-to-right |
Languages | Luwian language |
ISO 15924 | |
ISO 15924 | Hluw(080),Anatolian Hieroglyphs (Luwian Hieroglyphs, Hittite Hieroglyphs) |
Unicode | |
Unicode alias | Anatolian Hieroglyphs |
U+14400–U+1467F [1] | |
Anatolian hieroglyphs are an indigenous logographic script native to central Anatolia, consisting of some 500 signs. They were once commonly known as Hittite hieroglyphs, but the language they encode proved to be Luwian, not Hittite, and the term Luwian hieroglyphs is used in English publications. They are typologically similar to Egyptian hieroglyphs, but do not derive graphically from that script, and they are not known to have played the sacred role of hieroglyphs in Egypt. There is no demonstrable connection to Hittite cuneiform. [2] [3] [4]
Individual Anatolian hieroglyphs are attested from the second and early first millennia BC across Anatolia and into modern Syria. A biconvex bronze personal seal was found in the Troy VIIb level (later half of the 12th century BC) inscribed with Luwian Hieroglyphs. [5] The earliest examples occur on personal seals, but these consist only of names, titles, and auspicious signs, and it is not certain that they represent language. Most actual texts are found as monumental inscriptions in stone, though a few documents have survived on lead strips.
The first inscriptions confirmed as Luwian date to the Late Bronze Age, ca. 14th to 13th centuries BC. After some two centuries of sparse material, the hieroglyphs resume in the Early Iron Age, ca. 10th to 8th centuries BC. In the early 7th century BC, the Luwian hieroglyphic script, by then aged some 700 years, was marginalized by competing alphabetic scripts and fell into oblivion.
While almost [6] all the preserved texts employing Anatolian hieroglyphs are written in the Luwian language, [7] some features of the script suggest its earliest development within a bilingual Hittite-Luwian environment. For example, the sign which has the form of a "taking" or "grasping" hand has the value /ta/, which is precisely the Hittite word ta-/da- "to take," in contrast with the Luwian cognate of the same meaning which is la-. [8] There was occasionally some use of Anatolian hieroglyphs to write foreign material like Hurrian theonyms, or glosses in Urartian (such as á – ḫá+ra – ku for aqarqi or tu – ru – za for ṭerusi, two units of measurement).
As in Egyptian, characters may be logographic or phonographic—that is, they may be used to represent words or sounds. The number of phonographic signs is limited. Most represent CV syllables, though there are a few disyllabic signs. A large number of these are ambiguous as to whether the vowel is a or i. Some signs are dedicated to one use or another, but many are flexible.
Words may be written logographically, phonetically, mixed (that is, a logogram with a phonetic complement), and may be preceded by a determinative. Other than the fact that the phonetic glyphs form a syllabary rather than indicating only consonants, this system is analogous to the system of Egyptian hieroglyphs.
A more elaborate monumental style is distinguished from more abstract linear or cursive forms of the script. In general, relief inscriptions prefer monumental forms, and incised ones prefer the linear form, but the styles are in principle interchangeable. Texts of several lines are usually written in boustrophedon style. Within a line, signs are usually written in vertical columns, but as in Egyptian hieroglyphs, aesthetic considerations take precedence over correct reading order.
Anatolian hieroglyphs first came to Western attention in the nineteenth century, when European explorers such as Johann Ludwig Burckhardt and Richard Francis Burton described pictographic inscriptions on walls in the city of Hama, Syria. The same characters were recorded in Boğazköy, and presumed by A. H. Sayce to be Hittite in origin. [9]
By 1915, with the Luwian language known from cuneiform, and a substantial quantity of Anatolian hieroglyphs transcribed and published, linguists started to make real progress in reading the script. [9] In the 1930s, it was partially deciphered by Ignace Gelb, Piero Meriggi, Emil Forrer, and Bedřich Hrozný. Its language was confirmed as Luwian in 1973 by J.D. Hawkins, Anna Morpurgo Davies and Günther Neumann, who corrected some previous errors about sign values, in particular emending the reading of symbols *376 and *377 from i, ī to zi, za.
The script consists of on the order of 500 unique signs, [10] some with multiple values; a given sign may function as a logogram, a determinative or a syllabogram, or a combination thereof. The signs are numbered according to Laroche's sign list, with a prefix of 'L.' or '*'. Logograms are transcribed in Latin in capital letters. For example, *90, an image of a foot, is transcribed as PES when used logographically, and with its phonemic value ti when used as a syllabogram. In the rare cases where the logogram cannot be transliterated into Latin, it is rendered through its approximate Hittite equivalent, recorded in Italic capitals, e.g. *216 ARHA. The most up-to-date sign list was compiled by Massimiliano Marazzi in 1998. [11]
Hawkins, Morpurgo-Davies and Neumann corrected some previous errors about sign values, in particular emending the reading of symbols *376 and *377 from i, ī to zi, za.
