Unicode alias names and abbreviations

Last updated

In Unicode, characters can have a unique name. A character can also have one or more alias names. An alias name can be an abbreviation, a C0 or C1 control name, a correction, an alternate name or a figment. An alias too is unique over all names and aliases, and therefore identifying.

Contents

Background

The formal, primary Unicode name is unique over all names, only uses certain characters & format, and is guaranteed never to change. The formal name consists of characters AZ (uppercase), 09, " " (space), and "-" (hyphen). Next to this name, a character can have one or more formal (normative) alias names. Such an alias name also follows the rules of a name: characters used (A-Z, -, 0-9, <space>) and not used (a-z, %, $, etc.). Alias names are also unique in the full name set (that is, all names and alias names are all unique in their combined set). Alias names are formally described in the Unicode Standard. [1] [2] In this sense, an abbreviation is also considered a Unicode name.

Reason to add an alias

There are five possible reasons to assign an alias name to a code point. [1] A character can have multiple aliases: for example U+0008<control-0008> has control alias BACKSPACE and abbreviation alias BS.

1. Abbreviation
Commonly occurring abbreviations (or acronyms) for control codes, format characters, spaces, and variation selectors.
There are 354 such aliases, including 256 aliases for variant selectors (VS-1 ... VS-256).
For example, U+00A0 NO-BREAK SPACE has alias NBSP.
Presentation: in the code charts, the abbreviation is shown in a dashed box:
NBSP
.
2. Control
ISO 6429 names for C0 and C1 control functions and similar commonly occurring names, are added as an alias to the character.
There are 84 such aliases.
For example, U+0008<control-0008> has alias BACKSPACE.
Presentation: Control characters do not have a primary name, they are labeled like <control-0008>. Its alias name like BACKSPACE is used in the chart documentation, but never as a primary name. This prevents unintended (automated) replacement by the actual, disrupting control character. For example, using alias name BEL in line would be replaced by U+0007<control-0007>, triggering the bell sound.
3. Correction
This is a correction for a "serious problem" in the primary character name, usually an error.
There are 39 such aliases.
For example, U+2118SCRIPT CAPITAL P is actually a lowercase p, and so is given alias name ※ WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC FUNCTION: "actually this has the form of a lowercase calligraphic p, despite its name, and through the alias the correct spelling is added."
Presentation: A corrected name is preceded by symbol ※ (the reference mark).
4. Alternate
For widely used alternate name for a character.
There is 1 such alias.
Example: U+FEFFZERO WIDTH NO-BREAK SPACE has alternate BYTE ORDER MARK.
Presentation: listed in character charts description.
5. Figment
Several documented labels for C1 control code points which were never actually approved in any standard ( figment = feigned, in fiction).
There are 3 such aliases.
For example, U+0099<control-0099> has figment alias SINGLE GRAPHIC CHARACTER INTRODUCER. This name is an architectural concept from early drafts of ISO/IEC 10646-1, but it was never approved and standardized.
Presentation: These figment abbreviations are not published in Standard; the chart shows "XXX" for each informally, that is: not a unique or identifying abbreviation.

