Ahom script

Ahom script
𑜒𑜑𑜪𑜨
Ahom script; 𑜒𑜑𑜪𑜨
	'Ahom' in Ahom script
Script type	Abugida
Time period	13th century–19th century
Direction	Left-to-right
Languages	Ahom language, Assamese language (rarely)
Related scripts
Parent systems	Proto-Sinaitic alphabet Phoenician alphabet Aramaic alphabet Brāhmī Tamil-Brahmi Pallava script Mon–Burmese script Lik-Tai scripts Ahom script; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Sister systems	Tai Le, Khamti
ISO 15924
ISO 15924	Ahom(338),Ahom, Tai Ahom
Unicode
Unicode alias	Ahom
Unicode range	U+11700–U+1173F

Last updated October 24, 2024

This article contains uncommon Unicode characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of the intended characters.

The Ahom script or Tai Ahom Script is an abugida that is used to write the Ahom language, a dormant Tai language undergoing revival spoken by the Ahom people till the late 18th-century, who established the Ahom kingdom and ruled the eastern part of the Brahmaputra valley between the 13th and the 18th centuries.^[4] The old Ahom language today survives in the numerous manuscripts written in this script currently in institutional and private possession.

History

The Ahom script was probably ultimately derived from the Indic, or Brahmi script,^[4] the root of almost all the Indic and Southeast Asian abugidas. It is probably of South Indic origin.^[5] The Brahmi script spread in a peaceful manner, Indianization, or the spread of Indian learning. It spread naturally to Southeast Asia, at ports on trading routes.^[6] At these trading posts, ancient inscriptions have been found in Sanskrit, using scripts that originated in India. At first, inscriptions were made in Indian languages, but later the scripts were used to write the local Southeast Asian languages. Hereafter, local varieties of the scripts were developed. By the 8th century, the scripts had diverged and separated into regional scripts.^[7]

It is believed that the Ahom people adopted their script from either Old Mon or Old Burmese, in Upper Myanmar before migrating to the Brahmaputra Valley in the 13th century. This is supported based on similar shapes of characters between Ahom and Old Mon and Old Burmese scripts. It is clear, however, that the script and language would have changed during the few hundred years it was in use.^[8] The Lik Tai script featured on a 1407 Ming dynasty scroll exhibits many features of the Burmese script, including fourteen of the nineteen consonants, three medial diacritics and the high tone marker. According to the scholar Daniels, this shows that the Tai borrowed from the Burmese script to create their own script; the Lik Tai script was derived from the Burmese script, as it could only have been created by someone proficient in Burmese. Daniels also argues that, unlike previously thought, the Lik Tho Ngok script is not the origin of the other Lik Tai scripts, as the 1407 Lik Tai script shows greater similarity to the Ahom script, which has been attested earlier than the Lik Tho Ngok script.^[3] Other "Lik" scripts are used for the Khamti, Phake, Aiton and Tai Nuea languages, as well as for other Tai languages across Northern Myanmar and Assam, in Northeast India. The Lik scripts have a limited inventory of 16 to 18 consonant symbols compared to the Tai Tham script, which possibly indicates that the scripts were not developed for writing Pali.^[9]

The earliest coins minted in the Ahom script and language were made during the reign of Subinphaa (1281-1293 AD).^[10] Samples of writing in the Ahom Script (Buranji's) remain stored in Assamese collections. The manuscripts were reportedly traditionally produced on paper prepared from agarwood (locally known as sachi) bark.^[8] Assamese replaced Ahom during the 17th century.^[11]

The Ahom script is no longer used by the Ahom people to read and write in everyday life. However, it retains cultural significance and is used for religious chants and to read literature.^[4] Ahom's literary tradition provides a window into the past, of Ahom's culture.^[12] A printed form of the font was developed in 1920, to be used in the first "Ahom-Assamese-English Dictionary".^[8]

The Ahom script
An Ahom manuscript preserved in the Department of Historical and Antiquarian Studies, Pan Bazaar, Guwahati.
Coin of Ahom king Sunyatphaa in Ahom script