Ca | Ci | Cu | aC | iC | uc | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a = 𔗷 á = 𔐓 | i = 𔓯 í = 𔕐 | u = 𔑻 | |||||
h- | ha = 𔓷 ha ? = 𔔁 | hi = 𔗒 hí = 𔕘 | hu = 𔕙 hú = 𔖈 | ||||
hw- | hwa = 𔘰 | hwi = 𔘰 hwiₓ = 𔓎 | |||||
k- | ka = 𔗧 ká = 𔐾 | ki = 𔗳 ki₄ = 𔔓 | ku = 𔗜 | ||||
kw- | kwa = 𔕰 | kwi = 𔕰 | |||||
l- | la = 𔓊 la = 𔗲 | li = 𔔹 li = 𔗲 | lu = 𔗲 | ||||
m- | ma = 𔒅 má = 𔖘 | mi = 𔖻 mí = 𔗘 | mu = 𔑿, 𔖛, 𔑾, 𔒀 | ||||
n- | na = 𔐤 ná = 𔕵 | ni = 𔗐 ní = 𔓵 | nu = 𔒴 nú = 𔖿 | ||||
p- | pa = 𔕸, 𔔁 ? pá = 𔘅 | pi = 𔑉 | pu = 𔕯 pú = 𔗣 | ||||
r- | ra = 𔖱 | ri = 𔖱 | ru = 𔗑 rú = 𔑳, 𔑵 | ur = 𔖙 | |||
s- | sa = 𔗔 sá = 𔗦 | si = 𔓉 sí ? = 𔗾 | su = 𔖢 sú = 𔒂 | us = 𔗚 | |||
t- | ta = 𔑰 tá = 𔐞 | ti = 𔑣 tí = 𔘟 | tu = 𔑡, 𔑢 tú = 𔕬 | ||||
w- | wa = 𔗬 wá = 𔓁 | wi = 𔒻 wi = 𔗬 | |||||
y- | ia = 𔓱 iá = 𔕑 | ||||||
z- | za = 𔖪, 𔖩 zá = 𔕹 | zi = 𔖩 zí = 𔕠 | zu ? = 𔗥, 𔕀 zú = 𔗵 |
a+ra = 𔗸 | a+ri = 𔗸 | a+tá = 𔐷 |
ara = 𔒟 | ara = 𔒠 | ari = 𔒟 |
ari = 𔒠 | ||
hara = 𔕆 | hari = 𔕆 | hur = 𔗹 |
i+ra = 𔓰 | i+ri = 𔓰 | |
kar = 𔕢 | ||
la+ra+a = 𔓍 | ||
pari = 𔐎 | ||
ra+a = 𔗸 | ri+i = 𔓰 | |
sara = 𔕕 | sari = 𔕕 | |
tal = 𔖞 | tana = 𔗢 | tapa = 𔒋 |
tár = 𔖤 | taraₓ = 𔖤 | tariₓ = 𔖤 |
tara = 𔖹 | tari = 𔖹 | |
zuwa = 𔕀 | ||
IUDEX+ra = 𔖤 | IUDEX+ri = 𔖤 |
Transliteration of logograms is conventionally the term represented in Latin, in capital letters (e.g. PES for the logogram for "foot"). The syllabograms are transliterated, disambiguating homophonic signs analogously to cuneiform transliteration, e.g. ta=ta1, tá=ta2, and ta6 transliterate three distinct ways of representing phonemic /ta/. [15] Some of the homophonic signs have received further attention and new phonetic interpretation in recent years, e.g. tà has been argued to stand for /da/, [16] and á seems to have stood for /ʔa/ (distinct from /a/), representing the descendant of Proto-Indo-European */h₁/. [17] One of the latest confirmed discoveries pertaining to the decipherment of Anatolian Hieroglyphs is the re-interpretation of the signs ta4 and ta5 as ⟨la/i⟩ and ⟨lá/í⟩ respectively [18]
This section needs expansionwith: Translation of names. You can help by adding to it. (November 2023) |
ADORARE = 𔐅 | AEDIFICARE = 𔔘, 𔒐 | AEDIFICIUM = 𔔖 | AEDIFICIUM.PONERE = 𔔘, 𔒐 |