List of aliases

Code pointHTML
decimal
Name
or <label>
AliasReasonChartNote
AbbrName
U+0000&#0; <control-0000>
NUL
NULLControlC0 Controls and Basic Latin  (pdf)
U+0001&#1; <control-0001>
SOH
START OF HEADINGControlC0 Controls and Basic Latin  (pdf)
U+0002&#2; <control-0002>
STX
START OF TEXTControlC0 Controls and Basic Latin  (pdf)
U+0003&#3; <control-0003>
ETX
END OF TEXTControlC0 Controls and Basic Latin  (pdf)
U+0004&#4; <control-0004>
EOT
END OF TRANSMISSIONControlC0 Controls and Basic Latin  (pdf)
U+0005&#5; <control-0005>
ENQ
ENQUIRYControlC0 Controls and Basic Latin  (pdf)
U+0006&#6; <control-0006>
ACK
ACKNOWLEDGEControlC0 Controls and Basic Latin  (pdf)
U+0007&#7; <control-0007>
BEL
ALERTControlC0 Controls and Basic Latin  (pdf)
U+0008&#8; <control-0008>
BS
BACKSPACEControlC0 Controls and Basic Latin  (pdf)
U+0009&Tab;
&#9;
<control-0009>
TAB
CHARACTER TABULATIONControlC0 Controls and Basic Latin  (pdf)
HT
HORIZONTAL TABULATIONControl
U+000A&#10; <control-000A>
LF
LINE FEEDControlC0 Controls and Basic Latin  (pdf)
NL
NEW LINEControl
EOL
END OF LINEControl
U+000B&#11; <control-000B> LINE TABULATIONControlC0 Controls and Basic Latin  (pdf)
VT
VERTICAL TABULATIONControl
U+000C&#12; <control-000C>
FF
FORM FEEDControlC0 Controls and Basic Latin  (pdf)
U+000D&#13; <control-000D>
CR
CARRIAGE RETURNControlC0 Controls and Basic Latin  (pdf)
U+000E&#14; <control-000E>
SO
SHIFT OUTControlC0 Controls and Basic Latin  (pdf)
LOCKING-SHIFT ONEControl
U+000F&#15; <control-000F>
SI
SHIFT INControlC0 Controls and Basic Latin  (pdf)
LOCKING-SHIFT ZEROControl
U+0010&#16; <control-0010>
DLE
DATA LINK ESCAPEControlC0 Controls and Basic Latin  (pdf)
U+0011&#17;<control-0011>
DC1
DEVICE CONTROL ONEControlC0 Controls and Basic Latin  (pdf)
U+0012&#18;<control-0012>
DC2
DEVICE CONTROL TWOControlC0 Controls and Basic Latin  (pdf)
U+0013&#19;<control-0013>
DC3
DEVICE CONTROL THREEControlC0 Controls and Basic Latin  (pdf)
U+0014&#20;<control-0014>
DC4
DEVICE CONTROL FOURControlC0 Controls and Basic Latin  (pdf)
U+0015&#21; <control-0015>
NAK
NEGATIVE ACKNOWLEDGEControlC0 Controls and Basic Latin  (pdf)
U+0016&#22; <control-0016>
SYN
SYNCHRONOUS IDLEControlC0 Controls and Basic Latin  (pdf)
U+0017&#23; <control-0017>
ETB
END OF TRANSMISSION BLOCKControlC0 Controls and Basic Latin  (pdf)
U+0018&#24; <control-0018>
CAN
CANCELControlC0 Controls and Basic Latin  (pdf)
U+0019&#25; <control-0019>
EOM
END OF MEDIUMControlC0 Controls and Basic Latin  (pdf)
EM
Abbreviationadded in version 15.0
U+001A&#26; <control-001A>
SUB
SUBSTITUTEControlC0 Controls and Basic Latin  (pdf)
U+001B&#27; <control-001B>
ESC
ESCAPEControlC0 Controls and Basic Latin  (pdf)
U+001C&#28; <control-001C> INFORMATION SEPARATOR FOURControlC0 Controls and Basic Latin  (pdf)
FS
FILE SEPARATORControl
U+001D&#29;<control-001D>INFORMATION SEPARATOR THREEControlC0 Controls and Basic Latin  (pdf)
GS
GROUP SEPARATORControl
U+001E&#30;<control-001E>INFORMATION SEPARATOR TWOControlC0 Controls and Basic Latin  (pdf)
RS
RECORD SEPARATORControl
U+001F&#31;<control-001F>INFORMATION SEPARATOR ONEControlC0 Controls and Basic Latin  (pdf)
US
UNIT SEPARATORControl
U+0020&#32; SPACE
SP
AbbreviationC0 Controls and Basic Latin  (pdf)
