CJK Unified Ideographs

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CJKV character Ci in traditional and simplified Chinese, Korean, Vietnamese and Japanese forms CJKV variant glyphs.png
CJKV character in traditional and simplified Chinese, Korean, Vietnamese and Japanese forms

The Chinese, Japanese and Korean (CJK) scripts share a common background, collectively known as CJK characters . During the process called Han unification, the common (shared) characters were identified and named CJK Unified Ideographs. As of Unicode 15.1, Unicode defines a total of 97,680 characters. [1]

Contents

The term ideographs is a misnomer, as the Chinese script is not ideographic but rather logographic.

Until the early 20th century, Vietnam also used Chinese characters (Chữ Nôm), so sometimes the abbreviation CJKV is used.

Sources

The Ideographic Research Group (IRG) is responsible for developing extensions to the encoded repertoires of CJK unified ideographs. IRG processes proposals for new CJK unified ideographs submitted by its member bodies, and after undergoing several rounds of expert review, IRG submits a consolidated set of characters to ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2 Working Group 2 (WG2) and the Unicode Technical Committee (UTC) for consideration for inclusion in the ISO/IEC 10646 and Unicode standards. The following IRG member bodies have been involved in the standardization of CJK unified ideographs:

The ideographs submitted by the UTC and the United Kingdom are not specific to any particular region, but are characters which have been suggested for encoding by individual experts. The ideographs submitted by SAT are required for the SAT Daizōkyō text database.

The table below gives the numbers of encoded CJK unified ideographs for each IRG source for Unicode 15.1. [2] The total number of characters (224,891) far exceeds the number of encoded CJK unified ideographs (97,680) as many characters have more than one source.

CJK unified ideographs by source
Country or regionCharacter count
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China 66,563
Flag of Hong Kong.svg  Hong Kong 17,665
Flag of Macau.svg Macau348
Flag of the Republic of China.svg  Taiwan (TCA)59,137
Flag of Japan.svg  Japan 16,148
Flag of South Korea.svg  South Korea 20,740
Flag of North Korea.svg  North Korea 24,025
Flag of Vietnam.svg  Vietnam 13,284
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom 2,503
SAT3,455
UTC1,023
Total224,891

UTC sources

The majority of characters submitted by the UTC to the IRG are derived from Unicode Technical Committee (UTC) documents. [3] Other sources include:

CJK Unified Ideographs blocks

CJK Unified Ideographs

The basic block named CJK Unified Ideographs (4E00–9FFF) contains 20,992 basic Chinese characters in the range U+4E00 through U+9FFF. The block not only includes characters used in the Chinese writing system but also kanji used in the Japanese writing system, hanja in Korea, and chữ Nôm characters in Vietnamese. Many characters in this block are used in all three writing systems, while others are in only one or two of the three. The first 20,902 characters in the block are arranged according to the Kangxi Dictionary ordering of radicals. In this system the characters written with the fewest strokes are listed first. The remaining characters were added later, and so are not in radical order.

The block is the result of Han unification, [4] which was somewhat controversial within East Asia. [5] Since Chinese, Japanese and Korean characters were coded in the same location, the appearance of a selected glyph could depend on the particular font being used. However, the source separation rule states that characters encoded separately in an earlier character set would remain separate in the new Unicode encoding. [6]

Using variation selectors, it is possible to specify certain variant CJK ideograms within Unicode. [7] The Adobe-Japan1 character set, which has 14,684 ideographic variation sequences, [8] is an extreme example of the use of variation selectors. [9]

Charts

4E00-62FF, 6300-77FF, 7800-8CFF, 8D00-9FFF.

Sources

Note: Most characters appear in multiple sources, so the sum of individual character counts (102,795) is far greater than the number of encoded characters (20,992). [10]