AEDIFICIUM+MINUS = VASTUS) = 𔔗 | ALA = 𔑗 | AMPLECTI = 𔐈, 𔗱 | ANIMAL = 𔗈 |
ANNUS = 𔕺 | ANNUS+ANNUS = 𔖁 | AQUA = 𔓳, 𔓴 | AQUILA = 𔒟 |
ARGENTUM = 𔔣, 𔔤, 𔔦 | ARHA = 𔓸, 𔓹 | ASCIA = 𔔼 | ASINUS = 𔑯, 𔒍 |
ASINUS₂ = 𔑱 | AUDIRE = 𔑒, 𔓅 | AURIGA = 𔕄 | AURIS+TU+MI = 𔑒, 𔓅 |
AVIS = 𔒚 | AVIS₂ = 𔒞 | AVIS₃ = 𔒜 | AVIS₄ = 𔒟 |
AVIS₅ = 𔒝 | AVISₓ = 𔒡 | AVUS = 𔕳 | BESTIA = 𔑫 |
BIBERE = 𔐇 | BONUS = 𔕧 (2nd mil.), 𔓀 | BONUS₂ = 𔖢 | BOS = 𔑺 |
BOS₂ = 𔑼 | BOS+MI = 𔑾 | BOS.MI = 𔒀 | BOS₂.MI = 𔒁 |
BRACCHIUM = 𔐡 | CAELUM = 𔓑 | CANIS = 𔑬 | CANIS₂ = 𔑭 |
CAPERE = 𔐫 | CAPERE+SCALPRUM = 𔕲 | CAPERE₂ = 𔐮, 𔒣 | CAPERE₂.CAPERE₂ = 𔐭 |
CAPRA = 𔑶 | CAPRA₂ = 𔑸 | CAPRA2A = 𔑹 | CAPUT = 𔐉 |
CAPUT+SCALPRUM = 𔐊 | CASTRUM = 𔔉, 𔔊, 𔔋 | CENTUM = 𔗃, 𔕂, 𔕔 | CERVUS = 𔑳 |
CERVUS₂ = 𔑴 | CERVUS₃ = 𔑵 | CONTRACTUS = 𔖅 | COR = 𔖂 |
CORNU = 𔒂 | CORNU+CAPUT = 𔙀 | CRUS = 𔑛 | CRUS₂ = 𔑝 |
CRUS.CRUS = 𔑟, 𔑠 | CRUS+FLUMEN = 𔑜 | CRUX = 𔕛 | CUBITUM = 𔔕 |
CULTER = 𔕿 | CUM = 𔑀 | CURRUS = 𔕃 | DARE = 𔑈 |
DARE.DARE = 𔑊 | DECEM = 𔗁 | DELERE = 𔔚 | DEUS = 𔖖 |
DEUS.DOMUS = 𔔛 | (DEUS)VIA+TERRA = 𔓧 | DIES = 𔖓, 𔖔, 𔖕 | DOMINA = 𔐏 |
DOMINUS = 𔖺 | DOMUS = 𔔙 | DOMUS+MINUS = 𔔚 | DOMUS+SCALA = 𔔞, 𔔟 |
DOMUS+X = 𔔝 | EDERE = 𔐆 | EGO = 𔐀, 𔘞 ? | EGO₂ = 𔐁 |
ENSIS = 𔐻 | EQUUS = 𔑮 | EUNUCHUS = 𔘑, 𔘐 | EUNUCHUS₂ = |
EXERCITUS = 𔔰 | FALX ? = 𔘝 | FEMINA = 𔑘, 𔗌 | FILIA = 𔐱 |
FILIUS = 𔐰 | FILIUS.NEPOS = 𔕒 | FINES = 𔓸 | FINES+ha = 𔓹 |
FLAMMAE ? = 𔘔, 𔗅, 𔘖 | FLUMEN = 𔓳, 𔓴 | FONS = 𔓶 | FORTIS = 𔐝 |
FRATER = 𔐰 | FRATER₂ = 𔔷 | FRONS = 𔐚, 𔒉 | FULGUR = 𔓣 |
FUSUS = 𔕗 | GAZELLA = 𔑶 | GENUFLECTERE = 𔑞 | GRYLLUS = 𔒑 |
HÁ+LI = 𔓠 | HALA = 𔕈 | HALI = 𔕈 | HALPA = 𔑞 |
HANA = 𔘮 | HASTARIUS = 𔓈 | HATTI = 𔓟 | HATTI+li = 𔓠 |
HEROS = 𔐕 | HORDEUM = 𔓎, 𔗻, 𔗼 | HORREUM ? = 𔔡, 𔔢 | HUR = 𔗹 |
HWI = 𔘰 | IANUS = 𔒯 | INFANS = 𔐰 | INFRA = 𔐾, 𔐿 |
IRA = 𔐘 | IŠUWA(URBS) = 𔔃 | IUDEX = 𔖣 | IUDEX.LA = 𔔸 |
IUSTITIA = 𔖣 | IUSTITIA.LA = 𔔸 | LA+LA = 𔓋 | LAPIS = 𔔮 |
LAPIS+SCALPRUM = 𔔭 | LECTUS = 𔕓 | LEO = 𔑪 | LEO₂ = 𔑫 |
LEO+MONS.TU+LEO = 𔓭 | LEPUS = 𔒋 | LEPUS₂ = 𔒌 | LIₓ = 𔒗 |
LIBARE = 𔐜 | LIBATIO = 𔒤 | LIGARE = 𔐠 | LIGNUM = 𔖰, 𔓄 |
LINGERE = 𔒈 | LINGUA = 𔓊 | LINGUA+CLAVUS = 𔓌 | LIS = 𔐘 |
LITUUS = 𔖫 | LITUUS+Á/LITUUS+á = 𔐔 | LITUUS+na = 𔐥 | LITUUS+u = 𔒊 |
