Telugu-Kannada alphabet

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Telugu-Kannada script
Kannada-Telugu script
Copper plates NMND-9.JPG
Copper plate inscriptions in Kannada–Telugu script
Script type
Time period
7th century 14th century [1] [2]
DirectionLeft-to-right  OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
Languages Kannada
Telugu
Tulu
Konkani
Sanskrit
Related scripts
Parent systems
Child systems
Kannada script, Telugu script
Sister systems
Pyu
 This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.For the distinction between [ ], / / and  , see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

The Telugu–Kannada script (or Kannada–Telugu script) was a writing system used in Southern India. Despite some significant differences, the scripts used for the Telugu and Kannada languages remain quite similar and highly mutually intelligible. Satavahanas and Chalukyas influenced the similarities between Telugu and Kannada scripts. [6]

Contents

History

The Dravidian family comprises about 73 languages including Telugu, Tamil, Kannada, and Malayalam. Satavahanas introduced the Brahmi to present-day Telugu and Kannada-speaking regions. Bhattiprolu script introduced by the Satavahanas gave rise to the Kadamba script. [7] [4] [5] But according to Georg Bühler these nonstandard consonant characters of Bhattiprolu can hardly be dismissed as mere "mistakes" on the part of the engraver. All in all, it seems more likely that the Bhattiprolu script represents a provincial offshoot of early Brahmi in the south, rather than a separate line of development from a hypothetical Semitic prototype itself, as Bühler believed. [8]

During the 5th to 7th centuries the early Bādāmi Chālukyās and early Banavasi Kadambās used an early form of the Kadamba script in inscriptions. [9] When Chalukya empire extended towards Telugu speaking regions they established another branch in Vengi, namely the Eastern Chalukyas or the Chalukyas of Vengi who later introduced Kadamba script to Telugu language which developed into the Telugu-Kannada script which was used between the 7th and 11th centuries CE. [1]

Between 1100 CE and 1400 CE, the Telugu and Kannada scripts separated from the Telugu-Kannada script. Both the Telugu and Kannada scripts were standardised at the beginning of the nineteenth century. [10]

Comparison

The following sections visualize the difference between modern-day Telugu and Kannada styles.

Consonants

Telugu/Kannada (ISO) IPA Telugu/Kannada (ISO) IPA Telugu/Kannada (ISO) IPA Telugu/Kannada (ISO) IPA Telugu/Kannada (ISO) IPA
క/ಕ (ka)/ka/ఖ/ಖ (kha)/kʰa/గ/ಗ (ga)/ɡa/ఘ/ಘ (gha)/ɡʱa/ఙ/ಙ (ṅa)/ŋa/
చ/ಚ (ca)/tʃa/ఛ/ಛ (cha)/tʃʰa/జ/ಜ (ja)/dʒa/ఝ/ಝ (jha)/dʒʱa/ఞ/ಞ (ña)/ɲa/
ట/ಟ (ṭa)/ʈa/ఠ/ಠ (ṭha)/ʈʰa/డ/ಡ (ḍa)/ɖa/ఢ/ಢ (ḍha)/ɖʱa/ణ/ಣ (ṇa)/ɳa/
త/ತ (ta)/t̪a/థ/ಥ (tha)/t̪ʰa/ద/ದ (da)/d̪a/ధ/ಧ (dha)/d̪ʱa/న/ನ (na)/n̪a/
ప/ಪ (pa)/pa/ఫ/ಫ (pha)/pʰa/బ/ಬ (ba)/ba/భ/ಭ (bha)/bʱa/మ/ಮ (ma)/ma/
య/ಯ (ya)/ja/ర/ರ (ra)/ɾa/ల/ಲ (la)/la/వ/ವ (va)/ʋa/ళ/ಳ (ḷa)/ɭa/
శ/ಶ (sa/śa)/ʃa/ష/ಷ (ṣa)/ʂa/స/ಸ (sa)/sa/హ/ಹ (ha)/ha/ఱ/ಱ (ṟa)/ra/

There is another legacy consonant ೞ/ఴ (ḻa) used to represent /ɻa/, but currently not in use.