Country or regionCodeSource [11] Character countTotal
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China G0 GB 2312-80 6,76320,933
G1GB 12345-902,202
G3GB 7589-87 traditional form4,834
G5GB 7590-87 traditional form2,841
G7 Modern Chinese general character chart (Simplified Chinese: 现代汉语通用字表)42
G8 GB 8565-88 199
GCE National Academy for Educational Research 4
GDMPlace name characters from the Public Order Administration, Ministry of Public Security of the People's Republic of China2
GEGB16500-953,772
GFCModern Chinese Standard Dictionary (现代汉语规范词典第二版)2
GGFZTongyong Guifan Hanzi Zidian (通用规范汉字字典)1
GHGB/T 15564-199559
GHZ Hanyu Da Zidian (漢語大字典)1
GHZR Hanyu Da Zidian 2nd ed. (汉语大字典, 第二版)1
GKGB 12052-8989
GKJTerms in Sciences and Technologies (科技用字) approved by the China National Committee for Terms in Sciences and Technologies (CNCTST)16
GKX Kangxi Dictionary (康熙字典)3
GLK Longkan Shoujian (龍龕手鑑)1
GTStandard Telegraph Codebook (revised), 19838
GUNo source (the original source reference may have been moved)92
GZFYHanyu Fangyan Dacidian (汉语方言大词典)1
Flag of Hong Kong.svg  Hong Kong H Hong Kong Supplementary Character Set, 20082,29215,376
HB0Computer Chinese Glyph and Character Code Mapping Table, Technical Report C-26
(電腦用中文字型與字碼對照表, 技術通報C-26)
9
HB1 Big-5, Level 15,401
HB2Big-5, Level 27,650
HDHong Kong Supplementary Character Set, 201624
Flag of Japan.svg  Japan J0 JIS X 0208-1990 6,35612,565
J1 JIS X 0212-1990 3,058
J13 JIS X 0213:2004 level-3 characters replacing J1 characters1,037
J13AJIS X 0213:2004 level-3 character addendum from JIS X 0213:2000 level-3 replacing J1 character2
J14JIS X 0213:2004 level-4 characters replacing J1 characters1,704
J3JIS X 0213:2004 Level 395
J3AJIS X 0213:2004 Level 3 addendum7
J4JIS X 0213:2004 Level 4301
JARIB ARIB STD-B24 3
JMJCharacter Information Development and Maintenance Project for e-Government "MojiJoho-Kiban Project" (文字情報基盤整備事業)2
Flag of South Korea.svg  South Korea K0KS C 5601-87 (now KS X 1001:2004)4,62015,442
K1KS C 5657-91 (now KS X 1002:2001)2,855
K2PKS C 5700-1:19947,911
K3PKS C 5700-2:19941
K4PKS 5700-3:19984
K6KS X 1027-5:201449
KCKorean History On-Line (한국 역사 정보 통합 시스템)1
KUNo source (the original source reference may have been moved)1
Flag of North Korea.svg  North Korea KP0KPS 9566-974,65215,010
KP1KPS 10721-200010,358
Flag of Macau.svg MacauMAHKSCS-200829200
MB1Big Five10
MB2Big Five7
MCMCSCS Reference3
MDMCSCS horizontal extensions127
MDHMCSCS horizontal extensions24
Flag of the Republic of China.svg  Taiwan T1 CNS 11643-1992 plane 15,41318,384
T2CNS 11643-1992 plane 27,651
T3CNS 11643-1992 plane 34,144
T4CNS 11643-1992 plane 4894
T5CNS 11643-1992 plane 564
T6CNS 11643-1992 plane 631
T7CNS 11643-1992 plane 716
TBCNS 11643-2007 plane 112
TCCNS 11643-2007 plane 122
TECNS 11643-2007 plane 149
TFCNS 11643-2007 plane 15158
Flag of Vietnam.svg  Vietnam V0TCVN 5773:19935994,808
V1TCVN 6056:19953,305
V2VHN 01-1998759
V3VHN 02-199891
V4Kho Chữ Hán Nôm Mã Hoá (Hán Nôm Coded Character Repertoire)19
VNVietnamese horizontal extensions35
n/aUTC UTC sources 7777

In Unicode 4.1, 14 HKSCS-2004 characters and 8 GB 18030 characters were assigned to between U+9FA6 and U+9FBB code points. Since then, other additions were added to this block for various reasons, all summarized in the version history section below.

CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A

The block named CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A (3400–4DBF) contains 6,592 additional characters in the range U+3400 through U+4DBF.

Charts

3400-4DBF.

Sources

Note: Most characters appear in more than one source, so the sum of individual character counts (18,835) is far greater than the number of encoded characters (6,592). [10]

Country or regionCodeSource [11] Character countTotal
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg ChinaG3GB 7589-87 traditional form2,3916,197
G5GB 7590-87 traditional form1,226
G7 Modern Chinese general character chart 120
GGFZTongyong Guifan Hanzi Zidian (通用规范汉字字典)2
GHZ Hanyu Da Zidian (漢語大字典)340
GKJTerms in Sciences and Technologies (科技用字) approved by the China National Committee for Terms in Sciences and Technologies (CNCTST)3
GKX Kangxi Dictionary (康熙字典)1,889
GSSingapore Chinese characters [note 1] 226
Flag of Hong Kong.svg  Hong Kong H Hong Kong Supplementary Character Set, 2008572572
Flag of Japan.svg JapanJ3 JIS X 0213:2004 Level 32738
J4JIS X 0213:2004 Level 478
JAJapanese IT Vendors Contemporary Ideographs, 1993574
JA3 JIS X 0213:2004 level-3 characters replacing JA characters17
JA4JIS X 0213:2004 level-4 characters replacing JA characters67
Flag of South Korea.svg South KoreaK3PKS C 5700-2:19941,8331,866
K4PKS 5700-3:19982
K6KS X 1027-5:201428
KCKorean History On-Line (한국 역사 정보 통합 시스템)3
Flag of North Korea.svg North KoreaKP0KPS 9566-9713,191
KP1KPS 10721-20003,190
Flag of Macau.svg MacauMAHKSCS-2008412
MDMCSCS horizontal extensions8
Flag of the Republic of China.svg  Taiwan T3 CNS 11643-1992 plane 32,1795,916
T4CNS 11643-1992 plane 42,919
T5CNS 11643-1992 plane 5399
T6CNS 11643-1992 plane 6200
T7CNS 11643-1992 plane 7133
TECNS 11643-2007 plane 141
TFCNS 11643-2007 plane 1585
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom UKIRG N2107R233
Flag of Vietnam.svg VietnamV0TCVN 5773:1993140319
V2VHN 01-1998149
V3VHN 02-199819
V4Kho Chữ Hán Nôm Mã Hoá (Hán Nôm Coded Character Repertoire)5
VNVietnamese horizontal extensions6
n/aUTC UTC sources 2121


CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B

The block named CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B (20000–2A6DF) contains 42,720 characters in the range U+20000 through U+2A6DF. These include most of the characters used in the Kangxi Dictionary that are not in the basic CJK Unified Ideographs block, as well as many Hán-Nôm characters that were formerly used to write Vietnamese.

