Hanunó'o (Mangyan Baybayin/Surat Mangyan) ᜱᜨᜳᜨᜳᜢ | |
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Script type | |
Time period | c. 1300–present |
Direction | Left-to-right, bottom-to-top |
Languages | Hanunó'o, Tagalog |
Related scripts | |
Parent systems | |
Sister systems | In the Philippines: Buhid (Mangyan Baybayin, Surat Mangyan) Contents
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ISO 15924 | |
ISO 15924 | Hano(371),Hanunoo (Hanunóo) |
Unicode | |
Unicode alias | Hanunoo |
U+1720–U+173F |
Brahmic scripts |
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The Brahmi script and its descendants |
Hanunoo (IPA: [hanunuʔɔ] ), also rendered Hanunó'o, is one of the scripts indigenous to the Philippines and is used by the Mangyan peoples of southern Mindoro to write the Hanunó'o language. [1] [2]
It is an abugida descended from the Brahmic scripts, closely related to Sulat Tagalog, and is famous for being written vertical but written upward, rather than downward as nearly all other scripts (however, it is read horizontally left to right). It is usually written on bamboo by incising characters with a knife. [3] [4] Most known Hanunó'o inscriptions are relatively recent because of the perishable nature of bamboo. It is therefore difficult to trace the history of the script. [2]
Fifteen basic characters of the Hanunó'o script each represent one of the fifteen consonants /p//t//k//b//d//ɡ//m//n//ŋ//l//r//s//h//j//w/ followed by the inherent vowel /a/. [4] Other syllables are written by modifying each of these characters with one of two diacritics (kudlit) which change the vowel sound to /i/ or /u/. [3] The glyph for /la/ is the same as that for /ra/ but /li/ and /ri/ are distinct, as are /lu/ and /ru/. There are three independent vowels (phonetically preceded by a glottal stop, transliterated as q). [5] Final consonants are not written, and so must be determined from context. [3] Dutch anthropologist Antoon Postma, who went to the Philippines from the Netherlands in the 1950s, introduced the pamudpod virama (᜴) to indicate a syllable final consonant. [6] The pamudpod is also used in modern Baybayin.
ᜠ a | ᜡ i | ᜢ u | |
ᜲ -i | ᜳ -u | ᜴ - pamudpod |
ᜣ ka | ᜤ ga | ᜥ nga | ᜦ ta | ᜧ da | ᜨ na | ᜩ pa | ᜪ ba | ᜫ ma | ᜬ ya | ᜭ ra | ᜮ la | ᜯ wa | ᜰ sa | ᜱ ha |
ᜣ + ᜲ ᜣᜲ ki | ᜤ + ᜲ ᜤᜲ gi | ᜥ + ᜲ ᜥᜲ ngi | ᜦ + ᜲ ᜦᜲ ti | ᜧ + ᜲ ᜧᜲ di | ᜨ + ᜲ ᜨᜲ ni | ᜩ + ᜲ ᜩᜲ pi | ᜪ + ᜲ ᜪᜲ bi | ᜫ + ᜲ ᜫᜲ mi | ᜬ + ᜲ ᜬᜲ yi | ᜭ + ᜲ ᜭᜲ ri | ᜮ + ᜲ ᜮᜲ li | ᜯ + ᜲ ᜯᜲ wi | ᜰ + ᜲ ᜰᜲ si | ᜱ + ᜲ ᜱᜲ hi |