U+007F&#127; <control-007F>
DEL
DELETEControlC0 Controls and Basic Latin  (pdf)
U+0080&#128; <control-0080>
PAD
PADDING CHARACTERFigmentC1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement  (pdf) Aliases are not widely published by Unicode; chart shows non-unique XXX
U+0081&#129; <control-0081>
HOP
HIGH OCTET PRESETFigmentC1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement  (pdf) Aliases are not widely published by Unicode; chart shows non-unique XXX
U+0082&#130;<control-0082>
BPH
BREAK PERMITTED HEREControlC1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement  (pdf)
U+0083&#131;<control-0083>
NBH
NO BREAK HEREControlC1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement  (pdf)
U+0084&#132;<control-0084>
IND
INDEXControlC1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement  (pdf)
U+0085&#133;<control-0085>
NEL
NEXT LINEControlC1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement  (pdf)
U+0086&#134;<control-0086>
SSA
START OF SELECTED AREAControlC1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement  (pdf)
U+0087&#135;<control-0087>
ESA
END OF SELECTED AREAControlC1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement  (pdf)
U+0088&#136;<control-0088>CHARACTER TABULATION SETControlC1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement  (pdf)
HTS
HORIZONTAL TABULATION SETControl
U+0089&#137;<control-0089>CHARACTER TABULATION WITH JUSTIFICATIONControlC1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement  (pdf)
HTJ
HORIZONTAL TABULATION WITH JUSTIFICATIONControl
U+008A&#138;<control-008A>LINE TABULATION SETControlC1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement  (pdf)
VTS
VERTICAL TABULATION SETControl
U+008B&#139;<control-008B>PARTIAL LINE FORWARDControlC1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement  (pdf)
PLD
PARTIAL LINE DOWNControl
U+008C&#140;<control-008C>PARTIAL LINE BACKWARDControlC1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement  (pdf)
PLU
PARTIAL LINE UPControl
U+008D&#141;<control-008D>REVERSE LINE FEEDControlC1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement  (pdf)
RI
REVERSE INDEXControl
U+008E&#142;<control-008E>SINGLE SHIFT TWOControlC1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement  (pdf)
SS2
SINGLE-SHIFT-2Control
U+008F&#143;<control-008F>SINGLE SHIFT THREEControlC1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement  (pdf)
SS3
SINGLE-SHIFT-3Control
U+0090&#144;<control-0090>
DCS
DEVICE CONTROL STRINGControlC1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement  (pdf)
U+0091&#145;<control-0091>PRIVATE USE ONEControlC1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement  (pdf)
PU1
PRIVATE USE-1Control
U+0092&#146;<control-0092>PRIVATE USE TWOControlC1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement  (pdf)
PU2
PRIVATE USE-2Control
U+0093&#147;<control-0093>
STS
SET TRANSMIT STATEControlC1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement  (pdf)
U+0094&#148;<control-0094>
CCH
CANCEL CHARACTERControlC1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement  (pdf)
U+0095&#149;<control-0095>
MW
MESSAGE WAITINGControlC1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement  (pdf)