Vowels

Independent vowels

Telugu/Kannada (ISO) IPA Telugu/Kannada (ISO) IPA
అ/ಅ (a)/a/ఆ/ಆ (ā)/aː/
ఇ/ಇ (i)/i/ఈ/ಈ (ī)/iː/
ఉ/ಉ (u)/u/ఊ/ಊ (ū)/uː/
ఋ/ಋ (r̥)/ɾu/ౠ/ೠ (r̥̄)/ɾuː/
ఌ/ಌ (l̥)/lu/ౡ/ೡ (l̥̄)/lu:/
ఎ/ಎ (e)/e/ఏ/ಏ (ē)/eː/
ఒ/ಒ (o)/o/ఓ/ಓ (ō)/oː/
ఐ/ಐ (ai)/aj/ఔ/ಔ (au)/aw/

Numerals

Digit0123456789
Telugu
Kannada

Unicode

Telugu Kannada comparison Telugu-Kannada.png
Telugu Kannada comparison

Although the alphabets for Telugu and Kannada languages could have been encoded under a single Unicode block with language-specific fonts to differentiate the styles, they were encoded separately by the governments due to socio-political reasons. Both the script variants were added to the Unicode Standard in October 1991 with the release of version 1.0.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Devanagari</span> Script used to write Indian and Nepalese languages

Devanagari is an Indic script used in the northern Indian subcontinent. Also simply called Nāgari, it is a left-to-right abugida, based on the ancient Brāhmi script. It is one of the official scripts of the Republic of India and Nepal. It was developed and in regular use by the 7th century CE and achieved its modern form by 1000 CE. The Devanāgari script, composed of 48 primary characters, including 14 vowels and 34 consonants, is the fourth most widely adopted writing system in the world, being used for over 120 languages.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kannada script</span> Abugida writing system of the Brahmic family

The Kannada script is an abugida of the Brahmic family, used to write Kannada, one of the Dravidian languages of South India especially in the state of Karnataka. It is one of the official scripts of the Indian Republic. Kannada script is also widely used for writing Sanskrit texts in Karnataka. Several minor languages, such as Tulu, Konkani, Kodava, Sanketi and Beary, also use alphabets based on the Kannada script. The Kannada and Telugu scripts share very high mutual intellegibility with each other, and are often considered to be regional variants of single script. Other scripts similar to Kannada script are Sinhala script, and Old Peguan script (used in Burma).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brahmic scripts</span> Family of abugida writing systems

The Brahmic scripts, also known as Indic scripts, are a family of abugida writing systems. They are used throughout the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia and parts of East Asia. They are descended from the Brahmi script of ancient India and are used by various languages in several language families in South, East and Southeast Asia: Indo-Aryan, Dravidian, Tibeto-Burman, Mongolic, Austroasiatic, Austronesian, and Tai. They were also the source of the dictionary order (gojūon) of Japanese kana.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brahmi script</span> Ancient script of Central and South Asia

Brahmi is a writing system of ancient India that appeared as a fully developed script in the 3rd century BCE. Its descendants, the Brahmic scripts, continue to be used today across Southern and Southeastern Asia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gupta script</span> Script system used to write Sanskrit

The Gupta script was used for writing Sanskrit and is associated with the Gupta Empire of the Indian subcontinent, which was a period of material prosperity and great religious and scientific developments. The Gupta script was descended from Brāhmī and gave rise to the Śāradā and Siddhaṃ scripts. These scripts in turn gave rise to many of the most important Indic scripts, including Devanāgarī, the Gurmukhī script for Punjabi, the Odia script, the Bengali-Assamese script and the Tibetan script.

Telugu script, an abugida from the Brahmic family of scripts, is used to write the Telugu language, a Dravidian language spoken in the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana as well as several other neighbouring states. It is one of the official scripts of the Indian Republic. The Telugu script is also widely used for writing Sanskrit texts and to some extent the Gondi language. It gained prominence during the Eastern Chalukyas also known as Vengi Chalukya era. It shares extensive similarities with the Kannada script, as both of them evolved from the Bhattiprolu and Kadamba scripts of the Brahmi family. In 2008, the Telugu language was given the status of a Classical Language of India, in recognition of its rich history and heritage.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Linguistic history of India</span>

Since the Iron Age in India, the native languages of the Indian subcontinent are divided into various language families, of which the Indo-Aryan and the Dravidian are the most widely spoken. There are also many languages belonging to unrelated language families such as Munda and Tibeto-Burman, spoken by smaller groups.

Vatteluttu was an alphasyllabic writing system of south India and Sri Lanka used for writing the Tamil and Malayalam languages.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bhattiprolu</span> Village in Andhra Pradesh, India

Bhattiprolu is a village in Bapatla district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is the headquarters of Bhattiprolu mandal in Tenali revenue division. The Buddhist stupa in the village is one of the centrally protected monuments of national importance. One of the earliest evidence of Brahmi script in South India comes from Bhattiprolu. The script was written on an urn containing Buddha's relics. The script has been named Bhattiprolu script.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tamil-Brahmi</span> Historical abugida script for Tamil

Tamil-Brahmi, also known as Tamili or Damili, was a variant of the Brahmi script in southern India. It was used to write inscriptions in the early form of Old Tamil. The Tamil-Brahmi script has been paleographically and stratigraphically dated between the third century BCE and the first century CE, and it constitutes the earliest known writing system evidenced in many parts of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh and Sri Lanka. Tamil Brahmi inscriptions have been found on cave entrances, stone beds, potsherds, jar burials, coins, seals, and rings.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pallava script</span> Brahmic writing system