ᜣ + ᜳ ᜣᜳ ku | ᜤ + ᜳ ᜤᜳ gu | ᜥ + ᜳ ᜥᜳ ngu | ᜦ + ᜳ ᜦᜳ tu | ᜧ + ᜳ ᜧᜳ du | ᜨ + ᜳ ᜨᜳ nu | ᜩ + ᜳ ᜩᜳ pu | ᜪ + ᜳ ᜪᜳ bu | ᜫ + ᜳ ᜫᜳ mu | ᜬ + ᜳ ᜬᜳ yu | ᜭ + ᜳ ᜭᜳ ru | ᜮ + ᜳ ᜮᜳ lu | ᜯ + ᜳ ᜯᜳ wu | ᜰ + ᜳ ᜰᜳ su | ᜱ + ᜳ ᜱᜳ hu |
ᜣ + ᜴ ᜣ᜴ -k | ᜤ + ᜴ ᜤ᜴ -g | ᜥ + ᜴ ᜥ᜴ -ng | ᜦ + ᜴ ᜦ᜴ -t | ᜧ + ᜴ ᜧ᜴ -d | ᜨ + ᜴ ᜨ᜴ -n | ᜩ + ᜴ ᜩ᜴ -p | ᜪ + ᜴ ᜪ᜴ -b | ᜫ + ᜴ ᜫ᜴ -m | ᜬ + ᜴ ᜬ᜴ -y | ᜭ + ᜴ ᜭ᜴ -r | ᜮ + ᜴ ᜮ᜴ -l | ᜯ + ᜴ ᜯ᜴ -w | ᜰ + ᜴ ᜰ᜴ -s | ᜱ + ᜴ ᜱ᜴ -h |
The script makes use of single ( ᜵ ) and double ( ᜶ ) danda punctuation characters. [6]
The Hanunó'o script is conventionally written away from the body (from bottom to top) in columns which go from left to right. [3] Within the columns, characters may have any orientation but the orientation must be consistent for all characters in a text. The characters are typically vertical with the /i/ diacritic on the left and the /u/ on the right, or horizontal with the /i/ on the top and the /u/ on the bottom. [5] Left-handed people often write in mirror image, which reverses both the direction of writing (right to left instead of left to right) and the characters themselves. [4]
Young Hanunó'o men and women (called layqaw) [8] learn the script primarily in order to memorize love songs. The goal is to learn as many songs as possible, and using the script to write the songs facilitates this process. The script is also used to write letters, notifications, and other documents. The characters are not memorized in any particular order; learners typically begin by learning how to write their name. Literacy among the Hanunó'o people is high despite a lack of formal education in the script. [4]
The Hanunó'o people's poetry, Ambahan, consists of seven syllable lines inscribed onto bamboo segments, nodes, musical instruments or other materials using the tip of a knife. Charcoal and other black pigments are then used to make the characters stand out. The poems represent a Mangyan's personal thoughts, feelings or desires. It is recited during social occasions (without accompaniment), in courting ceremonies or when requested.
ᜰᜲ ᜠᜩᜳ ᜪ ᜢ ᜩ ᜧ
ᜨᜳ ᜣ ᜦᜲ ᜨ ᜤᜲ ᜧ ᜫ
ᜫ ᜢ ᜮ ᜫ ᜧᜲ ᜣ ᜨ
ᜫ ᜦ ᜣᜲ ᜫ ᜧᜲ ᜣ ᜯ
ᜨᜳ ᜣ ᜦᜲ ᜨ ᜤᜲ ᜧᜳ ᜫ
ᜤ ᜰᜲ ᜬᜳ ᜧᜲ ᜰ ᜠ ᜥ
ᜤ ᜩ ᜦ ᜧ ᜬᜳ ᜧ ᜫ ᜶
ᜰᜲ ᜠᜬ᜴ᜩᜳᜧ᜴ ᜪᜬ᜴ ᜢ ᜥ ᜧᜨ᜴
ᜨᜳ ᜣᜥ᜴ ᜦᜲ ᜨ ᜤᜲᜨ᜴ᜧᜳ ᜫᜨ᜴
ᜫᜬ᜴ ᜦ ᜣᜲᜩ᜴ ᜫ ᜧᜲ ᜣᜬ᜴ ᜯᜨ᜴
ᜫᜳ ᜣᜥ᜴ ᜦᜲ ᜨ ᜤᜲᜨ᜴ ᜧᜳ ᜫᜨ᜴
ᜤ ᜰᜲ ᜬᜳᜨ᜴ ᜧᜲ ᜰ ᜠᜧ᜴ ᜥᜨ᜴
ᜤ ᜩᜤ᜴ ᜦᜥ᜴ᜧ ᜬᜳᜨ᜴ ᜧᜲ ᜫᜨ᜴᜶
Si ay-pod bay u- pa- dan
No kang ti- na gin-du- man
May u- lang ma- di kag-nan
May ta- kip ma di kay-wan
Mo kang ti- na gin-du- man
Ga si- yon di sa ad- ngan
Ga pag- tang-da- yon di-man.
You my friend, dearest of all,
thinking of you makes me sad;
rivers deep are in between
forests vast keep us apart
But thinking of you with love;
as if you are here nearby
standing, sitting at my side.