Charts

20000-215FF, 21600-230FF, 23100-245FF, 24600-260FF, 26100-275FF, 27600-290FF, 29100-2A6DF.

Sources

Note: Many characters appear in more than one source, so the sum of individual character counts (74,208) is far greater than the number of encoded characters (42,720). [10]

Country or regionCodeSource [11] Character countTotal
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg ChinaG3GB 7589-87 traditional form130,550
G4K Siku Quanshu (四庫全書)477
GBK Encyclopedia of China (中國大百科全書)86
GCH Cihai (辞海)247
GCY Ciyuan (辭源)66
GFZ Founder Press System65
GGFZTongyong Guifan Hanzi Zidian (通用规范汉字字典)5
GHC Hanyu Da Cidian (漢語大詞典)553
GHFHanwen fodian yinan suzi huishi yu yanjiu (漢文佛典疑難俗字彙釋與研究)1
GHZ Hanyu Da Zidian (漢語大字典)10,508
GHZR Hanyu Da Zidian 2nd ed. (汉语大字典, 第二版)1
GKJTerms in Sciences and Technologies (科技用字) approved by the China National Committee for Terms in Sciences and Technologies (CNCTST)17
GKX Kangxi Dictionary (康熙字典)18,471
GUNo source (the original source reference may have been moved)52
Flag of Hong Kong.svg  Hong Kong H Hong Kong Supplementary Character Set, 20081,7031,703
Flag of Japan.svg JapanJ3 JIS X 0213:2004 Level 325303
J3AJIS X 0213:2004 Level 3 addendum1
J4JIS X 0213:2004 Level 4277
Flag of South Korea.svg South KoreaK1KS C 5657-91 (now KS X 1002:2001)1261
K4PKS 5700-3:1998166
K6KS X 1027-5:201480
KCKorean History On-Line (한국 역사 정보 통합 시스템)14
Flag of North Korea.svg North KoreaKP1KPS 10721-20005,7655,765
Flag of Macau.svg MacauMAHKSCS-2008938
MCMCSCS Reference2
MDMCSCS horizontal extensions27
Flag of the Republic of China.svg  Taiwan T3 CNS 11643-1992 plane 32530,193
T4CNS 11643-1992 plane 43,408
T5CNS 11643-1992 plane 58,111
T6CNS 11643-1992 plane 65,934
T7CNS 11643-1992 plane 76,299
TACNS 11643-2007 plane 108
TBCNS 11643-2007 plane 116
TCCNS 11643-2007 plane 121
TFCNS 11643-2007 plane 156,401
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United KingdomUKIRG N2107R21212
Flag of Vietnam.svg VietnamV0TCVN 5773:19931,5705,299
V1TCVN 6056:19951
V2VHN 01-19982,286
V3VHN 02-1998422
V4Kho Chữ Hán Nôm Mã Hoá (Hán Nôm Coded Character Repertoire)33
VNVietnamese horizontal extensions987
n/aSATSAT Daizōkyō Text Database184
UTC UTC sources 83

CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C

The block named CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C (2A700–2B73F) contains 4,154 characters in the range U+2A700 through U+2B739. It was initially added in Unicode 5.2 (2009).

Charts

2A700-2B73F.

Sources

Note: Some characters appear in more than one source, so the sum of individual character counts (4,570) is greater than the number of encoded characters (4,154). [10]

Country or regionCodeSource [11] Character countTotal
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg ChinaGBK Encyclopedia of China (中國大百科全書)741,130
GCH Cihai (辞海)264
GCY Ciyuan (辭源)1
GCYYChinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping ideographs55
GDMPlace name characters from the Public Order Administration, Ministry of Public Security of the People's Republic of China1
GFZ Founder Press System1
GGFZTongyong Guifan Hanzi Zidian (通用规范汉字字典)2
GGHGudai Hanyu Cidian (古代汉语词典)51
GHC Hanyu Da Cidian (漢語大詞典)14
GHZ Hanyu Da Zidian (漢語大字典)1
GHZR Hanyu Da Zidian 2nd ed. (汉语大字典, 第二版)1
GJZ Commercial Press ideographs61
GKJTerms in Sciences and Technologies (科技用字) approved by the China National Committee for Terms in Sciences and Technologies (CNCTST)6
GKX Kangxi Dictionary (康熙字典)6
GXC Xiandai Hanyu Cidian (现代汉语词典)25
GZFYHanyu Fangyan Dacidian (汉语方言大词典)202
GZJWYin Zhou Jinwen Jicheng Yinde (殷周金文集成引得)365
Flag of Hong Kong.svg  Hong Kong H Hong Kong Supplementary Character Set, 200811
Flag of Japan.svg JapanJKJapanese Kokuji Collection367367
Flag of South Korea.svg South KoreaK5Korean IRG Hanja Character Set404406
K6KS X 1027-5:20141
KCKorean History On-Line (한국 역사 정보 통합 시스템)1
Flag of North Korea.svg North KoreaKP1KPS 10721-200088
Flag of Macau.svg MacauMCMCSCS Reference1721
MDMCSCS horizontal extensions4
Flag of the Republic of China.svg  Taiwan T5 CNS 11643-1992 plane 511,752
TCCNS 11643-2007 plane 12634
TDCNS 11643-2007 plane 13766
TECNS 11643-2007 plane 14350
TUNo source (the original source reference may have been moved)1
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United KingdomUKIRG N2107R211
Flag of Vietnam.svg VietnamV0TCVN 5773:19934795
V1TCVN 6056:19952
V2VHN 01-19981
V4Kho Chữ Hán Nôm Mã Hoá (Hán Nôm Coded Character Repertoire)782
VNVietnamese horizontal extensions6
n/aUTCUTC sources8989

CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D

The block named CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D (2B740–2B81F) contains 222 characters in the range U+2B740 through U+2B81D that were added in Unicode 6.0 (2010).

Charts

2B740–2B81F.

Sources

Note: Some characters appear in more than one source, so the sum of individual character counts (229) is greater than the number of encoded characters (222). [10]

Country or regionCodeSource [11] Character countTotal
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg ChinaGCH Cihai (辞海)178
GIDCID System of the Ministry of Public Security of China32
GKJTerms in Sciences and Technologies (科技用字) approved by the China National Committee for Terms in Sciences and Technologies (CNCTST)2
GXC Xiandai Hanyu Cidian (现代汉语词典)4
GZH Zhonghua Zihai (中华字海)39
Flag of Japan.svg JapanJHHanyo-Denshi Program (汎用電子情報交換環境整備プログラム)107107
Flag of the Republic of China.svg  Taiwan TB CNS 11643-2007 plane 112424
n/aUTC UTC sources 2020

CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E

The block named CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E (2B820–2CEAF) contains 5,762 characters in the range U+2B820 through U+2CEA1 that were added in Unicode 8.0 (2015).

Charts

2B820–2CEAF.

Sources

Note: Some characters appear in more than one source, so the sum of individual character counts (5,830) is greater than the number of encoded characters (5,762). [10]

Country or regionCodeSource [11] Character countTotal
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg ChinaGBK Encyclopedia of China (中國大百科全書)152,821
GCH Cihai (辞海)112
GCY Ciyuan (辭源)3
GCYYChinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping ideographs98
GDZGeology Press ideographs1
GGFZTongyong Guifan Hanzi Zidian (通用规范汉字字典)4
GGHGudai Hanyu Cidian (古代汉语词典)175
GHC Hanyu Da Cidian (漢語大詞典)7
GIDCID System of the Ministry of Public Security of China36
GJZ Commercial Press ideographs147
GKJTerms in Sciences and Technologies (科技用字) approved by the China National Committee for Terms in Sciences and Technologies (CNCTST)2
GKX Kangxi Dictionary (康熙字典)22
GRM People's Daily ideographs3
GUNo source (the original source reference may have been moved)1
GWZ Hanyu Da Cidian Press ideographs12
GXC Xiandai Hanyu Cidian (现代汉语词典)57
GXH Xinhua Zidian (新华字典)4
GZFYHanyu Fangyan Dacidian (汉语方言大词典)712
GZJWYin Zhou Jinwen Jicheng Yinde (殷周金文集成引得)1,410
Flag of Hong Kong.svg  Hong Kong HDHong Kong Supplementary Character Set, 201611
Flag of Japan.svg JapanJKJapanese Kokuji Collection415415
Flag of South Korea.svg South KoreaKCKorean History On-Line (한국 역사 정보 통합 시스템)77
Flag of Macau.svg  Macau MCMCSCS Reference4851
MDMCSCS horizontal extensions3
Flag of the Republic of China.svg  Taiwan T3 CNS 11643-1992 plane 321,261
TBCNS 11643-2007 plane 112
TCCNS 11643-2007 plane 12323
TDCNS 11643-2007 plane 13595
TECNS 11643-2007 plane 14339
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United KingdomUKIRG N2107R222
Flag of Vietnam.svg VietnamV0TCVN 5773:199361,036
V2VHN 01-19981
V4Kho Chữ Hán Nôm Mã Hoá (Hán Nôm Coded Character Repertoire)1,023
VNVietnamese horizontal extensions6
n/aUTC UTC sources 236236

CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F

The block named CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F (2CEB0–2EBEF) contains 7,473 characters in the range U+2CEB0 through 2EBE0 that were added in Unicode 10.0 (2017). It includes more than 1,000 Sawndip characters for Zhuang.

Charts

2CEB0–2EBEF.