The Pallava script or Pallava Grantha is a Brahmic script named after the Pallava dynasty of Southern India (Tamilakam) and is attested to since the 4th century CE. In India, the Pallava script evolved from Tamil-Brahmi. The Grantha script originated from the Pallava script. Pallava also spread to Southeast Asia and evolved into local scripts such as Balinese, Baybayin, Javanese, Kawi, Khmer, Lanna, Lao, Mon–Burmese, New Tai Lue, Sundanese, and Thai.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Early Indian epigraphy</span> History of South Asian writing systems

The earliest undisputed deciphered epigraphy found in the Indian subcontinent are the Edicts of Ashoka of the 3rd century BCE, in the Brahmi script.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kadamba script</span> Historic abugida of South India

The Kadamba script is the first writing system devised specifically for writing Kannada and it was later adopted to write Telugu language.The Kadamba script is also known as Pre-Old-Kannada script.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bhattiprolu script</span> Variant of the Brahmi script

The Bhattiprolu script is a variant of the Brahmi script which has been found in old inscriptions at Bhattiprolu, a small village in the erstwhile Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh, India. It is located in the fertile Krishna River delta and the estuary region where the river meets the Bay of Bengal.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kannada inscriptions</span>

About 25,000 inscriptions found in Karnataka and nearby states belong to historic Kannada rulers, including the Kadambas, the Western Ganga Dynasty, the Rashtrakuta, the Chalukya, the Hoysala and the Vijayanagara Empire. Many inscriptions related to Jainism have been unearthed. The inscriptions found are generally on stone (Shilashasana) or copper plates (Tamarashasana). These Kannada inscriptions are found on historical hero stones, coins, temple walls, pillars, tablets and rock edicts. They have contributed towards Kannada literature and helped to classify the eras of Proto Kannada, Pre Old Kannada, Old Kannada, Middle Kannada and New Kannada. Inscriptions depict the culture, tradition and prosperity of their era. The literature of Ramayana and Mahabharata are transferred through the generations by these inscriptions. The Hazara Rama Temple and Aranmula Parthasarathy Temple are the best examples of temples associated with Kannada inscriptions.

Ī is a vowel of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Ī is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter . As an Indic vowel, Ī comes in two normally distinct forms: 1) as an independent letter, and 2) as a vowel sign for modifying a base consonant. Bare consonants without a modifying vowel sign have the inherent "A" vowel.

U is a vowel of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, U is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter after having gone through the Gupta letter . As an Indic vowel, U comes in two normally distinct forms: 1) as an independent letter, and 2) as a vowel sign for modifying a base consonant. Bare consonants without a modifying vowel sign have the inherent "A" vowel.

is a vowel symbol, or vocalic consonant, of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Ṛ is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter after having gone through the Gupta letter . As an Indic vowel, Ṛ comes in two normally distinct forms: 1) as an independent letter, and 2) as a vowel sign for modifying a base consonant. Bare consonants without a modifying vowel sign have the inherent "A" vowel.

is a vowel of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Ḹ is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter . As an Indic vowel, Ḹ comes in two normally distinct forms: 1) as an independent letter, and 2) as a vowel sign for modifying a base consonant. Bare consonants without a modifying vowel sign have the inherent "A" vowel.

Ai is a vowel of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Ai is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter . As an Indic vowel, Ai comes in two normally distinct forms: 1) as an independent letter, and 2) as a vowel sign for modifying a base consonant. Bare consonants without a modifying vowel sign have the inherent "A" vowel.

References

Citations

  1. 1 2 Diringer, David (1948). Alphabet a key to the history of mankind. p. 381.
  2. Salomon 1998, p. 41.
  3. The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems by Florian Coulmas, p. 228
  4. 1 2 Handbook of Literacy in Akshara Orthography, R. Malatesha Joshi, Catherine McBride (2019), p. 29
  5. 1 2 Salomon 1998, pp. 35, 40.
  6. "Evolution of Telugu Character Graphs". Archived from the original on 2009-09-23. Retrieved 2013-07-22.
  7. The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems by Florian Coulmas, p. 228
  8. Salomon, Richard. Indian Epigraphy. p. 57.
  9. "Epigraphical Studies in India - Sanskrit and Dravidian, Scripts used in India, Scripts Abroad" . Retrieved 2013-09-06.
  10. Austin, Peter (2008). One Thousand Languages: Living, Endangered, and Lost. University of California Press. p. 117. ISBN   978-0-520-25560-9.

Bibliography