The Unicode range for Hanunó'o is U+1720–U+173F:
Hanunoo [1] [2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
U+172x | ᜠ | ᜡ | ᜢ | ᜣ | ᜤ | ᜥ | ᜦ | ᜧ | ᜨ | ᜩ | ᜪ | ᜫ | ᜬ | ᜭ | ᜮ | ᜯ |
U+173x | ᜰ | ᜱ | ᜲ | ᜳ | ᜴ | ᜵ | ᜶ | |||||||||
Notes |
The Tengwar script is an artificial script, one of several scripts created by J. R. R. Tolkien, the author of The Lord of the Rings.
The Arabic script has numerous diacritics, which include consonant pointing known as iʻjām (إِعْجَام), and supplementary diacritics known as tashkīl (تَشْكِيل). The latter include the vowel marks termed ḥarakāt.
The Soyombo script is an abugida developed by the monk and scholar Zanabazar in 1686 to write Mongolian. It can also be used to write Tibetan and Sanskrit.
Baybayin or Sulat Tagalog, also called Basahan, sometimes erroneously referred to as alibata, is a Philippine script widely used primarily in Luzon during the 16th and 17th centuries and prior to write Tagalog and to a lesser extent Visayan languages, Kampampangan, Ilocano, and several other Philippine languages.
The Batak script is a writing system used to write the Austronesian Batak languages spoken by several million people on the Indonesian island of Sumatra. The script may be derived from the Kawi and Pallava script, ultimately derived from the Brahmi script of India, or from the hypothetical Proto-Sumatran script influenced by Pallava.
Filipinoorthography specifies the correct use of the writing system of the Filipino language, the national and co-official language of the Philippines.
Khmer script is an abugida (alphasyllabary) script used to write the Khmer language, the official language of Cambodia. It is also used to write Pali in the Buddhist liturgy of Cambodia and Thailand.
Surat Buhid is an abugida used to write the Buhid language. As a Brahmic script indigenous to the Philippines, it closely related to Baybayin and Hanunó'o. It is still used today by the Mangyans, found mainly on island of Mindoro, to write their language, Buhid, together with the Filipino latin script.
Tagbanwa is one of the scripts indigenous to the Philippines, used by the Tagbanwa and the Palawan people as their ethnic writing system.
Mangyan is the generic name for the eight indigenous groups found in Mindoro each with its own tribal name, language, and customs. The total population may be around 280,001, but official statistics are difficult to determine under the conditions of remote areas, reclusive tribal groups and some having little if any outside world contact.
The Kawi script or the Old Javanese script is a Brahmic script found primarily in Java and used across much of Maritime Southeast Asia between the 8th century and the 16th century. The script is an abugida, meaning that characters are read with an inherent vowel. Diacritics are used, either to suppress the vowel and represent a pure consonant, or to represent other vowels.
The Lepcha script, or Róng script, is an abugida used by the Lepcha people to write the Lepcha language. Unusually for an abugida, syllable-final consonants are written as diacritics.
Hanunoo, or Hanunó'o, is a language spoken by Mangyans in the island of Mindoro, Philippines.
Carrier or Déné syllabics is a writing system created by Adrien-Gabriel Morice for the Carrier language. It was inspired by Cree syllabics and is one of the writing systems in the Canadian Aboriginal syllabics Unicode range.
Pahawh Hmong is an indigenous semi-syllabic script, invented in 1959 by Shong Lue Yang, to write two Hmong languages, Hmong Daw (Hmoob Dawb White Miao) and Hmong Njua AKA Hmong Leng (Moob Leeg Green Miao).
Kulitan, also known as súlat Kapampángan and pamagkulit, is one of the various indigenous suyat writing systems in the Philippines. It was used for writing Kapampangan, a language mainly spoken in Central Luzon, until it was gradually replaced by the Latin alphabet.
Zanabazar's square script is a horizontal Mongolian square script, an abugida developed by the monk and scholar Zanabazar based on the Tibetan alphabet to write Mongolian. It can also be used to write Tibetan language and Sanskrit as a geometric typeface.
Ambahan is a traditional form of poetry by the Hanunó'o Mangyan people of Mindoro, Philippines.
Suyat is a collective name for the Brahmic scripts of Philippine ethnolinguistic groups. The term was suggested and used by cultural organizations in the Philippines to denote a unified neutral terminology for Philippine scripts.
Basahan script, also known as Guhit, is the native name used by Bicolanos to refer to Baybayin.
báyi (1): a hunting bow, usually of bamboo; frequently extended to mean bow and arrows collectively. báyi (2): the bamboo part of a gitgit (violin) bow
layqaw refers to a category of 'marriageable but unmarried youth'