Characteristics

Like most abugidas, each letter has an inherent vowel of /a/.^[13] Other vowels are indicated by using diacritics, which can appear above, below, to the left, or to the right of the consonant. The script does not, however, indicate tones used in the language.^[8] The Ahom script is further complicated as it contains inconsistencies; a consonant may be written once in a word, but pronounced twice, common words may be shortened, and consecutive words with the same initial consonant may be contracted.^[8]

Consonants

Ahom consonants
𑜀 ka IPA: /ka/	𑜁 kha IPA: /kʰa/	𑜕𑜖 ga IPA: /ga/ ^{[note 1]}	𑜗 gha IPA: /gʰa/	𑜂 nga IPA: /ŋa/
𑝀 ca IPA: /ca/	𑜋 cha IPA: /cʰa/	𑜊 ja IPA: /ja/	𑜙 jha IPA: /jʰa/	𑜐 nya IPA: /ɲa/
𑝁 ṭa IPA: /ʈa/	𑝂 ṭha IPA: /ʈʰa/	𑝃 ḍa IPA: /ɖa/	𑝄 ḍha IPA: /ɖʰa/	𑝅 ṇa IPA: /ɳa/
𑜄𑜅 ta IPA: /ta/ ^{[note 2]}	𑜌 tha IPA: /tʰa/	𑜓 da IPA: /da/	𑜔 dha IPA: /dʰa/	𑜃 na IPA: /na/
𑜆 pa IPA: /pa/	𑜇 pha IPA: /pʰa/	𑜈𑜚 ba IPA: /ba/ ^{[note 3]}	𑜘 bha IPA: /bʰa/	𑜉 ma IPA: /ma/
𑜍 ra IPA: /ra/	𑜎 la IPA: /la/	𑝆 ḷa IPA: /ɭa/	𑜏 sa IPA: /sa/	𑜑 ha IPA: /ha/
		𑜒 a ^{[note 4]}

↑ Font variants.
↑ The second version of this letter is ta and ja conjoined, with ta shortened.
↑ A font variant of Ba. The second version is used as va in Sajjhaya spelling.
↑ This letter is not an independent vowel, but acts as a null consonant that can be combined with a vowel diacritic to write initial vowels.

The following medial consonant diacritics are used to form consonant clusters with /l/ and /r/, such as /kl/ and /kr/.

Medial consonants
◌𑜝 Medial la IPA: /l/	◌𑜞 Medial ra IPA: /r/	◌𑜟 IPA: /r/ Medial ligating ra

Vowels

The following vowel diacritics are added to an initial consonant:

Vowel diacritics
𑜠 a IPA: /a/	𑜡 aa IPA: /a:/	◌𑜢 i IPA: /i/	◌𑜣 ii IPA: /i:/	◌𑜤 u IPA: /u/	◌𑜥 uu IPA: /u:/	𑜦 e IPA: /e/	◌𑜩 ai IPA: /ai/	◌𑜨 o IPA: /o/	◌𑜧 aw IPA: /aw/	◌𑜪 am IPA: /am/

To write a consonant without a vowel, the virama ⟨◌𑜫⟩ is used.^[14]

Punctuation

The following characters are used for punctuation:^[14]

Punctuation
𑜼 Separates small sections.	𑜽 Separates sections.	𑜾 Marks paragraphs.	𑜿 Exclamation mark.

Numerals

The Ahom script contains its own set of numerals:^[14]

Ahom numerals
0 𑜰	1 𑜱	2 𑜲	3 𑜳	4 𑜴	5 𑜵	6 𑜶	7 𑜷	8 𑜸	9 𑜹	10 𑜺	20 𑜻

Unicode

Ahom script was added to the Unicode Standard in June, 2015 with the release of version 8.0. The Ahom block was expended by 16 code points with Unicode 14.0.