LOCUS = 𔓤, 𔕝 | LOQUI = 𔐖 | LUNA = 𔓜 | MAₓ = 𔒃 |
MAGNUS = 𔖙 | MAGNUS.DOMINA = 𔐐 | MAGNUS.DOMUS = 𔔜 | MAGNUS.FILIA = 𔐴 |
MAGNUS.REX = 𔐒 | MALLEUS = 𔔻 | MALUS = 𔖟 | MALUS₂ = 𔖠 |
MANDARE = 𔑊 | MANUS = 𔑁, 𔑂, 𔑂 | MANUS.CULTER = 𔐺 | MANUS+CULTER = 𔐻 |
MANUS+MINUS ? (LONGUS) = 𔑄, 𔑍 | MATER = 𔑘, 𔗌 | MENSA = 𔕊 | MENSA₂ = 𔕋 |
MÍ.REGIO = 𔔇 | MILLE = 𔗄 | MINISTRARE ? = 𔓐 | MINUS = 𔖮 |
MONS = 𔓬 | MONS₂ = 𔐃 | MONS.SARPA = 𔕍, 𔕎 | MORI = 𔖯 |
MURUS ? = 𔔎 | NEG = 𔕴 | NEG₂ = 𔕵 | NEG₃ = 𔕶 |
NEPOS = 𔕒 | OCCIDENS = 𔖬 | OCULUS = 𔐙 | OMNIS(+MI) = 𔖝 |
OMNIS₂ = 𔗣 | ORIENS = 𔓛 | OVIS = 𔒇 | OVIS₂ = 𔘺 |
PANIS = 𔓐 | PANIS.SCUTELLA = 𔗛 | PASTOR = 𔗫 | PES = 𔑣 |
PES₂ = 𔑦 | PES₂.PES = 𔑩 | PES₂.PES₂ = 𔑨 | PES.SCALA.ROTAE = 𔑤, 𔑥, 𔑧 |
PINCERNA = 𔖆, 𔖍, 𔖎, 𔖏, 𔘻 | PISCIS = 𔒥 | PITHOS = 𔕾 | PITHOS.SCUTELLA/PITHOS = 𔕺 |
POCULUM = 𔖇 | PODIUM = 𔔪 | PONERE = 𔑇 | PORTA = 𔔏, 𔔐 |
PORTA₂ = 𔔑 | POST = 𔐣 | PRAE = 𔐍, 𔐎 | PROPHETA ? = 𔙀 |
PUGNUS = 𔐨, 𔐪, 𔐯 | PUGNUS+PUGNUS = 𔐠 | PUGNUS+URBS = 𔐹 | PUGNUS+X = 𔐩 |
PURUS = 𔕩, 𔕪 | REGIO = 𔔆 | REL = 𔕰 | REX = 𔐑 |
REX.FILIA = 𔐳 | REX.FILIUS = 𔐲 | REX.INFANS = 𔐲 | ROTA = 𔕈 |
SACERDOS = 𔖐 | SACERDOS₂ = 𔖥 | SARA = 𔕕 | SARI = 𔕕 |
SARMA = 𔑙, 𔑚 | SARMA₂ = 𔑙, 𔑚 | SARPA = 𔕋 | SCALPRUM = 𔔯 |
SCRIBA = 𔕭 | SCUTELLA = 𔗆 | SCUTUM = 𔔳 | SERVUS = 𔖷 |
SIGILLUM = 𔕮 | SOL = 𔓚, 𔘈, 𔘊 | SOL₂ = 𔓙 | SOL₂.MENSA = 𔕌 |
SOL₂.THRONUS = 𔕌 | SOLIUM = 𔕐 | SPHINX = 𔒒 | STATUA = 𔐌 |
STELE = 𔔭 | SUB = 𔐾, 𔐿 | SUPER = 𔔱 (earlier variant), 𔑏 | TÁ (?) = 𔐞 |
TAL (?) = 𔖞 | TALA (?) = 𔖞 | TANA (?) = 𔗢 | TELIPINU = 𔒲 |
TERRA = 𔓤, 𔕝 | TEŠUB = 𔕥 | THRONUS = 𔕊 | THRONUS = 𔕋 |
THRONUS₂ = 𔕏 | TONITRUS = 𔓢 | TURRIS ? = 𔔍 | UNGULA = 𔒗 |
UNUS = 𔖭 | UR = 𔖙 | URBS = 𔔂 | URBS+li = 𔔅 |
URBS-li = 𔔅 | URBS-RA+li = 𔔄 | URBS-RI?+li = 𔔄 | URBS+RA-li = 𔔄 |
URBS+RI?-li = 𔔄 | URCEUS = 𔖆, 𔖍, 𔖎, 𔖏, 𔘻 | US = 𔗚 | VACUUS = = 𔔗 |
VAS = 𔖂 | VASTUS = 𔔗 | VIA = 𔓾, 𔑕, 𔓿 | VIA+TERRA.SCALPRUM = 𔓥 |
VIA+TERRA+SCALPRUM = 𔓦 | VINUM = 𔒻 | VIR = 𔕟 (earlier variant), 𔕠 | VIR₂ = 𔖶 (word separator) |
VIR₂.MINUS = 𔖯 | VITA = 𔖡 | VITELLUS = 𔒃 | VITIS = 𔒻 |
2 = 𔖳 | 3 = 𔖸 | 4 = 𔖻 | 5 = 𔖼 |
8 = 𔖽 | 9 = 𔖿 | 12 = 𔘍 |
Anatolian hieroglyphs were added to the Unicode Standard in June, 2015 with the release of version 8.0.