U+0096&#150;<control-0096>START OF GUARDED AREAControlC1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement  (pdf)
SPA
START OF PROTECTED AREAControl
U+0097&#151;<control-0097>END OF GUARDED AREAControlC1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement  (pdf)
EPA
END OF PROTECTED AREAControl
U+0098&#152;<control-0098>
SOS
START OF STRINGControlC1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement  (pdf)
U+0099&#153; <control-0099>
SGC
SINGLE GRAPHIC CHARACTER INTRODUCERFigmentC1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement  (pdf) Aliases are not widely published by Unicode; chart shows non-unique XXX
U+009A&#154;<control-009A>
SCI
SINGLE CHARACTER INTRODUCERControlC1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement  (pdf)
U+009B&#155;<control-009B>
CSI
CONTROL SEQUENCE INTRODUCERControlC1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement  (pdf)
U+009C&#156;<control-009C>
ST
STRING TERMINATORControlC1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement  (pdf)
U+009D&#157;<control-009D>
OSC
OPERATING SYSTEM COMMANDControlC1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement  (pdf)
U+009E&#158;<control-009E>
PM
PRIVACY MESSAGEControlC1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement  (pdf)
U+009F&#159;<control-009F>
APC
APPLICATION PROGRAM COMMANDControlC1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement  (pdf)
U+00A0&nbsp;&NonBreakingSpace;
&#160;
NO-BREAK SPACE
NBSP
AbbreviationC1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement  (pdf)
U+00AD&shy;
&#173;
SOFT HYPHEN
SHY
AbbreviationC1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement  (pdf)
U+01A2&#418; LATIN CAPITAL LETTER OI LATIN CAPITAL LETTER GHA※ CorrectionLatin Extended-B  (pdf)
U+01A3&#419; LATIN SMALL LETTER OI LATIN SMALL LETTER GHA※ CorrectionLatin Extended-B  (pdf)
U+034F&#847; COMBINING GRAPHEME JOINER
CGJ
AbbreviationCombining Diacritical Marks  (pdf) The name of this character is misleading; it does not actually join graphemes
U+0616&#1558;ARABIC SMALL HIGH LIGATURE ALEF WITH LAM WITH YEHARABIC SMALL HIGH LIGATURE ALEF WITH YEH BARREE※ CorrectionArabic added in version 15.0
U+061C&#1564; ARABIC LETTER MARK
ALM
AbbreviationArabic  (pdf) See RLM
U+0709&#1801; SYRIAC SUBLINEAR COLON SKEWED RIGHT SYRIAC SUBLINEAR COLON SKEWED LEFT※ CorrectionSyriac  (pdf)
U+0CDE&#3294; KANNADA LETTER FA KANNADA LETTER LLLA※ CorrectionKannada  (pdf)
U+0E9D&#3741; LAO LETTER FO TAM LAO LETTER FO FON※ CorrectionLao  (pdf)
U+0E9F&#3743; LAO LETTER FO SUNG LAO LETTER FO FAY※ CorrectionLao  (pdf)
U+0EA3&#3747; LAO LETTER LO LING LAO LETTER RO※ CorrectionLao  (pdf)
U+0EA5&#3749; LAO LETTER LO LOOT LAO LETTER LO※ CorrectionLao  (pdf)
U+0FD0&#4048; TIBETAN MARK BSKA- SHOG GI MGO RGYAN TIBETAN MARK BKA- SHOG GI MGO RGYAN※ CorrectionTibetan  (pdf)
U+11EC&#4588; HANGUL JONGSEONG IEUNG-KIYEOK HANGUL JONGSEONG YESIEUNG-KIYEOK※ CorrectionHangul Jamo  (pdf)
U+11ED&#4589; HANGUL JONGSEONG IEUNG-SSANGKIYEOK HANGUL JONGSEONG YESIEUNG-SSANGKIYEOK※ CorrectionHangul Jamo  (pdf)
U+11EE&#4590; HANGUL JONGSEONG SSANGIEUNG HANGUL JONGSEONG SSANGYESIEUNG※ CorrectionHangul Jamo  (pdf)