The Unicode block for Ahom is U+11700–U+1174F:

Ahom ^[1]^[2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	A	B	C	D	E	F
U+1170x	𑜀	𑜁	𑜂	𑜃	𑜄	𑜅	𑜆	𑜇	𑜈	𑜉	𑜊	𑜋	𑜌	𑜍	𑜎	𑜏
U+1171x	𑜐	𑜑	𑜒	𑜓	𑜔	𑜕	𑜖	𑜗	𑜘	𑜙	𑜚			𑜝	𑜞	𑜟
U+1172x	𑜠	𑜡	𑜢	𑜣	𑜤	𑜥	𑜦	𑜧	𑜨	𑜩	𑜪	𑜫
U+1173x	𑜰	𑜱	𑜲	𑜳	𑜴	𑜵	𑜶	𑜷	𑜸	𑜹	𑜺	𑜻	𑜼	𑜽	𑜾	𑜿
U+1174x	𑝀	𑝁	𑝂	𑝃	𑝄	𑝅	𑝆
Notes 1. ^ As of Unicode version 16.0 2. ^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

Notes

↑ "SEAlang Library Ahom Lexicography". sealang.net.
↑ Diringer, David (1948). Alphabet a key to the history of mankind. p. 411.
1 2 Daniels 2012, p. 170-171.
1 2 3 Diller, A. (1993). Tai Languages. In International Encyclopedia of Linguistics (Vol. 4, pp. 128-131). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
↑ French, M. A. (1994). Tai Languages. In The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics (Vol. 4, pp. 4520-4521). New York, NY: Pergamon Press Press.
↑ Court, C. (1996). Introduction. In P. T. Daniels & W. Bright (Eds.) The World's Writing Systems (pp. 443). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
↑ Court, C. (1996). The spread of Brahmi Script into Southeast Asia. In P. T. Daniels & W. Bright (Eds.) The World's Writing Systems (pp. 445-449). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1 2 3 4 5 Terwiel, B. J., & Wichasin, R. (eds.), (1992). Tai Ahoms and the stars: three ritual texts to ward off danger. Ithaca, NY: Southeast Asia Program.
↑ Hundius, Harald; Wharton, David (2010). "The Digital Library of Lao Manuscripts".{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
↑ Hazarika, Chow Nagen (2004). "Ahom language: its typology, language contact and historical implications in South-East Asian languages" (PDF). Retrieved 10 September 2021.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
↑ Assam. (2008). In Columbia Encyclopedia Retrieved April 12, 2009, from http://www.credoreference.com/entry/8256016/.
↑ Hongladarom, K. (2005). Thai and Tai Languages. In Encyclopedia of linguistics (Vol. 2, pp. 1098-1101). New York, NY: Fitzroy Dearborn.
↑ Hosken, Martin; Morey, Stephen (2012-10-23). "N4321R: Revised Proposal to add the Ahom Script in the SMP of the UCS" (PDF). ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2.
1 2 3 Morey, Stephen; Hosken, Martin (2012). "Revised Proposal to add the Ahom Script in the SMP of the UCS" (PDF).{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

Related Research Articles

An abugida – sometimes also called alphasyllabary, neosyllabary, or pseudo-alphabet – is a segmental writing system in which consonant–vowel sequences are written as units; each unit is based on a consonant letter, and vowel notation is secondary, similar to a diacritical mark. This contrasts with a full alphabet, in which vowels have status equal to consonants, and with an abjad, in which vowel marking is absent, partial, or optional – in less formal contexts, all three types of the script may be termed "alphabets". The terms also contrast them with a syllabary, in which a single symbol denotes the combination of one consonant and one vowel.

The Kannada script is an abugida of the Brahmic family, used to write Kannada, one of the Dravidian languages of South India especially in the state of Karnataka. It is one of the official scripts of the Indian Republic. Kannada script is also widely used for writing Sanskrit texts in Karnataka. Several minor languages, such as Tulu, Konkani, Kodava, Beary and Sanketi also use alphabets based on the Kannada script. The Kannada and Telugu scripts share very high mutual intellegibility with each other, and are often considered to be regional variants of single script. Other scripts similar to Kannada script are Sinhala script, and Old Peguan script (used in Burma).