The Unicode block for Anatolian Hieroglyphs is U+14400–U+1467F:
Anatolian Hieroglyphs [1] [2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
U+1440x | 𔐀 | 𔐁 | 𔐂 | 𔐃 | 𔐄 | 𔐅 | 𔐆 | 𔐇 | 𔐈 | 𔐉 | 𔐊 | 𔐋 | 𔐌 | 𔐍 | 𔐎 | 𔐏 |
U+1441x | 𔐐 | 𔐑 | 𔐒 | 𔐓 | 𔐔 | 𔐕 | 𔐖 | 𔐗 | 𔐘 | 𔐙 | 𔐚 | 𔐛 | 𔐜 | 𔐝 | 𔐞 | 𔐟 |
U+1442x | 𔐠 | 𔐡 | 𔐢 | 𔐣 | 𔐤 | 𔐥 | 𔐦 | 𔐧 | 𔐨 | 𔐩 | 𔐪 | 𔐫 | 𔐬 | 𔐭 | 𔐮 | 𔐯 |
U+1443x | 𔐰 | 𔐱 | 𔐲 | 𔐳 | 𔐴 | 𔐵 | 𔐶 | 𔐷 | 𔐸 | 𔐹 | 𔐺 | 𔐻 | 𔐼 | 𔐽 | 𔐾 | 𔐿 |
U+1444x | 𔑀 | 𔑁 | 𔑂 | 𔑃 | 𔑄 | 𔑅 | 𔑆 | 𔑇 | 𔑈 | 𔑉 | 𔑊 | 𔑋 | 𔑌 | 𔑍 | 𔑎 | 𔑏 |
U+1445x | 𔑐 | 𔑑 | 𔑒 | 𔑓 | 𔑔 | 𔑕 | 𔑖 | 𔑗 | 𔑘 | 𔑙 | 𔑚 | 𔑛 | 𔑜 | 𔑝 | 𔑞 | 𔑟 |
U+1446x | 𔑠 | 𔑡 | 𔑢 | 𔑣 | 𔑤 | 𔑥 | 𔑦 | 𔑧 | 𔑨 | 𔑩 | 𔑪 | 𔑫 | 𔑬 | 𔑭 | 𔑮 | 𔑯 |
U+1447x | 𔑰 | 𔑱 | 𔑲 | 𔑳 | 𔑴 | 𔑵 | 𔑶 | 𔑷 | 𔑸 | 𔑹 | 𔑺 | 𔑻 | 𔑼 | 𔑽 | 𔑾 | 𔑿 |
U+1448x | 𔒀 | 𔒁 | 𔒂 | 𔒃 | 𔒄 | 𔒅 | 𔒆 | 𔒇 | 𔒈 | 𔒉 | 𔒊 | 𔒋 | 𔒌 | 𔒍 | 𔒎 | 𔒏 |
U+1449x | 𔒐 | 𔒑 | 𔒒 | 𔒓 | 𔒔 | 𔒕 | 𔒖 | 𔒗 | 𔒘 | 𔒙 | 𔒚 | 𔒛 | 𔒜 | 𔒝 | 𔒞 | 𔒟 |
U+144Ax | 𔒠 | 𔒡 | 𔒢 | 𔒣 | 𔒤 | 𔒥 | 𔒦 | 𔒧 | 𔒨 | 𔒩 | 𔒪 | 𔒫 | 𔒬 | 𔒭 | 𔒮 | 𔒯 |
U+144Bx | 𔒰 | 𔒱 | 𔒲 | 𔒳 | 𔒴 | 𔒵 | 𔒶 | 𔒷 | 𔒸 | 𔒹 | 𔒺 | 𔒻 | 𔒼 | 𔒽 | 𔒾 | 𔒿 |
U+144Cx | 𔓀 | 𔓁 | 𔓂 | 𔓃 | 𔓄 | 𔓅 | 𔓆 | 𔓇 | 𔓈 | 𔓉 | 𔓊 | 𔓋 | 𔓌 | 𔓍 | 𔓎 | 𔓏 |
U+144Dx | 𔓐 | 𔓑 | 𔓒 | 𔓓 | 𔓔 | 𔓕 | 𔓖 | 𔓗 | 𔓘 | 𔓙 | 𔓚 | 𔓛 | 𔓜 | 𔓝 | 𔓞 | 𔓟 |
U+144Ex | 𔓠 | 𔓡 | 𔓢 | 𔓣 | 𔓤 | 𔓥 | 𔓦 | 𔓧 | 𔓨 | 𔓩 | 𔓪 | 𔓫 | 𔓬 | 𔓭 | 𔓮 | 𔓯 |
U+144Fx | 𔓰 | 𔓱 | 𔓲 | 𔓳 | 𔓴 | 𔓵 | 𔓶 | 𔓷 | 𔓸 | 𔓹 | 𔓺 | 𔓻 | 𔓼 | 𔓽 | 𔓾 | 𔓿 |
U+1450x | 𔔀 | 𔔁 | 𔔂 | 𔔃 | 𔔄 | 𔔅 | 𔔆 | 𔔇 | 𔔈 | 𔔉 | 𔔊 | 𔔋 | 𔔌 | 𔔍 | 𔔎 | 𔔏 |
U+1451x | 𔔐 | 𔔑 | 𔔒 | 𔔓 | 𔔔 | 𔔕 | 𔔖 | 𔔗 | 𔔘 | 𔔙 | 𔔚 | 𔔛 | 𔔜 | 𔔝 | 𔔞 | 𔔟 |
U+1452x | 𔔠 | 𔔡 | 𔔢 | 𔔣 | 𔔤 | 𔔥 | 𔔦 | 𔔧 | 𔔨 | 𔔩 | 𔔪 | 𔔫 | 𔔬 | 𔔭 | 𔔮 | 𔔯 |
U+1453x | 𔔰 | 𔔱 | 𔔲 | 𔔳 | 𔔴 | 𔔵 | 𔔶 | 𔔷 | 𔔸 | 𔔹 | 𔔺 | 𔔻 | 𔔼 | 𔔽 | 𔔾 | 𔔿 |
U+1454x | 𔕀 | 𔕁 | 𔕂 | 𔕃 | 𔕄 | 𔕅 | 𔕆 | 𔕇 | 𔕈 | 𔕉 | 𔕊 | 𔕋 | 𔕌 | 𔕍 | 𔕎 | 𔕏 |
U+1455x | 𔕐 | 𔕑 | 𔕒 | 𔕓 | 𔕔 | 𔕕 | 𔕖 | 𔕗 | 𔕘 | 𔕙 | 𔕚 | 𔕛 | 𔕜 | 𔕝 | 𔕞 | 𔕟 |
U+1456x | 𔕠 | 𔕡 | 𔕢 | 𔕣 | 𔕤 | 𔕥 | 𔕦 | 𔕧 | 𔕨 | 𔕩 | 𔕪 | 𔕫 | 𔕬 | 𔕭 | 𔕮 | 𔕯 |
U+1457x | 𔕰 | 𔕱 | 𔕲 | 𔕳 | 𔕴 | 𔕵 | 𔕶 | 𔕷 | 𔕸 | 𔕹 | 𔕺 | 𔕻 | 𔕼 | 𔕽 | 𔕾 | 𔕿 |
U+1458x | 𔖀 | 𔖁 | 𔖂 | 𔖃 | 𔖄 | 𔖅 | 𔖆 | 𔖇 | 𔖈 | 𔖉 | 𔖊 | 𔖋 | 𔖌 | 𔖍 | 𔖎 | 𔖏 |
U+1459x | 𔖐 | 𔖑 | 𔖒 | 𔖓 | 𔖔 | 𔖕 | 𔖖 | 𔖗 | 𔖘 | 𔖙 | 𔖚 | 𔖛 | 𔖜 | 𔖝 | 𔖞 | 𔖟 |
U+145Ax | 𔖠 | 𔖡 | 𔖢 | 𔖣 | 𔖤 | 𔖥 | 𔖦 | 𔖧 | 𔖨 | 𔖩 | 𔖪 | 𔖫 | 𔖬 | 𔖭 | 𔖮 | 𔖯 |
U+145Bx | 𔖰 | 𔖱 | 𔖲 | 𔖳 | 𔖴 | 𔖵 | 𔖶 | 𔖷 | 𔖸 | 𔖹 | 𔖺 | 𔖻 | 𔖼 | 𔖽 | 𔖾 | 𔖿 |