U+11EF&#4591; HANGUL JONGSEONG IEUNG-KHIEUKH HANGUL JONGSEONG YESIEUNG-KHIEUKH※ CorrectionHangul Jamo  (pdf)
U+180B&#6155; MONGOLIAN FREE VARIATION SELECTOR ONE
FVS1
AbbreviationMongolian  (pdf)
U+180C&#6156; MONGOLIAN FREE VARIATION SELECTOR TWO
FVS2
AbbreviationMongolian  (pdf)
U+180D&#6157; MONGOLIAN FREE VARIATION SELECTOR THREE
FVS3
AbbreviationMongolian  (pdf)
U+180E&#6158; MONGOLIAN VOWEL SEPARATOR
MVS
AbbreviationMongolian  (pdf)
U+180F&#6159; MONGOLIAN FREE VARIATION SELECTOR FOUR
FVS4
AbbreviationMongolian  (pdf)
U+1BBD&#7101;SUNDANESE LETTER BHASUNDANESE LETTER ARCHAIC I※ CorrectionSudanese  (pdf) added in version 15.0
U+200B&NegativeMediumSpace;&NegativeThickSpace;&NegativeThinSpace;&NegativeVeryThinSpace;&ZeroWidthSpace;
&#8203;
ZERO WIDTH SPACE
ZWSP
AbbreviationGeneral Punctuation  (pdf)
U+200C&zwnj;
&#8204;
ZERO WIDTH NON-JOINER
ZWNJ
AbbreviationGeneral Punctuation  (pdf)
U+200D&zwj;
&#8205;
ZERO WIDTH JOINER
ZWJ
AbbreviationGeneral Punctuation  (pdf)
U+200E&lrm;
&#8206;
LEFT-TO-RIGHT MARK
LRM
AbbreviationGeneral Punctuation  (pdf)
U+200F&rlm;
&#8207;
RIGHT-TO-LEFT MARK
RLM
AbbreviationGeneral Punctuation  (pdf)
U+202A&#8234; LEFT-TO-RIGHT EMBEDDING
LRE
AbbreviationGeneral Punctuation  (pdf)
U+202B&#8235; RIGHT-TO-LEFT EMBEDDING
RLE
AbbreviationGeneral Punctuation  (pdf)
U+202C&#8236; POP DIRECTIONAL FORMATTING
PDF
AbbreviationGeneral Punctuation  (pdf)
U+202D&#8237; LEFT-TO-RIGHT OVERRIDE
LRO
AbbreviationGeneral Punctuation  (pdf)
U+202E&#8238; RIGHT-TO-LEFT OVERRIDE
RLO
AbbreviationGeneral Punctuation  (pdf)
U+202F&#8239; NARROW NO-BREAK SPACE
NNBSP
AbbreviationGeneral Punctuation  (pdf)
U+205F&MediumSpace;
&#8287;
MEDIUM MATHEMATICAL SPACE
MMSP
AbbreviationGeneral Punctuation  (pdf)
U+2060&NoBreak;
&#8288;
WORD JOINER
WJ
AbbreviationGeneral Punctuation  (pdf)
U+2066&#8294;LEFT-TO-RIGHT ISOLATE
LRI
AbbreviationGeneral Punctuation  (pdf)
U+2067&#8295;RIGHT-TO-LEFT ISOLATE
RLI
AbbreviationGeneral Punctuation  (pdf)
U+2068&#8296; FIRST STRONG ISOLATE
FSI
AbbreviationGeneral Punctuation  (pdf)
U+2069&#8297; POP DIRECTIONAL ISOLATE
PDI
AbbreviationGeneral Punctuation  (pdf)
U+2118&weierp;&wp;
&#8472;
SCRIPT CAPITAL P WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC FUNCTION※ CorrectionLetterlike Symbols  (pdf)
U+2448&#9288; OCR DASH MICR ON US SYMBOL※ CorrectionOptical Character Recognition  (pdf)
U+2449&#9289; OCR CUSTOMER ACCOUNT NUMBER MICR DASH SYMBOL※ CorrectionOptical Character Recognition  (pdf)
U+2B7A&#11130; LEFTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH DOUBLE HORIZONTAL STROKE LEFTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH DOUBLE VERTICAL STROKE※ CorrectionMiscellaneous Symbols and Arrows  (pdf)
U+2B7C&#11132; RIGHTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH DOUBLE HORIZONTAL STROKE RIGHTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH DOUBLE VERTICAL STROKE※ CorrectionMiscellaneous Symbols and Arrows  (pdf)
U+A015&#40981; YI SYLLABLE WU YI SYLLABLE ITERATION MARK※ CorrectionYi Syllables  (pdf)
U+AA6E&#43630; MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI HHA MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI LLA※ CorrectionMyanmar Extended-A  (pdf)
U+FE00
...