The Brahmic scripts, also known as Indic scripts, are a family of abugida writing systems. They are used throughout the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia and parts of East Asia. They are descended from the Brahmi script of ancient India and are used by various languages in several language families in South, East and Southeast Asia: Indo-Aryan, Dravidian, Tibeto-Burman, Mongolic, Austroasiatic, Austronesian, and Tai. They were also the source of the dictionary order (gojūon) of Japanese kana.

The Tamil script is an abugida script that is used by Tamils and Tamil speakers in India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia and elsewhere to write the Tamil language. It is one of the official scripts of the Indian Republic. Certain minority languages such as Saurashtra, Badaga, Irula and Paniya are also written in the Tamil script.

The Gupta script was used for writing Sanskrit and is associated with the Gupta Empire of the Indian subcontinent, which was a period of material prosperity and great religious and scientific developments. The Gupta script was descended from Brāhmī and gave rise to the Śāradā and Siddhaṃ scripts. These scripts in turn gave rise to many of the most important Indic scripts, including Devanāgarī, the Gurmukhī script for Punjabi, the Odia script, the Bengali-Assamese script and the Tibetan script.

The Ahom language or Tai-Ahom language is a dormant, Southwestern Tai language formerly spoken by the Ahom people. It's currently undergoing a revival and mainly used in religious and educational purposes. Ahom language was the state language of Ahom kingdom. It was relatively free of both Mon-Khmer and Indo-Aryan influences and has a written tradition dating back to the 13th century.

The Tai Le script, or Dehong Dai script, is a Brahmic script used to write the Tai Nüa language spoken by the Tai Nua people of south-central Yunnan, China. It is written in horizontal lines from left to right, with spaces only between clauses and sentences.

The Mon–Burmese script is an abugida that derives from the Pallava Grantha script of southern India and later of Southeast Asia. It is the basis of the alphabets used for modern Burmese, Mon, Shan, Rakhine, Jingpho and Karen.

A is a vowel of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, A is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter after having gone through the Gupta letter . Bare consonants without a modifying vowel sign have the "A" vowel inherently, and thus there is no modifier sign for "A" in Indic scripts.

Ā is a vowel of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Aa is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter after having gone through the Gupta letter . As an Indic vowel, "Ā" comes in two normally distinct forms: 1) as an independent letter, and 2) as a vowel sign for modifying a base consonant. Bare consonants without a modifying vowel sign have the inherent short "A" vowel.

I is a vowel of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, I is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter after having gone through the Gupta letter . As an Indic vowel, "I" comes in two normally distinct forms: 1) as an independent letter, and 2) as a vowel sign for modifying a base consonant. Bare consonants without a modifying vowel sign have the inherent "A" vowel.

Ī is a vowel of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Ī is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter . As an Indic vowel, Ī comes in two normally distinct forms: 1) as an independent letter, and 2) as a vowel sign for modifying a base consonant. Bare consonants without a modifying vowel sign have the inherent "A" vowel.

Ū is a vowel of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Ū is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter . As an Indic vowel, Ū comes in two normally distinct forms: as an independent letter and as a vowel sign for modifying a base consonant. Bare consonants without a modifying vowel sign have the inherent "A" vowel.

R̥ is a vowel symbol, or vocalic consonant, of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, R̥ is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter after having gone through the Gupta letter . As an Indic vowel, R̥ comes in two normally distinct forms: 1) as an independent letter, and 2) as a vowel sign for modifying a base consonant. Bare consonants without a modifying vowel sign have the inherent "A" vowel.

Ḷ or Vocalic L is a vowel symbol of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Ḷ is derived from the Brahmi letter . As an Indic vowel, Ḷ comes in two normally distinct forms: 1) as an independent letter, and 2) as a sign for modifying a base consonant. Bare consonants without a modifying vowel sign have the inherent "A" vowel.

Ḹ is a vowel of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Ḹ is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter . As an Indic vowel, Ḹ comes in two normally distinct forms: 1) as an independent letter, and 2) as a vowel sign for modifying a base consonant. Bare consonants without a modifying vowel sign have the inherent "A" vowel.