U+145Cx | 𔗀 | 𔗁 | 𔗂 | 𔗃 | 𔗄 | 𔗅 | 𔗆 | 𔗇 | 𔗈 | 𔗉 | 𔗊 | 𔗋 | 𔗌 | 𔗍 | 𔗎 | 𔗏 |
U+145Dx | 𔗐 | 𔗑 | 𔗒 | 𔗓 | 𔗔 | 𔗕 | 𔗖 | 𔗗 | 𔗘 | 𔗙 | 𔗚 | 𔗛 | 𔗜 | 𔗝 | 𔗞 | 𔗟 |
U+145Ex | 𔗠 | 𔗡 | 𔗢 | 𔗣 | 𔗤 | 𔗥 | 𔗦 | 𔗧 | 𔗨 | 𔗩 | 𔗪 | 𔗫 | 𔗬 | 𔗭 | 𔗮 | 𔗯 |
U+145Fx | 𔗰 | 𔗱 | 𔗲 | 𔗳 | 𔗴 | 𔗵 | 𔗶 | 𔗷 | 𔗸 | 𔗹 | 𔗺 | 𔗻 | 𔗼 | 𔗽 | 𔗾 | 𔗿 |
U+1460x | 𔘀 | 𔘁 | 𔘂 | 𔘃 | 𔘄 | 𔘅 | 𔘆 | 𔘇 | 𔘈 | 𔘉 | 𔘊 | 𔘋 | 𔘌 | 𔘍 | 𔘎 | 𔘏 |
U+1461x | 𔘐 | 𔘑 | 𔘒 | 𔘓 | 𔘔 | 𔘕 | 𔘖 | 𔘗 | 𔘘 | 𔘙 | 𔘚 | 𔘛 | 𔘜 | 𔘝 | 𔘞 | 𔘟 |
U+1462x | 𔘠 | 𔘡 | 𔘢 | 𔘣 | 𔘤 | 𔘥 | 𔘦 | 𔘧 | 𔘨 | 𔘩 | 𔘪 | 𔘫 | 𔘬 | 𔘭 | 𔘮 | 𔘯 |
U+1463x | 𔘰 | 𔘱 | 𔘲 | 𔘳 | 𔘴 | 𔘵 | 𔘶 | 𔘷 | 𔘸 | 𔘹 | 𔘺 | 𔘻 | 𔘼 | 𔘽 | 𔘾 | 𔘿 |
U+1464x | 𔙀 | 𔙁 | 𔙂 | 𔙃 | 𔙄 | 𔙅 | 𔙆 | |||||||||
U+1465x | ||||||||||||||||
U+1466x | ||||||||||||||||
U+1467x | ||||||||||||||||
Notes |
Egyptian hieroglyphs were the formal writing system used in Ancient Egypt for writing the Egyptian language. Hieroglyphs combined logographic, syllabic and alphabetic elements, with more than 100 distinct characters. Cursive hieroglyphs were used for religious literature on papyrus and wood. The later hieratic and demotic Egyptian scripts were derived from hieroglyphic writing, as was the Proto-Sinaitic script that later evolved into the Phoenician alphabet. Through the Phoenician alphabet's major child systems, the Egyptian hieroglyphic script is ancestral to the majority of scripts in modern use, most prominently the Latin and Cyrillic scripts and the Arabic script, and possibly the Brahmic family of scripts.
In a written language, a logogram, also logograph or lexigraph, is a written character that represents a semantic component of a language, such as a word or morpheme. Chinese characters as used in Chinese as well as other languages are logograms, as are Egyptian hieroglyphs and characters in cuneiform script. A writing system that primarily uses logograms is called a logography. Non-logographic writing systems, such as alphabets and syllabaries, are phonemic: their individual symbols represent sounds directly and lack any inherent meaning. However, all known logographies have some phonetic component, generally based on the rebus principle, and the addition of a phonetic component to pure ideographs is considered to be a key innovation in enabling the writing system to adequately encode human language.