Sources

Note: Some characters appear in more than one source, so the sum of individual character counts (7,774) is greater than the number of encoded characters (7,473). [10]

Country or regionCodeSource [11] Character countTotal
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg ChinaGCY Ciyuan (辭源)1221,309
GFCModern Chinese Standard Dictionary (现代汉语规范词典第二版)27
GIDCID System of the Ministry of Public Security of China1
GKJTerms in Sciences and Technologies (科技用字) approved by the China National Committee for Terms in Sciences and Technologies (CNCTST)5
GLGYJZhuang Liao Songs Research (壮族嘹歌研究)1
GOCDOxford English-Chinese Chinese-English Dictionary (牛津英汉汉英词典)2
GPGLGZhuang Folk Song Culture Series - Pingguo County Liao Songs (壮族民歌文化丛书•平果嘹歌)70
GXHZXinhua Da Zidian (新华大字典)51
GZAncient Zhuang Character Dictionary (古壮字字典)995
GZJWYin Zhou Jinwen Jicheng Yinde (殷周金文集成引得)33
GZYSChinese Ancient Ethnic Characters Research (中国民族古文字研究)2
Flag of Hong Kong.svg  Hong Kong HDHong Kong Supplementary Character Set, 201611
Flag of Japan.svg JapanJMJCharacter Information Development and Maintenance Project for e-Government "MojiJoho-Kiban Project" (文字情報基盤整備事業)1,6451,645
Flag of South Korea.svg South KoreaKCKorean History On-Line (한국 역사 정보 통합 시스템)1,8101,810
Flag of Macau.svg MacauMCMCSCS Reference2222
Flag of the Republic of China.svg  Taiwan T3 CNS 11643-1992 plane 313
T6CNS 11643-1992 plane 61
TCCNS 11643-2007 plane 121
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United KingdomUKIRG N2107R222
Flag of Vietnam.svg  Vietnam V0TCVN 5773:1993117
V4Kho Chữ Hán Nôm Mã Hoá (Hán Nôm Coded Character Repertoire)8
VNVietnamese horizontal extensions8
n/aSATSAT Daizōkyō Text Database2,8842,965
UTC UTC sources 81

CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G

A block named CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G was added as part of Unicode 13.0 to the Tertiary Ideographic Plane in the range U+30000 through U+3134F, containing 4,939 characters. [13]

Charts

30000–3134F.

Sources

Note: Some characters appear in more than one source, so the sum of individual character counts (5,081) is greater than the number of encoded characters (4,939). [10]

Country or regionCodeSource [11] Character countTotal
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg ChinaGHZR Hanyu Da Zidian 2nd ed. (汉语大字典, 第二版)8782,082
GPGLGZhuang Folk Song Culture Series - Pingguo County Liao Songs (壮族民歌文化丛书•平果嘹歌)13
GZAncient Zhuang Character Dictionary (古壮字字典)1,191
Flag of South Korea.svg South KoreaKCKorean History On-Line (한국 역사 정보 통합 시스템)435435
Flag of the Republic of China.svg TaiwanT13CNS 11643 (pending new version) plane 19347353
TBCNS 11643-2007 plane 113
TCCNS 11643-2007 plane 122
TDCNS 11643-2007 plane 131
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United KingdomUKIRG N2107R21,5661,566
Flag of Vietnam.svg  Vietnam V4Kho Chữ Hán Nôm Mã Hoá (Hán Nôm Coded Character Repertoire)676
VNVietnamese horizontal extensions70
n/aSATSAT Daizōkyō Text Database329569
UTCUTC sources240

CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H

A block named CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H was added as part of Unicode 15.0 to the Tertiary Ideographic Plane in the range U+31350 through U+323AF, containing 4,192 characters. [14]

Charts

31350–323AF.

Sources

Note: Some characters appear in more than one source, so the sum of individual character counts (4,306) is greater than the number of encoded characters (4,192). [10]

Country or regionCodeSource [11] Character countTotal
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg ChinaGDMPlace name characters from the Public Order Administration, Ministry of Public Security of the People's Republic of China128829
GHC Hanyu Da Cidian (漢語大詞典)27
GKJTerms in Sciences and Technologies (科技用字) approved by the China National Committee for Terms in Sciences and Technologies (CNCTST)30
GLGYJZhuang Liao Songs Research (壮族嘹歌研究)11
GPGLGZhuang Folk Song Culture Series - Pingguo County Liao Songs (壮族民歌文化丛书•平果嘹歌)14
GUNo source (the original source reference may have been moved)1
GXMCharacters for use in personal names in China from Public Order Administration, Ministry of Public Security of the People's Republic of China216
GZAncient Zhuang Character Dictionary (古壮字字典)285
GZA-1A Vibrant and Unbroken Transmission—Filial Piety and Zhuang Funeral Songs (生生不息的传承•孝与壮族行孝歌之研究)6
GZA-2Annotated Long Zhuang Morality Songs (壮族伦理道德长诗传扬歌译注)38
GZA-3Compendium of Old Zhuang Folksong Texts—Wooing Songs vol. 1—Liao Songs (壮族民歌古籍集成•情歌(一)嘹歌)2
GZA-4Compendium of Old Zhuang Folksong Texts—Wooing Songs vol. 1—Fwen Nganx (壮族民歌古籍集成•情歌(二)欢𭪤)11
GZA-6Zhuang Proverbs from China (中国壮族谚语)59
GZA-7Ancient Remembrance—Zhuang Creation Myth Songs (远古的追忆•壮族创世神话古歌研究)1
Flag of South Korea.svg South KoreaKCKorean History On-Line (한국 역사 정보 통합 시스템)512512
Flag of North Korea.svg North KoreaKP1KPS 10721-200011
Flag of the Republic of China.svg TaiwanT12CNS 11643 (pending new version) plane 187714
T13CNS 11643 (pending new version) plane 19696
T4CNS 11643-1992 plane 41
T6CNS 11643-1992 plane 61
TBCNS 11643-2007 plane 115
TCCNS 11643-2007 plane 123
TECNS 11643-2007 plane 141
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United KingdomUKIRG N2232R917917
Flag of Vietnam.svg  Vietnam V0TCVN 5773:19936931
V4Kho Chữ Hán Nôm Mã Hoá (Hán Nôm Coded Character Repertoire)74
VNVietnamese horizontal extensions851
n/aSATSAT Daizōkyō Text Database241402
UTCUTC sources161