E is a vowel of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, E is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter after having gone through the Gupta letter . As an Indic vowel, E comes in two normally distinct forms: 1) as an independent letter, and 2) as a vowel sign for modifying a base consonant. Bare consonants without a modifying vowel sign have the inherent "A" vowel.

Ai is a vowel of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Ai is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter . As an Indic vowel, Ai comes in two normally distinct forms: 1) as an independent letter, and 2) as a vowel sign for modifying a base consonant. Bare consonants without a modifying vowel sign have the inherent "A" vowel.

O is a vowel of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, O is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter after having gone through the Gupta letter . As an Indic vowel, O comes in two normally distinct forms: 1) as an independent letter, and 2) as a vowel sign for modifying a base consonant. Bare consonants without a modifying vowel sign have the inherent "A" vowel.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shan alphabet</span> Abugida used for writing Tai Pong in China and Tai Yai in Myanmar

The Shan alphabet is a Brahmic abugida, used for writing the Shan language, which was derived from the Burmese alphabet. Due to its recent reforms, the Shan alphabet is more phonetic than other Burmese-derived alphabets.

References

Terwiel, B J; Wichasin, R (1992). Tai Ahoms and the stars: three ritual texts to ward off danger. Ithaca, NY: SEAP Publications. ISBN 9780877277095.
Daniels, Christian (2012). "Script without buddhism: burmese influence on the tay (shan) script of mäng2 maaw2 as seen in a chinese scroll painting of 1407".{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

External links

Entry on Ahom at Omniglot.com -- A guide to writing systems
Pali Tripitaka in Ahom Script by Sajjhaya foundation

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[variantg-14] Font variants.

[variantt-15] The second version of this letter is ta and ja conjoined, with ta shortened.

[variantb-16] A font variant of Ba. The second version is used as va in Sajjhaya spelling.

[a-17] This letter is not an independent vowel, but acts as a null consonant that can be combined with a vowel diacritic to write initial vowels.

[1] "SEAlang Library Ahom Lexicography". sealang.net.

[diringer-2] Diringer, David (1948). Alphabet a key to the history of mankind. p. 411.

[FOOTNOTEDaniels2012170-171-3] 1 2 Daniels 2012, p. 170-171.

[Diller-4] 1 2 3 Diller, A. (1993). Tai Languages. In International Encyclopedia of Linguistics (Vol. 4, pp. 128-131). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

[French-5] French, M. A. (1994). Tai Languages. In The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics (Vol. 4, pp. 4520-4521). New York, NY: Pergamon Press Press.

[Court-6] Court, C. (1996). Introduction. In P. T. Daniels & W. Bright (Eds.) The World's Writing Systems (pp. 443). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[Spread-7] Court, C. (1996). The spread of Brahmi Script into Southeast Asia. In P. T. Daniels & W. Bright (Eds.) The World's Writing Systems (pp. 445-449). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[Stars-8] 1 2 3 4 5 Terwiel, B. J., & Wichasin, R. (eds.), (1992). Tai Ahoms and the stars: three ritual texts to ward off danger. Ithaca, NY: Southeast Asia Program.

[Manuscripts-9] Hundius, Harald; Wharton, David (2010). "The Digital Library of Lao Manuscripts".{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[10] Hazarika, Chow Nagen (2004). "Ahom language: its typology, language contact and historical implications in South-East Asian languages" (PDF). Retrieved 10 September 2021.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[Columbia-11] Assam. (2008). In Columbia Encyclopedia Retrieved April 12, 2009, from http://www.credoreference.com/entry/8256016/.

[Hongladarom-12] Hongladarom, K. (2005). Thai and Tai Languages. In Encyclopedia of linguistics (Vol. 2, pp. 1098-1101). New York, NY: Fitzroy Dearborn.

[13] Hosken, Martin; Morey, Stephen (2012-10-23). "N4321R: Revised Proposal to add the Ahom Script in the SMP of the UCS" (PDF). ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2.

[Unicode-18] 1 2 3 Morey, Stephen; Hosken, Martin (2012). "Revised Proposal to add the Ahom Script in the SMP of the UCS" (PDF).{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

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