U+FE0F
&#65024;
...
&#65039;
VARIATION SELECTOR-1
...
VARIATION SELECTOR-16
VS1
...
VS16
AbbreviationVariation Selectors  (pdf)
(16 code points)
Abbreviation
U+FE18&#65048; PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL RIGHT WHITE LENTICULAR BRAKCET PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL RIGHT WHITE LENTICULAR BRACKET※ CorrectionVertical Forms  (pdf)
U+FEFF&#65279; ZERO WIDTH NO-BREAK SPACE
BOM
BYTE ORDER MARKAlternateArabic Presentation Forms-B  (pdf)
ZWNBSP
Abbreviation
U+122D4&#74452; CUNEIFORM SIGN SHIR TENU CUNEIFORM SIGN NU11 TENU※ CorrectionCuneiform  (pdf)
U+122D5&#74453; CUNEIFORM SIGN SHIR OVER SHIR BUR OVER BUR CUNEIFORM SIGN NU11 OVER NU11 BUR OVER BUR※ CorrectionCuneiform  (pdf)
U+12327&#74535;CUNEIFORM SIGN UN GUNUCUNEIFORM SIGN KALAM※ CorrectionCuneiform  (pdf)
U+1680B&#92171;BAMUM LETTER PHASE-A MAEMBGBIEEBAMUM LETTER PHASE-A MAEMGBIEE※ CorrectionBamum Supplement  (pdf)
U+16881&#92289;BAMUM LETTER PHASE-B PUNGAAMBAMUM LETTER PHASE-B PUNGGAAM※ CorrectionBamum Supplement  (pdf)
U+1688E&#92302;BAMUM LETTER PHASE-B NGOMBAMUM LETTER PHASE-B NGGOM※ CorrectionBamum Supplement  (pdf)
U+168DC&#92380;BAMUM LETTER PHASE-C SETFONBAMUM LETTER PHASE-C SHETFON※ CorrectionBamum Supplement  (pdf)
U+1697D&#92541;BAMUM LETTER PHASE-E NGOPBAMUM LETTER PHASE-E NGGOP※ CorrectionBamum Supplement  (pdf)
U+16E56&#93782; MEDEFAIDRIN CAPITAL LETTER HP MEDEFAIDRIN CAPITAL LETTER H※ CorrectionMedefaidrin  (pdf)
U+16E57&#93783; MEDEFAIDRIN CAPITAL LETTER NY MEDEFAIDRIN CAPITAL LETTER NG※ CorrectionMedefaidrin  (pdf)
U+16E76&#93814; MEDEFAIDRIN SMALL LETTER HP MEDEFAIDRIN SMALL LETTER H※ CorrectionMedefaidrin  (pdf)
U+16E77&#93815; MEDEFAIDRIN SMALL LETTER NY MEDEFAIDRIN SMALL LETTER NG※ CorrectionMedefaidrin  (pdf)
U+1B001&#110593; HIRAGANA LETTER ARCHAIC YE HENTAIGANA LETTER E-1※ CorrectionKana Supplement  (pdf)
U+1D0C5&#118981; BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL FHTORA SKLIRON CHROMA VASIS BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL FTHORA SKLIRON CHROMA VASIS※ CorrectionByzantine Musical Symbols  (pdf)
U+1E899&#125081;MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M172 MBOOMENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M172 MBO※ CorrectionMende Kikakui  (pdf)
U+1E89A&#125082;MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M174 MBOMENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M174 MBOO※ CorrectionMende Kikakui  (pdf)
U+E0100
...
U+E01EF
&#917760;
...
&#917999;
VARIATION SELECTOR-17
...
VARIATION SELECTOR-256
VS17
...
VS256
AbbreviationVariation Selectors Supplement  (pdf)
(240 code points)
Abbreviation

Informal alternative names

The Unicode standard also uses and publishes alternative names that are not formal, and are not listed as normative alias names. These labels may not be unique and may use irregular characters in their name. They are used in Unicode code charts, for example U+070F  SYRIAC ABBREVIATION MARK : SAM. [3]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "NameAliases.txt". The Unicode Consortium. 2025-04-23. Retrieved 2025-09-10.
  2. "The Unicode Standard". The Unicode Consortium.
  3. "Unicode 14.0 Character Code Charts: Syriac" (PDF).