CJK Unified Ideographs Extension I

A block named CJK Unified Ideographs Extension I was added as part of Unicode 15.1 to the Supplementary Ideographic Plane in the range U+2EBF0 through U+2EE5F, containing 622 characters. [15]

Charts

2EBF0–2EE5F.

Sources

Country or regionCodeSource [11] Character countTotal
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg ChinaGIDC23ID system of the Ministry of Public Security of China, 2023622622

CJK Compatibility Ideographs

The block named CJK Compatibility Ideographs (F900–FAFF) was created to retain round-trip compatibility with other standards.

However, twelve characters in this block actually have the "Unified Ideograph" property: U+FA0E 﨎, U+FA0F 﨏, U+FA11 﨑, U+FA13 﨓, U+FA14 﨔, U+FA1F 﨟, U+FA21 﨡, U+FA23 﨣, U+FA24 﨤, U+FA27 﨧, U+FA28 﨨, and U+FA29 﨩. [1] None of the other characters in this and other "Compatibility" blocks relate to CJK unification.

While 龜 and 亀 are not considered unifiable, it is not clear why U+FA20 is considered equivalent to U+8612.

Charts

F900–FAFF.

Sources

Note: All characters appear in more than one source, so the sum of individual character counts (36) is greater than the number of encoded characters (12). [10]

Country or regionCodeSource [11] Character countTotal
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China GUNo source (the original source reference may have been moved)1212
Flag of Japan.svg JapanJ3 JIS X 0213:2004 Level 338
J4JIS X 0213:2004 Level 43
JAJapanese IT Vendors Contemporary Ideographs, 19931
JA3JIS X 0213:2004 level-3 characters replacing JA characters1
Flag of the Republic of China.svg  Taiwan TF CNS 11643-2007 plane 1511
Flag of Vietnam.svg VietnamV0TCVN 5773:199333
n/aUTC UTC sources 1212

Known issues

Disunification

U+4039

The character U+4039 (䀹) was a unification of two different characters (one with jiā 夾 phonetic and one with shǎn 㚒 phonetic) until Unicode 5.0. However, they were lexically different characters that should not have been unified; they have different pronunciations and different meanings.

The proposal of disunification of U+4039 [16] was accepted for Unicode 5.1, encoding a new character at U+9FC3 (鿃) to represent shǎn.

Other 3 glyphs in Extension B

In CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B, some characters are incorrectly unified with others. These characters include U+2017B (𠅻), U+204AF (𠒯) and U+24CB2 (𤲲). The first two characters contained a wrong unification of Chinese Mainland and Vietnamese source of their glyph, while the last one unifies the Chinese Mainland and Taiwanese ones. [17]

Unifiable variants and exact duplicates

Also in CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B, hundreds of glyph variants were encoded by mistake. [18] Additionally, an ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2 report has found that six exact duplicates (where the same character has inadvertently been encoded twice) and two semi-duplicates (where the CJK-B character represents a de facto disunification of two glyph forms unified in the corresponding BMP character) were encoded by mistake: [19]

Other CJK ideographs in Unicode, not Unified

Apart from the ten blocks of "Unified Ideographs," Unicode has about a dozen more blocks with not-unified CJK-characters. These are mainly CJK radicals, strokes, punctuation, marks, symbols and compatibility characters. Although some characters have their (decomposable) counterparts in other blocks, the usages can be different. An example of a not-unified CJK-character is U+3007IDEOGRAPHIC NUMBER ZERO in the CJK Symbols and Punctuation block. Although it is not covered under "CJK Unified Ideographs", it is treated as a CJK-character for all other intents and purposes. [20]

Four blocks of compatibility characters are included for compatibility with legacy text handling systems and older character sets:

They include forms of characters for vertical text layout and rich text characters that Unicode recommends handling through other means. Therefore, their use is discouraged.