The Anatolian languages are an extinct branch of Indo-European languages that were spoken in Anatolia, part of present-day Turkey. The best known Anatolian language is Hittite, which is considered the earliest-attested Indo-European language.
The Lycian language was the language of the ancient Lycians who occupied the Anatolian region known during the Iron Age as Lycia. Most texts date back to the fifth and fourth century BC. Two languages are known as Lycian: regular Lycian or Lycian A, and Lycian B or Milyan. Lycian became extinct around the beginning of the first century BC, replaced by the Ancient Greek language during the Hellenization of Anatolia. Lycian had its own alphabet, which was closely related to the Greek alphabet but included at least one character borrowed from Carian as well as characters proper to the language. The words were often separated by two points.
Luwian, sometimes known as Luvian or Luish, is an ancient language, or group of languages, within the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family. The ethnonym Luwian comes from Luwiya – the name of the region in which the Luwians lived. Luwiya is attested, for example, in the Hittite laws.
Cuneiform is a logo-syllabic writing system that was used to write several languages of the Ancient Near East. The script was in active use from the early Bronze Age until the beginning of the Common Era. Cuneiform scripts are marked by and named for the characteristic wedge-shaped impressions which form their signs. Cuneiform is the earliest known writing system and was originally developed to write the Sumerian language of southern Mesopotamia.
Hittite, also known as Nesite, is an extinct Indo-European language that was spoken by the Hittites, a people of Bronze Age Anatolia who created an empire centred on Hattusa, as well as parts of the northern Levant and Upper Mesopotamia. The language, now long extinct, is attested in cuneiform, in records dating from the 17th to the 13th centuries BC, with isolated Hittite loanwords and numerous personal names appearing in an Old Assyrian context from as early as the 20th century BC, making it the earliest attested use of the Indo-European languages.