Font support

The blocks CJK Unified Ideographs and CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A, being parts of the Basic Multilingual Plane, are supported by the majority of the CJK fonts. However, Japanese and Korean fonts usually have fewer characters (about 13,000 and 8,000, respectively) than Chinese. Extensions B, C, D are supported by additional fonts MingLiU-ExtB, MingLiU_HKSCS-ExtB, PMingLiU-ExtB, SimSun-ExtB included in Microsoft Windows since Vista. [21]

Unicode version history

CJK unified ideographs additions per Unicode version
Unicode versionAdditionPlaneCharacters addedTotal characters
1.0 (1991)CJK Unified Ideographs Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP)20,90220,914
CJK Compatibility IdeographsBMP12
3.0 (1999)CJK Unified Ideographs Extension ABMP6,58227,496
3.1 (2001)CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B Supplementary Ideographic Plane (SIP)42,71170,207
4.1 (2005)CJK Unified Ideographs: Ideographs from HKSCS-2004 and GB 18030-2000 not in ISO 10646BMP2270,229
5.1 (2008)CJK Unified Ideographs: Ideographs from Adobe Japan and disunification of U+4039BMP870,237
5.2 (2009)CJK Unified Ideographs Extension CSIP4,14974,394
8 other characters from ARIB #47, #95, #93 and HKSCSBMP8
6.0 (2010)CJK Unified Ideographs Extension DSIP22274,616
6.1 (2012)1 character corresponding to Adobe-Japan1-6 CID+20156BMP174,617
8.0 (2015)CJK Unified Ideographs Extension ESIP5,76280,388
9 other charactersBMP9
10.0 (2017)CJK Unified Ideographs Extension FSIP7,47387,882
21 other charactersBMP21
11.0 (2018)CJK Unified IdeographsBMP587,887
13.0 (2020)CJK Unified IdeographsBMP1392,856
CJK Unified Ideographs Extension ABMP10
CJK Unified Ideographs Extension BSIP7
CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G Tertiary Ideographic Plane (TIP)4,939
14.0 (2021)CJK Unified IdeographsBMP392,865
CJK Unified Ideographs Extension BSIP2
CJK Unified Ideographs Extension CSIP4
15.0 (2022)CJK Unified Ideographs Extension CSIP197,058
CJK Unified Ideographs Extension HTIP4,192
15.1 (2023)CJK Unified Ideographs Extension ISIP62297,680

See also

Notes

  1. Ad-hoc characters and unrelated to Singapore or its Chinese characters. [12]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Unicode</span> Character encoding standard

Unicode, formally The Unicode Standard, is a text encoding standard maintained by the Unicode Consortium designed to support the use of text written in all of the world's major writing systems. Version 15.1 of the standard defines 149813 characters and 161 scripts used in various ordinary, literary, academic, and technical contexts.

Han unification is an effort by the authors of Unicode and the Universal Character Set to map multiple character sets of the Han characters of the so-called CJK languages into a single set of unified characters. Han characters are a feature shared in common by written Chinese (hanzi), Japanese (kanji), Korean (hanja) and Vietnamese.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">GB 18030</span> Unicode character encoding mostly used for Simplified Chinese

GB 18030 is a Chinese government standard, described as Information Technology — Chinese coded character set and defines the required language and character support necessary for software in China. GB18030 is the registered Internet name for the official character set of the People's Republic of China (PRC) superseding GB2312. As a Unicode Transformation Format, GB18030 supports both simplified and traditional Chinese characters. It is also compatible with legacy encodings including GB2312, CP936, and GBK 1.0.

The CNS 11643 character set, also officially known as the Chinese Standard Interchange Code or CSIC, is officially the standard character set of Taiwan. In practice, variants of the related Big5 character set are de facto standard.

The Ideographic Research Group (IRG), formerly called the Ideographic Rapporteur Group, is a subgroup of the ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee, responsible for developing aspects of The Unicode Standard pertaining to CJK unified ideographs. The IRG is composed of representatives from the Unicode Consortium, as well as experts from China, Japan, South Korea, Vietnam, and other regions that have historically used Chinese characters, as well as experts. The group holds two meetings every year lasting 4-5 days each, subsequently reporting its activities to its parent ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2 (WG2) committee.

<i>Mojikyō</i> Character encoding scheme

Mojikyō, also known by its full name Konjaku Mojikyō, is a character encoding scheme. The Mojikyō Institute, which published the character set, also published computer software and TrueType fonts to accompany it. The Mojikyō Institute, chaired by Tadahisa Ishikawa (石川忠久), originally had its character set and related software and data redistributed on CD-ROMs sold in Kinokuniya stores.

The Chinese character description languages are several proposed languages to most accurately and completely describe Chinese characters and information such as their list of components, list of strokes, their order, and the location of each of them on a background empty square. They are designed to overcome the inherent lack of information within a bitmap description. This enriched information can be used to identify variants of characters that are unified into one code point by Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646, as well as to provide an alternative form of representation for rare characters that do not yet have a standardized encoding in Unicode or ISO/IEC 10646. Many aim to work for Kaishu style and Song style, as well as to provide the character's internal structure which can be used for easier look-up of a character by indexing the character's internal make-up and cross-referencing among similar characters.

In Unicode, two glyphs are said to be Z-variants if they share the same etymology but have slightly different appearances and different Unicode code points. For example, the Unicode characters U+8AAA 說 and U+8AAC 説 are Z-variants. The notion of Z-variance is only applicable to the "CJKV scripts"—Chinese, Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese—and is a subtopic of Han unification.

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In the Unicode standard, a plane is a continuous group of 65,536 (216) code points. There are 17 planes, identified by the numbers 0 to 16, which corresponds with the possible values 00–1016 of the first two positions in six position hexadecimal format (U+hhhhhh). Plane 0 is the Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP), which contains most commonly used characters. The higher planes 1 through 16 are called "supplementary planes". The last code point in Unicode is the last code point in plane 16, U+10FFFF. As of Unicode version 15.1, five of the planes have assigned code points (characters), and seven are named.

The CCITT Chinese Primary Set is a multi-byte graphic character set for Chinese communications created for the Consultative Committee on International Telephone and Telegraph (CCITT) in 1992. It is defined in ITU T.101, annex C, which codifies Data Syntax 2 Videotex. It is registered with the ISO-IR registry for use with ISO/IEC 2022 as ISO-IR-165, and encodable in the ISO-2022-CN-EXT code version.

A variant form is a different glyph for a character, encoded in Unicode through the mechanism of variation sequences: sequences in Unicode that consist of a base character followed by a variation selector character.

CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B is a Unicode block containing rare and historic CJK ideographs for Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese submitted to the Ideographic Research Group between 1998 and 2000, plus seven gongche characters for kunqu added in Unicode 13.0, and two characters for the Macao Supplementary Character Set added in Unicode 14.0.

CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C is a Unicode block containing rare and historic CJK ideographs for Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese submitted to the Ideographic Research Group between 2002 and 2006, plus five "urgently needed" characters added in Unicode versions 14.0 and 15.0, some of which had previously been mistakenly unified with other characters.

CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D is a Unicode block containing uncommon CJK ideographs for Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese, some of which are in current use. Much smaller than most Unicode blocks for CJK unified ideographs, Extension D consists of characters which were submitted to the Ideographic Research Group as "urgently needed characters" between 2006 and 2009. Characters submitted during the same period which were needed less urgently were included in CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E instead.

CJK Compatibility Ideographs is a Unicode block created to contain mostly Han characters that were encoded in multiple locations in other established character encodings, in addition to their CJK Unified Ideographs assignments, in order to retain round-trip compatibility between Unicode and those encodings. However, it also contains 12 unified ideographs sourced from Japanese character sets from IBM.

CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E is a Unicode block containing rare and historic CJK ideographs for Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese submitted to the Ideographic Research Group between 2006 and 2013, excluding the characters submitted as "urgently needed" between 2006 and 2009, which were included in CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D.

CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F is a Unicode block containing rare and historic CJK ideographs for Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese, as well as more than a thousand Sawndip characters for writing the Zhuang language, which were submitted to the Ideographic Research Group between 2012 and 2015.

CJK Unified Ideographs Extension I is a Unicode block comprising CJK Unified Ideographs included in drafts of an amendment to China's GB 18030 standard circulated in 2022 and 2023, which were fast-tracked into Unicode in 2023.

References

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  2. "Unicode 15.1 UCD: Unihan: Unihan_IRGSources.txt". 2023-07-15. Retrieved 2024-01-24.
  3. Lunde, Ken (2023-07-17). "UAX #45: U-source Ideographs". Unicode Consortium.
  4. The Unicode Standard 4.0, Appendix A - Han Unification History
  5. Suzanne Topping, "The secret life of Unicode". Archived from the original on 2007-11-14. Retrieved 2010-05-12.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  6. "Chapter 11 - East Asian scripts", The Unicode standard, 4.0.
  7. "Ideographic Variation Database". 2022-09-13. Retrieved 2022-09-20.
  8. "IVD Stats". 2022-09-13. Retrieved 2022-09-20.
  9. PRI 108: Combined registration of the Adobe Japan1 collection and of sequences in that collection
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Unihan_IRGSources.txt (from Unihan.zip)". 2023-07-15. Retrieved 2023-09-12.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "UAX #38: Unicode Han Database (Unihan)". Unicode Consortium. 2023-09-01.
  12. Lunde, Ken (2009). CJKV information processing (2nd ed.). Sebastopol, Calif.: O'Reilly Media, Inc. ISBN   978-0-596-15611-4. OCLC   317878469.
  13. "Unicode 13.0.0". 10 March 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  14. "Unicode 15.0.0". 13 September 2022. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
  15. "Unicode 15.1.0". 2023-09-12. Retrieved 2023-09-12.
  16. Andrew West and John Jenkins, proposal of disunification of U+4039
  17. Eiso Chan (陈永聪), Comments on four error glyphs on CJK Unified Ideographs Ext B & E.
  18. Taichi Kawabata. "IRGN1155 Possible Duplicates" (.zip). Retrieved 2019-06-22.
  19. Cook, Richard (6 October 2003). "Defect Report on Duplicate Encoded CJK Forms" (PDF). ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
  20. GB/T 15835-2011《出版物上数字用法》. China Guojia Biaozhun. https://journals.usst.edu.cn/uploadfile/file/GBT%2015835-2011%E3%80%8A%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%89%A9%E4%B8%8A%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97%E7%94%A8%E6%B3%95%E3%80%8B.pdf
  21. Lunde, Ken (2009). CJKV Information Processing. O'Reilly. pp. 633–634. ISBN   978-0-596-51447-1.