Palaic is an extinct Indo-European language, attested in cuneiform tablets in Bronze Age Hattusa, the capital of the Hittites. Palaic, which was apparently spoken mainly in northern Anatolia, is generally considered to be one of four primary sub-divisions of the Anatolian languages, alongside Hittite, Luwic and Lydian.
Šarruma, also romanized as Šarrumma or Sharruma, was a Hurrian god. He could be depicted in both anthropomorphic form, sometimes riding on the back of a leopard, and in the theriomorphic form as a bull. His character is not fully understood, though it is known that he could function as a mountain god. He was regarded as a son of Ḫepat and Teshub. He was also linked to various moon deities. Additionally, the only mythological text he appears in addresses him as a messenger (sukkalu) of Kumarbi. He was worshiped by Hurrians in southeastern Anatolia and northern Syria, for example in Kummanni and Lawazantiya in Kizzuwatna. From this kingdom he was introduced to the Hittite pantheon as well. Hittite influence in turn resulted in his introduction to cities such as Aleppo, Emar and Ugarit. He was also venerated in Luwian religion in the first millennium BCE, with theophoric names invoking him attested from as late as the Hellenistic period in Cilicia and Lycia.
The Carian language is an extinct language of the Luwic subgroup of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family, spoken by the Carians. The known corpus is small, and the majority comes from Egypt. Circa 170 Carian inscriptions from Egypt are known, whilst only circa 30 are known from Caria itself.
A determinative, also known as a taxogram or semagram, is an ideogram used to mark semantic categories of words in logographic scripts which helps to disambiguate interpretation. They have no direct counterpart in spoken language, though they may derive historically from glyphs for real words, and functionally they resemble classifiers in East Asian and sign languages. For example, Egyptian hieroglyphic determinatives include symbols for divinities, people, parts of the body, animals, plants, and books/abstract ideas, which helped in reading, but none of which were pronounced.
Many people have claimed to have deciphered the Phaistos Disc.
Hieroglyphic Luwian (luwili) is a variant of the Luwian language, recorded in official and royal seals and a small number of monumental inscriptions. It is written in a hieroglyphic script known as Anatolian hieroglyphs.
The İvriz relief is a Hittite rock relief in south-central Anatolia, located in the town of Aydınkent, formerly called İvriz. The rock relief is on a rock face near the source of the İvriz Suyu, whose water has damaged the relief in modern times. It depicts the late 8th-century BC king Warpalawas and the storm-god Tarhunzas and is accompanied by a hieroglyphic Luwian inscription. Rock reliefs are a prominent aspect of Hittite art.
The Luwians were an ancient people in Anatolia who spoke the Luwian language. During the Bronze Age, Luwians formed part of the population of the Hittite Empire and adjoining states such as Kizzuwatna. During the Hittite New Kingdom, Luwian replaced Hittite as the empire's dominant language. In the early Iron Age, a number of Luwian-speaking Neo-Hittite states arose in northern Syria. The Luwians are known largely from their language, and it is unclear to what extent they formed a unified cultural or political group.
A writing system comprises a particular set of symbols, called a script, as well as the rules by which the script represents a particular language. Writing systems can generally be classified according to how symbols function according to these rules, with the most common types being alphabets, syllabaries, and logographies. Alphabets use symbols called letters that correspond to spoken phonemes. Abjads generally only have letters for consonants, while pure alphabets have letters for both consonants and vowels. Abugidas use characters that correspond to consonant–vowel pairs. Syllabaries use symbols called syllabograms to represent syllables or moras. Logographies use characters that represent semantic units, such as words or morphemes.
Šanta (Santa) was a god worshiped in Bronze Age Anatolia by Luwians and Hittites. It is presumed that he was regarded as a warlike deity, and that he could additionally be associated with plagues and possibly with the underworld, though the latter proposal is not universally accepted. In known texts he frequently appears alongside Iyarri, a deity of similar character. He is first attested in documents from Kanesh dated to the Old Assyrian period, and continues to appear in later treaties, ritual texts and theophoric names. He is also present in an offering lists from Emar written in Akkadian, though he did not belong to the local pantheon and rituals involving him were only performed on behalf of the Hittite administration by local inhabitants.
The House of Astiruwa was the last known dynasty of rulers of Carchemish. The members of this dynasty are best known to us through Hieroglyphic Luwian sources. One member of the House of Astiruwa may also be referred to in Assyrian sources.
Frederik Christiaan Woudhuizen was a Dutch independent scholar who studied ancient Indo-European languages, hieroglyphic Luvian/Luwian, and Mediterranean protohistory. He was the former editor of Talanta, Proceedings of the Dutch Archaeological and Historical Society.
Luwian Studies is an independent, private, non-profit foundation based in Zürich, Switzerland. Its sole purpose is to promote the study of cultures of the second millennium BC in western Asia Minor. The foundation encourages and supports archaeological, linguistic and natural scientific investigations to complete the understanding of Middle and Late Bronze Age Mediterranean cultures. Western Anatolia was, at that point in time, home to groups of people who spoke Luwian, an Indo-European language.